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To date, only a few studies have dealt with the radiological changes of the coffin bone in all equids in terms of roughness of the bone edges, bone resorption as well as remodeling processes and bone deformation. It seems to be an empiric finding that remodeling processes, the associated deformation and new bone formation on the coffin bone are a normal sign of ageing in donkeys. So far, there are no profound studies or publications on corresponding changes in donkeys and their dependence on the age of the animal. The objective of this study is to describe the normal radiographic anatomy of the donkey's coffin bone and to investigate the occurrence of pathological abnormalities, particularly in relation to the age of the animal. Furthermore, the study aims to prove that the changes mentioned above are not a normal sign of ageing in donkeys, but rather pathological conditions, for example as a result of chronic laminitis. Lateromedial radiographs of the distal toe of all limbs of 42 clinically healthy and lameness-free donkeys of European breeds were taken. The occurrence and severity of radiographic changes in the coffin bone were assessed using a scoring system. The tip as well as the extensory processus of the coffin bone were each assessed with regard to the presence of a sharply defined contour. The parietal and sole surfaces were also assessed for the presence of a smooth contour, slight irregularities through to moderate and severe changes and exostoses. The statistical evaluation was carried out with particular attention to the dependence of the changes on the age of the animal. A total of 160 limbs were examined. 28.1% of the coffin bones showed a sharply contoured coffin bone tip, whereas 71.9% showed deviations from the described norm in the sense of a blurred or rounded contour of the coffin bone tip, atrophic and lytic processes in the area of the coffin bone tip or the formation of a cap. The majority of these changes (69.5%) were minor deviations in the sense of a blurred or rounded contour of the coffin bone tip. In the present study, severe changes to the tip of the coffin bone, i.e. atrophy and cap formation, occurred more frequently on the forelimbs than on the hind limbs. The age as well as the weight of the donkeys had a significant influence on the occurrence of changes of the coffin bone tip (p<0.05). While age showed a negative correlation with the changes in the tip of the coffin bone, a positive correlation was found in relation to weight. 10.7% of the coffin bones showed a blurred contour in the area of the extensory processus. With regard to changes in extensory processus no significant correlation with age (p=0.3864) or limb (p=0.0962), but a positive correlation with the weight of the donkeys was found (p<0.05). The parietal surface was smooth in the majority of the cases (65%), 28.1% showed slight roughness of the parietal surface and only 6.9% showed moderate to severe changes, mainly on the front limbs. Age had no significant influence on changes in parietal surface (p=0.2958). However, weight was positively correlated with changes in parietal area and the forelimbs showed significantly more changes than the hindlimbs (p<0.05). In contrast to the parietal surface, the sole surface was sharply contoured in only 28.7% of all cases. The majority (62.5%) showed mild irregularities of the sole surface, moderate changes occurred in 8.8% of the cases and mainly on front limbs. The only parameter that influenced the occurrence of changes in the sole surface significantly was the weight of the specimens, whereas the age (p=0.1712) and the limb (p=0.1432) showed no significant correlation. Overall, almost all (41 of 42 subjects) donkeys showed changes in the coffin bone on at least one limb. The anatomical appearance of the coffin bone of the donkey is similar to that of the horse. Ideally, the tip of the coffin bone should be angular and sharply contoured, whereby a slightly rounded or somewhat unclear contour should not be regarded as pathological. The extensor process should be sharply contoured. The parietal surface should be as smooth as possible, whereas a slightly irregular contour of the sole surface can still be considered normal. In summary, it can be said that radiologically detectable changes in the coffin bone are common even in a clinically healthy donkey population and that, contrary to empirical claims, their occurrence and severity correlate less with the age of the animals and more with their weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of surgical fracture care using osteosynthesis devices poses a challenge for orthopedics and trauma surgery. While approximately 1.23 % of all fractures result in a fracture-related infection (FRI), 10-13 % of all FRIs affect the upper extremity. Accurate diagnosis of this often-complex condition is crucial for successful therapy. Since 2018, confirmatory criteria and suggestive parameters have been established that must be considered in the diagnosis. Clinical routine diagnostics are also followed for the upper extremity. In addition to the obligatory medical history and clinical examination, radiological imaging such as X-ray, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine procedures are included. Furthermore, 3-5 tissue samples from the fracture region should be sent for microbiological diagnosis, and a histopathological examination should be arranged for diagnostic confirmation. Treatment should be interdisciplinary. In addition to surgical and usually twelve-week antibiotic therapy, an interdisciplinary treatment approach to optimize comorbidities and surgical assessment by a plastic surgeon is advisable, especially in complex cases. Special aspects of the upper extremities, such as options for joint preservation or conversion to a joint replacement procedure, should be evaluated depending on the blood flow and osteosynthesis situation. Diaphyseal bone defects of smaller extent in the humerus can be treated better with shortening, and monorail fixator systems can be applied safely without additional intramedullary implants, unlike in the lower extremity. The commonly occurring Cutibacterium acnes can often be effectively treated with antibiotics. However, the surgeon must be aware of a three-week cultivation period by microbiological diagnostics. Separate patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) for assessing treatment outcomes are not available. PROMs for the upper extremity, such as the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire, are applied here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spherical agglomeration offers the possibility of a separation by two particle properties. The first separation property is the wetting behavior of the solids in relation to the suspension and binding liquid followed by a size separation. The aim of this work is to gravimetrically determine the purity of the resulting graphite agglomerates in a mixture with quartz sand and to correlate this with the wetting properties. The quality of these results is investigated by means of micro X‐ray tomography (µ‐CT). It has been shown that quartz cannot be wetted with paraffin oil and thus purities of 99.5 % to 99.9 % can be achieved, which was confirmed by the µ‐CT results. An influence of the quartz sand particle size could not be verified in the investigated range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on the significance of X-rays in changing the worldview of physics, their contributions to medicine and materials testing, and their role in discovering radioactivity. Topics include search for role models and the responsibility of knowledge, the meaning of progress in technical, and cultural achievements led to Nobel Prize-winning research; and groundbreaking discoveries, which have significantly expanded knowledge about the structure of animate and inanimate matter.

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Whiplash injury of the cervical spine often occurs during motor vehicle accidents involving rear-end collisions and represents a common cervical trauma. The injury usually results from a rapid "whiplash-like" movement of head and neck (reclination followed by inclination). The typical symptoms of the whiplash injury like pain, tenderness and stiffness of the neck may occur with a latency of several hours and may persist chronically over a long period of time in some patients. Diagnostic imaging studies rarely show posttraumatic changes after a whiplash injury. In acute clinical trauma-workup, x-ray imaging like plain films and/or computed tomography is performed to evaluate bone injuries. Magnetic resonance imaging may sometimes show posttraumatic changes of the soft tissues (muscles, ligaments) as well as bone contusions or occult fractures. The Quebec Task Force classification may be used for grading of the whiplash injury and is based on the symptom severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Radioactive material and ionising radiation play a central role in medical diagnostics and therapy. The benefit of ionising radiation is opposed by the risk of irreparable damage of the human organism. This risk, especially for developing malign neoplasms, has particularly been investigated in the population surviving the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but also increasingly in persons with occupational or medical exposure to ionising radiation.Methods: We conducted a systematic search for publications in English and German in relevant databases in March 2016. Retrievals were screened by two independent reviewers. We included examinations using imaging procedures with ionising radiation. The assessment of methodological quality was done concerning representativeness, risk of bias, and further limitations, and reporting quality was assessed using the RECORD checklist. Results: The systematic searches identified seven cross-sectional, one register, and four cohort studies. An increase in collective effective doses analogue to the increase of computed tomography (CT) examinations could be observed. An increased risk of brain tumours in children after exposition to head CT and by an increase of the number of examinations was shown. For children with predisposing factors, an increased risk of tumours of the central nerve system, leukemia, and lymphoma was found. Furthermore, a general risk for malign neoplasms or haemoblastoma, and a specific risk for lymphoma after CT examinations of different parts of the body could be observed.Discussion: Taking into consideration a mostly unclear representativeness of studies and an unclear or high risk of bias as well as lack of comparability due to different research questions, the validity of results is limited. Conclusion: The risk of bias due to a large number of reference sources must be reduced in studies leading to realistic estimates of collective radiation doses. The risk of CT-induced radiation exposure for children should be investigated by further studies with a follow-up of at least teears.

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Introduction: The spatial and contrast resolution of conventional planar or computed tomographic X‑ray techniques is not sufficient to investigate microstructures of tissues. Dark-field imaging with X‑rays is an emerging technology that recently provided the first clinical results and makes diagnostic use of interactions of the beams with tissue due to their wave character., Application: Dark-field imaging can provide information about the microscopic structure or porosity of the tissue under investigation that is otherwise inaccessible. This makes it a valuable complement to conventional X‑ray imaging, which can only account for attenuation. Our results demonstrate that X‑ray dark-field imaging provides pictorial information about the underlying microstructure of the lung in humans. Given the close relationship between alveolar structure and the functional state of the lung, this is of great importance for diagnosis and therapy monitoring and may contribute to a better understanding of lung diseases in the future. In the early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is usually associated with structural impairment of the lung, this novel technique could help to facilitate its diagnosis., Perspective: The application of dark-field imaging to computed tomography is still under development because it is technically difficult. Meanwhile, a prototype for experimental application has been developed and is currently being tested on a variety of materials. Use in humans is conceivable especially for tissues whose microstructure favors characteristic interactions due to the wave nature of the X‑rays., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

The use of patient contact shielding provides an opportunity to reduce patient radiation exposure. Recently, the use has been the subject of controversy. The Radiation Protection Committee has published a recommendation on the use of patient radiation shields by considering the recent findings on dose savings but also the risks of incorrect use. In this article, a specification for the more frequently used types of X‑ray examination is given, which describes whether and which radiation contact shielding should be used. This is accompanied by a rationale for the use or non-use of patient radiation protection agents. Problems and possible errors are explained, as well as how to deal with special situations such as pregnant women and children., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)