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With concepts like the consumer revolution or the industrious revolution, the changing behaviour of private households in the 18th and early 19th centuries has become of great interest. The article suggests a new way to observe intentions and decisions, by utilizing a database of 850,000 classified ads from the Basel Avisblatt over a span of 116 years. Changes in food prices constantly altered the discretionary income of households, which forced budget-related decisions. By cross-correlating indicators of discretionary income with the changing number of different types of ads, patterns of utilizing the Avisblatt can be identified, and strategies to stabilize discretionary income deduced.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zum Stand der Besucherforschung in Museen ausgehend vom physischen hin zum digitalen Publikum. Dabei werden einige Problemfelder der aktuellen Forschung aufgezeigt. Im Mittelpunkt stehen das digitale Museumspublikum und sein Informationssuchverhalten. Ausgehend von verschiedenen, sehr heterogenen Studien wird versucht allgemeingültige Erkenntnisse zum Suchverhalten des Online-Publikums zu gewinnen. Die daraus entwickelten Kategorien sollen Hinweise für die praktische Anwendung liefern, um Suchvorgänge zu unterstützen und erfolgreicher zu machen. Darauf aufbauend wird ein vereinfachtes, praxisorientiertes Kategorisierungsschema für Online-Besucher vorgeschlagen und auf Alternativen zur feldbasierten Suche eingegangen. The paper provides an overview of the state of the art of visitor research in museums, both traditional and virtual visitors followed by highlighting some problematic issues of current audience research. The paper focuses on digital museum audiences and how they search for information. Based on an analysis of a number of quite heterogeneous studies, both a generalising synopsis of search behaviour and a simplified model of online visitor classification are developed. In addition, alternatives to fielded searching are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Der Beitrag nimmt Facebooks Targeting-Praktiken im Kontext der Erstürmung des US-amerikanischen Kapitols 2021 zum Anlass einer soziologischen Targeting-Analyse. Er argumentiert zunächst dafür, den Analysemodus umzustellen vom in der Sozialphilosophie üblichen Fokus auf Entscheidungen auf die Kategorie der Erfahrung. Daraufhin erfolgt eine pragmatistische Konzeption des Erfahrungsbegriffs, an die sich eine Klärung der Kriterien zur Bestimmung der gesellschaftlichen „Eingriffstiefe" des Targeting anschließt. Hierzu wird die erweiterte Heuristik Luhmannscher Sinndimensionen (sachlich, sozial, zeitlich, räumlich) fruchtbar gemacht. Die Analyse des Targeting in allen Sinndimensionen kulminiert in der These, dass zeitgenössisches Deep Targeting durch Orientierung am Aktualen und durch Steigerung der Eingriffstiefe in die Erfahrungsspielräume des Sozialen zu einer Kontingenz-einschränkenden Verengung von Erfahrung führt. Aus dieser These werden abschließend normative Konsequenzen gezogen. Setting out from an account of the role Facebook's targeting mechanisms played in the US Capitol attack 2021, the paper provides a sociological analysis of targeting. To this end, the first step is to shift the analytical point of departure from social philosophy's emphasis on the notion of decision to a sociological focus on experience. As the latter notion plays a central role in pragmatism, I will draw next on pragmatist thought, before moving on to define criteria allowing for the "gauging" of the depth of targeting in the constitution of digital society. To do so, I will turn to Luhmannian systems theory's differentiation of sensual dimensions (factual, social, temporal, spatial dimension). Analyzing targeting in all these dimensions, I will bring forward the thesis that contemporary deep targeting reduces the contingency of social experience and of society's evolution. To conclude, the paper discusses this diagnosis and the normative consequences it suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article informs about case study of a serious and multiple ethical misconduct after an author submitted a paper to five journals for publication and committed some form of plagiarism. Topics include mathematics and in sciences in general, multiple submissions of the same results or parallel papers are prohibited as serious ethical misconduct; and mathematics simultaneous or concurrent submission of a manuscript describing the same research publication in the electronic online systems.

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The paper discusses normative issues that arise when scholars provide policy advice. Economics has a tradition, which goes back to the origins of the discipline in the enlightenment, of warning against value judgements in theory and making value judgements in practice. Policy recommendations in pursuit of "efficiency" do not provide a convincing justification for the practice; the distributional consequences matter even if they are kept under the rug. The more recent practice of using "efficiency" as a basis for descriptive analysis introduces a source of serious bias. The lack of a professional routine for choosing which tools are appropriate for studying a given sludge of facts makes for an additional reason to exercise caution. Whereas academic freedom precludes the imposition of such normative appeals from the outside, critical open discussion should provide a needed disciplining mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the problem of hallucinations in four scientific articles generated by ChatGPT-4 from various sub-fields of business administration. Specifically, the aim is to check whether the references generated by ChatGPT exist and, if this is the case, whether they are correct. A first surprising result is that nearly 40 Prozent of the 174 sources referenced in the articles, whose bibliographic details were listed after the individual main chapters, were not included in the specially for each article generated bibliography. A check of the bibliographic entries revealed that between 18 % and 100 % of the sources in the individual articles could not be found with Google Scholar. Furthermore, half of the sources found were incorrect to varying degrees (wrong document type, wrong journal name, wrong page reference). On average, only a quarter of the bibliographic references were completely correct. In Web of Science, only a quarter of the sources could be verified, but most of them were correct. The above results show that ChatGPT-4 – besides ethical and legal concerns – should definitely not be used for writing scientific papers, as a large proportion of the references generated by ChatGPT (valid at the time of writing this paper) does not exist or is partially incorrect. Furthermore, it can be assumed that some of the article texts generated are also "invented" or come from unreferenced sources (plagiarism). Texts generated by ChatGPT must therefore be subject to a comprehensive review, which may not always be easy. The authors therefore agree with the recommendation of Gimpel et al. (2023) that ChatGPT should primarily be used as a supplement to writing (e. g., spell-checking, creating summaries, supporting the generation of ideas). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Current research on the long-term influence of ordoliberal and neoliberal ideas is hampered by an overly static and generalised picture of the Freiburg School. To address this gap, the paper analyses all articles published in ORDO, the flagship journal of the Freiburg School, between 1948 and 2014. This makes it possible to distinguish three phases of post-war ordoliberalism, to identify personal continuities and breaks, and to summarise thematic, methodological, and conceptual developments. Since the analysis utilises text mining methods, such as keyword identification and Topic Modeling, and validates the results of distant reading with close reading and external data, the paper also highlights some general methodological insights for using Digital Humanities in the historical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates a crisis in leadership in the Christian church after changes in imperial policy made it more acceptable socially and more advantageous financially to occupy clerical positions. For several decades in the early 5th century, Isidore of Pelusium and his network of friends reproached and lamented the venal conduct of Eusebius, bishop of Pelusium, and several clerics he had appointed. But their efforts to alter the situation had little effect. To understand why this was so, the paper considers the types of people who wrote letters lamenting the situation in order to understand the nature of their response in relation to their social or political position, and it explores reasons why Eusebius and the other clerics were not dislodged by the censure and even derision of their critics. The conflict, it is argued, exposes the limitations of παρρησία as a means of altering the actions of the powerful and qualifies the role of ascetic authority in the de facto exercise of episcopal office in Late Antiquity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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