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Horses that sweat during exercise lose considerable amounts of water and electrolytes, such as sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chloride (Cl). Significant sweat losses between 7–10L can occur even during moderate exercise in leisure horses (500–600kg body mass); significantly higher sweat losses can be observed in endurance riding or in Three-day eventing competitions. Numerous studies have shown that most leisure and sport horses cannot compensate their increased Na and Cl requirements via a salt lick, whereas the K supply can be covered by an adequate roughage intake, even under situations with a high K requirement. The oral supplementation of electrolytes, especially Na and Cl, is a useful strategy in order to replace electrolytes that are lost by sweating in leisure and in sport horses. Although there are numerous electrolyte supplements on the market, commercial products are usually not well formulated, so that salt supplementation (e.g., table salt without fluorine and iodine) is recommended in the nutritional management of hoses. Adding electrolytes into the diet, sufficient water must be always freely available in order (i) to compensate water losses through sweating; (ii) promoting electrolyte absorption in the gastrointestinal tract; and (iii) counteracting the risks of salt overdosing, as renal elimination is dependent on water supply. Horses should be adapted to the oral supplementation of electrolytes/salt e.g., in combination with palatable feed. The application of electrolytes via the drinking water is often not recommended, as the palatability of saline solutions in horses is low and can individually vary from horse to horse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC) is associated with various side effects, including storage damage to PRBCs. The cells change their structure, releasing potassium as well as lactate. Mechanical rinsing, available in many hospitals, is able to remove toxic substances and possibly minimizes the negative side effects of transfusion. Objective: The primary aim of our study was to improve the quality of PRBCs before transfusion. The effects of different washing solutions on PRBC quality were analyzed. Material and methods: This in vitro study compares 30 mechanically washed PRBCs. They were either processed with standard normal saline 0.9% (n = 15, N group) or a hemofiltration solution containing 4 mmol/l potassium (n = 15, HF group) by a mechanical rinsing device (Xtra, LivaNova, Munich, Germany). A subgroup analysis was performed based on the storage duration of the processed PRBCs (7, 14, 37 days). Samples were taken before washing (EKprä), immediately after washing (EKpost) and 10 h later (EKpost10h), after storage in the "wash medium" at room temperature. Concentrations of ATP (probability of survival in transfused erythrocytes), lactate, citrate and electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium) were tested. Results and conclusion: Mechanical rinsing improves pretransfusion quality of PRBC. Washing with a hemofiltration solution results in a more physiological electrolyte composition. Even 10 h after mechanical rinsing with a hemofiltration solution, the quality of 37-day-old PRBC is comparable to young PRBC that have been stored for 7 days and have not been washed. Washing stored PRBC increases the ATP content, which subsequently leads to an increased probability of survival of red cells after transfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effect of intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma in patients with knee osteoarthritis was examined. Platelet-rich plasma contains growth hormones and cytokines that could positively influence the course of gonarthrosis. No significant differences in pain score or cartilage volume were found between the group receiving platelet-rich plasma and the group receiving saline solution. The study provides no evidence of a positive effect of this therapy in knee osteoarthritis. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)