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The paper examines the use of the term "shamanism" in archaeology and develops criteria for identifying shamanism in archaeological contexts. The focus is on the site of Göbekli Tepe, which offers rich iconographic finds and serves as a case study. It discusses whether Göbekli Tepe can be interpreted as shamanistic and whether it is a place of institutionalized religion. The description describes a shamanic healing ceremony among the Evenki. The shaman makes contact with the spirit world during an altered state of consciousness and is accompanied by helping spirits. Shamanism is seen as a practice that encompasses various tasks such as healing, divination, and the preservation of myths and traditions. Shamanism can be found in various cultures and social contexts and is based on animistic ontologies that emphasize a close relationship between humans and animals. The boundaries between humans and animals can be crossed, but this also carries dangers. Animistic ontologies determine the conception and representation of the world and can be recognizable in archaeological finds. The text describes the relief images and anthropomorphic sculptures at the early Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe in Turkey. The relief images depict various animals such as snakes, birds, bears, and leopards, with the movements of the animals often aligned with the center of the buildings. The sculptures are more naturalistic and use stylization techniques, especially in the depiction of faces. The faces have a T-shaped forehead and nose and show different expressions through the depiction of eyes and mouth. The bodies of the sculptures follow certain principles of representation, such as unnaturally curved arms and oversized hands. Other anthropomorphic sculptures from Göbekli Tepe show similar features to the Urfa figure, such as leaning back of the head and looking upwards. There are also zoomorphic sculptures, of which 102 are currently known. The animal representations at Göbekli Tepe are mainly limited to felids (probably leopards: 30), wild boars (21), and birds (12). Other animals such as bears (4), turtles (3), aurochs (2), and rams (1) are less common. Larger sculptures are usually identifiable to the species, while smaller representations (10 cm and below) are often generic "quadrupeds." The animal representations exhibit certain features such as detailed heads of felids and wild boars with emphasized teeth and tusks. The bodies often have few details, while the ribs are strongly emphasized in some animals. The study deals with shamanism at the early Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe in Turkey. Various depictions of shamans and shamanic practices are analyzed, including the use of masks, garments, and staffs. It is noted that shamanism played an important role in the early Neolithic period of Göbekli Tepe. The study examines various artifacts that indicate a connection to shamanism at the early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. "Nemrik scepters" are mentioned, which may have been shamanic staffs. There are also indications of musical instruments such as bullroarers and flutes that had a ritual function. In addition, sculptures are discussed that may represent spiritual beings, as well as amulets, jewelry, and other objects associated with shamanic practices. [Extracted from the article]

The article "À propos du titre jry nfr- ḥȝ. t, « préposé à celui à l'avant parfait »" examines the title jry nfr- ḥȝ. t in ancient Egypt. The goal is to identify all individuals who held this title from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. The investigation of the individuals who held this title can help understand the meaning of the expression jry nfr- ḥȝ. t. The article also includes an etymological analysis of the title and a list of the individuals who held it. The title was widespread during the 5th and 6th dynasties in the Memphis region and later used in the provinces as well. In the New Kingdom, only two individuals held this title, including Sénenmout, who was closely associated with Queen Hatshepsut. In the Saite period, the title is held by Haroua and Horménekhib, who have close connections to royal authority. In the Ptolemaic period, the title no longer has significance but is mentioned as one of the seven creation words of the goddess Neith. The title is also used in connection with the goddess Tasentnéféret. There are various interpretations of the title, including its meaning as a wig or as a designation for the wearer of the diadem in royal attire. This study examines the title "jry nfr- ḥȝ. t" and its bearers. It is determined that this title is associated with the king and his court and is associated with the care of the royal headdress. The bearers of the title could be either hairdressers or stylists. The title "jry nfr- ḥȝ. t" has been used since the 5th Dynasty and was associated with political-religious functions. In the Saite period, the title was also bestowed upon relatives of the divine worshippers. The title was mainly used in connection with royal temples and cults. The article includes a list of references to various publications and research works in the field of Egyptian archaeology and Egyptology. It lists various authors, books, and journal articles that deal with topics such as Egyptian statues, theology, Egyptian dictionaries, excavations in Giza and Saqqara, official titles in the Old Kingdom, hieroglyphic texts, and other Egyptian subjects. It also features some illustrations of Egyptian artifacts. [Extracted from the article]

This paper deals with Georg ‚Gogo' Müller-Kuales (1905–1945), who was assistant professor at the newly established institute for prehistoric archaeology and Germanic archaeology at Hamburg University until his death in 1945. As research on the history of prehistoric archaeology in Germany has dealt with many different topics as well as biographies and careers of important archaeologists in the Third Reich it seems worthwhile, to investigate the scientific youth as well. This approach allows to draw a more complete picture of prehistoric archaeology in national socialist Germany and can therefor contribute to a better understanding of the history of prehistoric archaeology. Based on archival sources and publications by Georg Müller-Kuales this paper investigates his biography, his way of performing archaeology, his tasks at the institute, his research his political background, his work abroad in the context of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg and therefor tries to generate an overall picture of a young scholar in the Third Reich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]