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Der Zufall spielt in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften eine große Rolle, wobei meistens auf subjektive Wahrscheinlichkeiten abgestellt wird, also eingeschränktes Wissen der Wirtschaftsakteure. Objektiver Zufall in der Natur wird seltener modelliert, kommt aber auch vor. Beispielhaft wird die Rolle des Zufalls in der Entscheidungstheorie, der Spieltheorie, der Kapitalmarkttheorie und der Ökonometrie betrachtet., Chance plays a major role in economics, whereby subjective probabilities are usually used, i.e. the limited knowledge of economic actors. Objective coincidence in nature is rarely modelled, but it does occur. Exemplary, the role of chance in decision theory, game theory, capital market theory and econometrics is considered.

This paper follows the already existing literature to address three main pressing concerns that Romania is currently facing with respect to sustainable development and economic growth, which has likely been impeded as a direct consequence of the ongoing sanitary crisis. The research questions of this paper were asked with the consideration of finding possible solutions to the current developments. These questions were “How will the global health crisis project on Romania’s GDP growth in 2021 and going forward?”, “To what extent can Romania face its current challenges with respect to the budgetary pressures?”. The research itself was conducted using the R programming language with quantitative data, namely quarterly GDP starting from 2005 Q1 onwards and its main objective is to simulate Romania’s GDP to answer the aforementioned questions. Therefore, this research is empirical in the sense that it derives the simulated data from real data which was taken from Eurostat. The main findings of this research were that Romania’s GDP could grow by a mean 3.2% in 2021, which is more conservative than the existing institutional forecasts made by the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the Romanian National Commission for Strategy and Forecasting, implying that the majority of the simulated outcomes have been in that respective range of values. Moreover, this research also finds that consumption is expected to increase by approximately 4.2% and that the budget deficit relative to GDP could go as low as to negative 7.8%. This paper creates value for future policymaking as it proposes solutions which could help Romania going forward. Thus, this paper creates value for not only the policymakers but the society as a whole.

ZusammenfassungOhrgeräusche als subjektive, individuelle Empfindung entziehen sich einem objektiven Nachweis. In der Begutachtungssituation sind sie zudem von physiologischen oder spontanen Hörsensationen abzugrenzen.In Bezug auf die neue Königsteiner Empfehlung und auf die Rechtsprechung des letzten Jahres ist vor dem Hintergrund der unterschiedlichen Kausalitätsbegriffe in der Gesetzlichen und Privaten Unfallversicherung eine stringente Prüfung zur Feststellung, ob eine ausreichend hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit eines unfallbedingten subjektiven Ohrgeräusches vorliegt, bei der Begutachtung erforderlich. Um eine nachvollziehbare und vergleichbare Grundlage zu schaffen, wurde der Vorschlag einer Plausibilitätsprüfung mit der Erfassung von 5 Kriterien – angemessenes Ereignis, Unmittelbarkeit, Reproduzierbarkeit auf der Basis der heutigen Untersuchungsmethoden von Tinnitus-Masking und -Matching, Fortdauer und Fixierung und die Erfassung mit nichtsuggestiven Fragen – einer Überprüfung unterzogen.Die Übersichtsarbeit zeigt, dass sich die Anforderungen an den jeweiligen Beweismaßstab mit den angegebenen Nachweisschritten erfüllen lassen. Die einfache Möglichkeit des Vorliegens von Ohrgeräuschen kann über die Plausibilitätskriterien, die psychoakustische Verfahren beinhalten, sowie offene Fragen systematisch zur Wahrscheinlichkeit des Vorliegens geführt werden. Damit sind die Voraussetzungen für eine nachvollziehbare Kausalbetrachtung zwischen Ereignis und angegebenen Tinnitus nach aktuellen medizinisch-wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen geschaffen.

Tinnitus as a subjective, individual sensation defies objective proof. In the assessment situation, tinnitus must also be distinguished from physiological or spontaneous hearing sensations.With regard to the new German "Königsteiner Recommendation" and the verdicts of the last few years, against the background of the different concepts of causality in the statutory and private accident insurance, a stringent examination to determine whether there is a sufficiently high probability of an accident-related subjective ear noise is necessary in the assessment. In order to create a comprehensible and comparable basis, the proposal of a plausibility check with the recording of 5 criteria - appropriate event, immediacy, reproducibility on the basis of today's examination methods of tinnitus masking and matching, persistence and fixation and the recording with a non-suggestive question was subjected to a review.The review shows that the requirements for the respective standard of proof can be fulfilled with the given steps of proof. The simple possibility of the presence of ringing in the ears can be systematically led to the probability of the presence by means of the plausibility criteria, which include psychoacoustic procedures, as well as open questions. This creates the prerequisites for a comprehensible causal consideration between the event and the reported tinnitus according to current medical-scientific knowledge.Ohrgeräusche als subjektive, individuelle Empfindung entziehen sich einem objektiven Nachweis. In der Begutachtungssituation sind sie zudem von physiologischen oder spontanen Hörsensationen abzugrenzen.In Bezug auf die neue Königsteiner Empfehlung und auf die Rechtsprechung des letzten Jahres ist vor dem Hintergrund der unterschiedlichen Kausalitätsbegriffe in der Gesetzlichen und Privaten Unfallversicherung eine stringente Prüfung zur Feststellung, ob eine ausreichend hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit eines unfallbedingten subjektiven Ohrgeräusches vorliegt, bei der Begutachtung erforderlich. Um eine nachvollziehbare und vergleichbare Grundlage zu schaffen, wurde der Vorschlag einer Plausibilitätsprüfung mit der Erfassung von 5 Kriterien – angemessenes Ereignis, Unmittelbarkeit, Reproduzierbarkeit auf der Basis der heutigen Untersuchungsmethoden von Tinnitus-Masking und -Matching, Fortdauer und Fixierung und die Erfassung mit nichtsuggestiven Fragen – einer Überprüfung unterzogen.Die Übersichtsarbeit zeigt, dass sich die Anforderungen an den jeweiligen Beweismaßstab mit den angegebenen Nachweisschritten erfüllen lassen. Die einfache Möglichkeit des Vorliegens von Ohrgeräuschen kann über die Plausibilitätskriterien, die psychoakustische Verfahren beinhalten, sowie offene Fragen systematisch zur Wahrscheinlichkeit des Vorliegens geführt werden. Damit sind die Voraussetzungen für eine nachvollziehbare Kausalbetrachtung zwischen Ereignis und angegebenen Tinnitus nach aktuellen medizinisch-wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen geschaffen.

Understanding mathematics or learning mathematics with understanding has an important role for students to gain problem solving skills and use mathematical knowledge in their daily lives. Therefore it is necessary to learn mathematics with understanding for doing mathematics. One of the subjects that there have been difficulties for conceptual understanding is ‘Probability’. Probability develops the ability of independent creative thinking, one of the most important purposes of mathematics, and it also develops the ability of probabilistic thinking. Development of students’ probabilistic thinking and dealing with the difficulties of probability teaching depends on teachers’ subject matter knowledge of probability. So, teachers should know the conceptual and procedural aspects of probability and also the advantages of probabilistic thinking. In this respect the purpose of this study was to investigate prospective teachers’ conceptual and procedural knowledge of types of events. A survey model, one of the quantitative research models, was used in this study. The study group consisted of junior and senior level prospective teachers enrolled to department of elementary mathematics education at a government university located in western Turkey. The data were collected by “Conceptual Knowledge Test” (CKT) and “Procedural Knowledge Test” (PKT) and were analyzed by the aid of a rubric developed by the researcher. The working group was of 100 prospective teachers. The findings revealed that the prospective teachers’ subject matter knowledge was generally lacking in conceptual depth and they had inadequate acquisition about types of events. According to the findings, prospective teachers were also inadequate to give real life examples of types of events. Besides, prospective teachers were inadequate in calculations for types of events. In accordance with the findings of the study, some suggestions were made for developing conceptual and procedural knowledge of probability effectively at undergraduate level.

Probability covers the activities to guess the general situations and the events and effects to make decisions about the future. Individuals encounter situations randomly since existence. Today, probability are used to generate the ideas about these events, to comment on these events and to take precautions. These individuals have increased the importance of teaching probability subjects. Students should perceive and interpret the probability concept properly for the aim of teaching the probability subject successfully, effectively and permanently. Mental images could explain the meaning which students assign to the concepts. Because of that, it was aimed to determine the mental images of eighth grade students about probability concept in this research. With this aim, the application was performed with a group of eighth grade students studying in a middle school in Istanbul. “Probability is ……like, because……” sentence was directed to these students. They were asked to produce a mental image related with probability concept and to explain why they produced these images. These mental images of the students were explained and presented in categories at the end of this research.

The ISO 1999:2013 norm describes a method of calculating the statistically expected permanent threshold shift (PTS) due to noise. Input parameters are noise level LDie Norm ISO 1999:2013 beschreibt eine Methode zur Berechnung der statistisch zu erwartenden permanenten Hörschwellenwertverschiebung (PTS) aufgrund von Lärm. Eingabeparameter sind der Lärmpegel L

Radiotherapy (RT) is an integral part of the treatment of many tumors located in the vicinity of sensitive organs and structures, including tumors of the head and neck and base of skull in particular. Due to the risk of side effects associated with RT, the use of highly conformal RT techniques is favored. For many indications, proton therapy (PT) is therefore already part of the modern treatment standard.This article presents an overview of current indications for PT with emphasis on tumors in the head and neck region and the base of skull. Furthermore, a summary and discussion of relevant results and current developments are included.The work comprises an evaluation of relevant studies and an overview of current issues related to PT of tumors in the areas of the head, neck, and base of skull.Overall, the studies on PT show promising results. In addition to dosimetric studies, clinical studies also point to advantages of PT, especially with regard to the reduction of side effects.Currently, use of the model-based approach is being discussed. This is intended to identify those patients who benefit most from PT based on the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). PT for re-RT is also discussed.

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCF) are a common injury among older patients. The optimal treatment option (operative or conservative) is still discussed. The literature describes a reduced mortality following operative augmentation of VCF compared to conservative treatment. We examined our orthogeriatric patient cohort to find out whether there is a positive correlation between surgical treatment of VCF and the survival rate.We performed an assessment of all patients with an osteoporotic spinal fracture who were treated on an orthogeriatric care unit due to VCF between 1 February 2014 and 31 January 2015. The treatment associated-mortality was examined in a 2-year follow-up, with a special focus on the influence of the treatment.A total of 74 patients (74% follow-up) with an average age of 83.2 years were included, 40 having been treated conservatively and 34 surgically. Overall, the 1‑year and 2‑year mortalities were 29.7% and 35.1%, respectively. Surgical treatment was associated with 1‑year and 2‑year mortalities of 20.6% and 23.5% compared to 37.5% and 45%, respectively, after conservative treatment (p = 0.113 and 0.086, χAlthough no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups could be detected (possibly due to the small sample size), the analysis showed a tendency towards an improved survival after surgical treatment. This is in accordance with international studies. Further investigations in the literature suggest that the reduction of kyphosis by surgery could represent an important causal association.HINTERGRUND: Osteoporotische Wirbelkörperfrakturen sind eine häufige Verletzung alter Menschen, deren optimale Behandlung (konservativ oder operativ) diskutiert wird. Die Literatur beschreibt nach Wirbelkörperaugmentationen geringere Mortalitäten als nach konservativer Therapie. Ob eine positive Korrelation des operativen Vorgehens mit dem Überleben nach oben genannten Verletzungen besteht, soll im eigenen alterstraumatologischen Patientenkollektiv überprüft werden.Es erfolgte die Erfassung aller Patienten, die mit einer osteoporotischen Wirbelkörperfraktur vom 01.02.2014 bis 31.01.2015 auf einer alterstraumatologischen Station behandelt wurden. Im Rahmen eines 2‑Jahres-Follow-up wurden diese auf die assoziierte Sterblichkeit untersucht, wobei insbesondere der Einfluss der Therapie untersucht wurde.Insgesamt konnten 74 Patienten (Rücklauf 74 %) mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 83,2 Jahren eingeschlossen werden, davon wurden 40 konservativ und 34 operativ versorgt. Die gesamte Ein- und Zweijahresmortalität betrugen 29,7 % bzw. 35,1 %, nach operativer Versorgung 20,6 % bzw. 23,5 % und nach konservativer Therapie 37,5 % bzw. 45 % (p = 0,113 bzw. 0,086, Chi-Quadrat-Test). Die um Störfaktoren bereinigte „hazard ratio“ betrug 2,0 (95 %-KI: 0,686–6,100) DISKUSSION: Auch wenn möglicherweise wegen der eher geringen Fallzahl kein signifikantes Ergebnis nachgewiesen werden konnte, zeigen die Analysen eine Tendenz des verbesserten Überlebens nach operativem Vorgehen. Dies steht im Einklang mit internationalen Studien. Bestehende Untersuchungen lassen vermuten, dass die Reduktion der Kyphosierung durch die Operation einen wichtigen kausalen Zusammenhang darstellen könnte.

With a prevalence of up to 43 % subclinical ketosis is one of the most common diseases in dairy cows in their transition period. In itself, this may cause subsequent diseases such as clinical ketosis or lameness. Therefore, monitoring of animals in this stage is of importance. In addition to the measurement of β-hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetate in blood, milk, and urine as well as the observation of the animals, computer-assisted systems are suitable means of monitoring. Information such as animal identification and activity data are recorded on a data logger and transmitted to a computer. A change in activity may be an indication of an underlying disease days before the onset of additional clinical signs. In cases of ketosis, a decrease in activity may be observed 5 days before the clinical diagnosis is made. Thus, these data are a valuable contribution in monitoring the cattle herd's health status for both the farmer and the veterinarian. Activity measurement may also be employed for the detection of a beginning lameness. In the presence of lameness, the individual's activity decreases and periods of lying are longer. Activity measurement via transponder as a part of the herd monitoring provides important information on lameness prevalence in the herd. In the presence of a lameness a visual assessment should additionally be made. Lameness scores (Locomotion score, Gait score) have been developed for this purpose and add to determining the lameness status of the herd. This way the animals are divided into different lameness classes. Based on this classification those individuals in need of claw trimming or further treatment may be identified leading to amelioration or prevention of secondary diseases. Due to lameness and subsequent reduction of activity and feed intake, the animals may develop subclinical or clinical ketosis. Therefore, under consideration of both animal welfare and economic factors early disease detection and prophylaxis is desirable and should be a main objective of herd monitoring.Mit einer Prävalenz von bis zu 43 % zählt die subklinische Ketose zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen von Milchkühen in der Transitphase. Sie kann ihrerseits Auslöser für Folgeerkrankungen wie klinische Ketose oder Lahmheit sein. Eine Überwachung der Tiere in dieser Phase ist sehr wichtig. Hierzu eignen sich außer der Bestimmung von β-Hydroxybutyrat bzw. Actetoacetat in Blut, Milch und Harn sowie der Beobachtung der Tiere auch computergestützte Systeme. Dafür werden Daten, wie die Tieridentifikation und Aktivitätsdaten, auf einem Datenlogger aufgezeichnet und gespeichert und an einen Computer übermittelt. Eine Änderung der Aktivität kann schon Tage vor dem Auftreten anderer Symptome ein Hinweis auf eine zugrundeliegende Krankheit sein. Im Zusammenhang mit Ketose lässt sich schon 5 Tage vor der klinischen Diagnose eine Aktivitätsabnahme beobachten. So leisten diese Daten einen wertvollen Beitrag für Landwirt und Tierarzt zur Überwachung des Gesundheitszustands der Herde. Auch für die Erkennung einer beginnenden Lahmheit kann die Aktivitätsmessung eingesetzt werden. Bei vorliegender Lahmheit nimmt die Bewegungsaktivität ab und die Liegeperioden werden länger. Die Aktivitätsmessung über den Transponder gibt im Rahmen eines Herdenmonitorings wichtige Hinweise auf die Lahmheitsprävalenz in einer Herde. Zusätzlich zur Aktivitätsmessung sollte eine visuelle Beurteilung durchgeführt werden. Hierzu wurden Lahmheitsscores (Locomotion Score, Gait Score) entwickelt, anhand derer der Lahmheitsstatus der Herde erhoben werden kann. Damit lassen sich die Tiere in Lahmheitsklassen einteilen und dadurch werden die Tiere erkannt, die einer Klauenpflege oder Behandlung unterzogen werden sollten, um Folgeerkrankungen zu reduzieren oder zu vermeiden. Plausibel ist, dass die Tiere aufgrund der Lahmheit, der damit einhergehenden reduzierten Aktivität und der daraus folgenden verminderten Futteraufnahme eine subklinische oder klinische Ketose entwickeln. Sowohl aus Sicht der Tiergesundheit als auch aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen ist eine frühzeitige Krankheitserkennung und -prophylaxe wünschenswert und sollte deshalb Ziel eines Herdenmonitorings sein.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most prevalent cardiovascular disease and a major cause for hospitalization, morbidity and mortality in western industrialized countries. The patients' clinical presentation varies greatly with often unspecific symptoms. These circumstances render a quick diagnosis and treatment initiation important but both remain clinical challenges. The D‑dimers become detectable after activation of the coagulation system with production and subsequent degradation of fibrin. They currently represent the only general biomarker that reflects the activity of the coagulation cascade. This review describes the role of D‑dimers in the diagnostics of PE as well as important points to be considered and the limits of this biomarker. In conclusion, D‑dimers are a reliable biomarker for excluding PE if used in combination with the clinical pretest probability. Test-specific thresholds must be used. In patients aged 50 years or above, age-adjusted cut-offs should be used. The use of D‑dimers is not recommended in patients with certain diseases or in situations that are accompanied by increased D‑dimers without the presence of PE. Such situations include malignancies, major surgery, infections and pregnancy.

Current studies on breastfeeding behavior that adequately consider migration aspects are not available from Germany. The following research questions should be answered with the help of a prospective study: What factors influence the probability of (premature) weaning and actual breastfeeding duration? What roles do migration background (MB) and generation play? Do observed effects persist after controlling for education, parity, etc.?In a one-year study in 3 Berlin maternity hospitals, women were interviewed on socio-demografic details and migration aspects on admission to the delivery room. On the 2The pre-partum group included 7,100 women (57.9% with a migrant background), 6,884 women were interviewed on the maternity ward, and 605 women were in the sub-cohort questioned six months postpartum. 55.9% of first-generation migrant women, 32.9% of 2The migration background factor has only a small influence on breastfeeding behavior. Possible differences should take the migration generation into account.Aktuelle Untersuchungen zum Stillverhalten mit einer angemessenen Berücksichtigung von Migrationsaspekten liegen aus Deutschland nicht vor. Folgende Forschungsfragen sollten mithilfe einer prospektiven Studie beantwortet werden: Welche Faktoren beeinflussen (vorzeitige) Abstillwahrscheinlichkeit und tatsächliche Stilldauer? Welche Rollen spielen Migrationshintergrund (MH) und -generation? Bleiben beobachtete Effekte bestehen, wenn für Bildung, Parität usw. kontrolliert wird?In einem einjährigen Untersuchungszeitraum wurden in drei Berliner Geburtskliniken Frauen bei Kreißsaalaufnahme u. a. zu soziodemografischen Angaben und Migrationsaspekten befragt. Am 2./3 Tag post partum erfolgte nochmals ein standardisiertes Interview u. a. zu Stillbeginn und geplanter Stilldauer. Ein Teilkollektiv wurde 6 Monate post partum telefonisch u. a. zur tatsächlichen Stilldauer befragt. Das Stillverhalten wurde anhand multivariater Regressionsmodelle analysiert. Für die Analyse der tatsächlichen Stilldauer und möglicher Einflussfaktoren wurde eine Cox-Regression durchgeführt.Das präpartal befragte Kollektiv umfasste 7100 Frauen (57,9% mit Migrationshintergrund), auf den Wochenbettstationen wurden 6884 Frauen erreicht, beim Teilkollektiv 6 Monate postpartal 605 Frauen. 55,9% der Migrantinnen der 1. Migrantinnengeneration, 32,9% der Frauen der 2./3. Generation und 52,9% der Frauen ohne MH stillten 6 Monate postpartal noch (p0,001). Im adjustierten Regressionsmodell hatten Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund eine größere Chance mit dem Stillen zu beginnen als Frauen ohne MH. Mit einer Regressionsanalyse nach Cox wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit, innerhalb von sechs Monaten abzustillen, überprüft: Im adjustierten Modell zeigte sich kein Effekt des Migrationsstatus.Der Faktor Migrationshintergrundes hat nur einen geringen Einfluss auf das Stillverhalten. Bei der Betrachtung möglicher Unterschiede sollte die Migrationsgeneration beachtet werden.

Regarding the assessment of traffic data in ITS, there is an increasing need for answers to the following questions: (i) What exactly is "traffic data quality"?, and, related to that, (ii) There are too many ways to define and to do things, and results of different researchers are inconsistent or not comparable. How can we overcome this situation? With that background, an important aim of the ongoing DLR-project I.MoVe is to develop a consistent understanding of traffic data quality, together with a unified framework for its assessment. To this end, a probabilistic framework for traffic data quality is provided in this paper. Real-world examples from I.MoVe demonstrate its application for the assessment of data sources like induction loops, stationary bluetooth sensors and floating car data (FCD). A first important point is to distinguish strictly between quality indices, quality requirements, and quality itself. While the present framework develops quality indices based on established quality criteria like accuracy, completeness, validity, and coverage, the usual understanding of quality is extended to a probabilistic view. This also addresses the problem of information retrieval in the presence of vagueness and uncertainty. The provided examples are making full use of the proposed framework, and also constitute interesting results for the practitioner by themselves. Examples include the assessment of induction loop count data, and assessing the temporal coverage of a stretch of road with stationary bluetooth data, or of the whole city of Berlin, Germany with FCD.

In Germany there are more than 70 million bicycles. Because of technical progress, over 200,000 electro-assisted bikes were sold in Germany in 2010 alone. In 2013, the number increased to 410,000. Currently more than 1.6 million electric bicycles are used here. One of the largest user groups are seniors. Accident researchers fear an increased risk of accidents/injuries.For one year, all cycling accidents involving electric bicycles and senior citizens were collected and analysed in 23 hospitals of the TraumaNetwork NorthWest and by the local police authorities.A comparison of the senior and younger electro-assisted cyclists showed a higher risk of injury for seniors in the initial analysis. A further comparative analysis of severely injured seniors who were riding an electro-assisted bike with those who used a conventional bicycle contradicted this. There was no statistical significance. The risk of an accident increased with age, but not with bicycle type.To reduce accidents, driving training and medical precautionary examinations could be used to detect losses of performance, cognitive processing and balance. In the future, they should become an integral part of the health care system and the services of practicing physicians.Deutschland ist eine Radfahrnation mit über 70 Mill. Fahrrädern. Bedingt durch die technische Weiterentwicklung wurden im Jahr 2010 deutschlandweit bereits 200 000 E-Bikes (Oberbegriff für elektrobetriebene Fahrräder, beinhaltet auch Pedelecs) verkauft, 2013 waren dies bereits 410 000. Aktuell werden deutschlandweit mehr als 1,6 Mill. Elektrofahrräder genutzt. Eine der größten Nutzergruppen sind Senioren. Unfallforscher befürchten ein erhöhtes Unfall-/Verletzungsrisiko.Ein Jahr lang wurden alle Radverkehrsunfälle, speziell die Elektrofahrradunfälle unter Beteiligung von Senioren, in 23 Krankenhäusern des TraumaNetzwerks NordWest und der örtlich zuständigen Polizeibehörden erhoben und analysiert.Ein Vergleich der Elektrofahrrad fahrenden Senioren mit der Gruppe der ebenfalls elektrounterstützt Rad fahrenden Jüngeren ergab im ersten Ansatz ein höheres Verletzungsrisiko. Die weitere vergleichende Analyse der schwerverletzten Senioren, die ein elektrounterstütztes Fahrrad fuhren, mit denen, die ein konventionelles Fahrrad nutzten, widersprach dem jedoch. Eine statistische Signifikanz blieb aus. Die Unfallwahrscheinlichkeit erhöhte sich mit dem Alter, nicht jedoch mit dem Fahrradtyp.Unfallvermeidend könnten, neben einem spezifischen Fahrtraining, medizinische Vorsorgeuntersuchungen zur Früherkennung von Leistungseinbußen, speziell im Bereich kognitiver Verarbeitungsprozesse und des Gleichgewichts, wirken. Sie sollten zukünftig selbstverständlicher Bestandteil der Gesundheitsvorsorge und damit der Beratungsleistung der niedergelassenen Ärzte sein.

U radu se, nakon određenja pojma utvrđenja činjenica i komparativne prezentacije teorijske elaboracije problematike standarda utvrđenosti činjenica u parničnom postupku u njemačno-austrijskom, bivšem jugoslavenskom i postojugoslavenskom pravnom krugu, nastoji zauzeti stav o tome koji bi trebao biti osnovni standard utvrđenosti pravno relevantnih činjenica u hrvatskom parničnom postupku. Stav da bi to trebala biti sigurnost (izvjesnost) definirana kao utvrđenost koja isključuje razumnu sumnju u postojanje nečeg drugog nastoji se, najprije, opravdati okolnošću da je taj standard izrijekom zakonski predviđen, a zatim, između ostaloga, i okolnošću da mjerodavne norme materijalnog prava nastupanje pravnih posljedica čije se ostvarenje nastoji postići u postupku pred sudom redovito uvjetuju postojanjem ili nepostojanjem određenih činjenica, zbog čega bi i odluka suda o zatraženoj pravozaštitnoj mjeri s obzirom na te pravne posljedice trebala biti utemeljena na takvom uvjerenju o postojanju ili nepostojanju tih činjenica koje bi isključivalo razumnu sumnju u pogledu mogućnosti postojanja nečeg drugog. Povezano s time iznose se i argumenti protiv mogućnosti da se već de lega lata kriterij pretežnije vjerojatnosti prihvati kao osnovni standard utvrđivanja materijalnopravno relevantnih činjenica u hrvatskom parničnom postupku. Konstatira se, međutim, da su iznimke od sigurnosti kao osnovnog standarda utvrđenosti činjenica i prihvaćanje kriterija vjerojatnosti u određenim slučajevima, koji su posebno elaborirani, uvjetovane odredbama koje nastupanje određenih pravnih posljedica uvjetuju nastankom specifičnih pravno relevantnih činjenica, a u nekima i prirodom pravozaštitnih mjera koje treba odrediti. Konstatira se, međutim, i da razvitak materijalnopravnog uređenja, ali i postupovnopravnog koje u tome prati potrebe ovog prvog, nagovještava, osobito na nekih pravnim područjima, postupni prelazak u «novu kvalitetu», «otvaranje» prema izravnomili posrednom prihvaćanju kriterija pretežnije vjerojatnosti. Kad je riječ o procesnopravnim odlukama, bitnija se zakonom predviđana odstupanja od navedenog osnovog standarda utvrđenosti činjenica u brojnim primjerima koji su posebno razrađeni, nastoje objasniti razlozima procesnopravnog oportuniteta i ekspeditivnosti. Naglašava se, međutim, i to se pokušava posebno obrazložiti, da je, ipak, osnovni standard određujući u onim slučajevima u kojima se donose odluke kojima se postupak procesnopravno okončava., The paper defines the concept of establishing facts and represents theoretical elaboration of establishing facts in civil procedure of German, Austrian, ex-Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav legal sphere. The paper attempts to take a stand on the basic standard of establishing relevant facts in Croatian civil procedure. An attempt is made to justify the stand that the facts established by the court should be certain enough to exclude any reasonable doubt about the existence of other facts, given that this standard is prescribed by law and that legal consequences are conditioned by the norms of substantive law, i.e. by the existence or non-existence of certain facts. Therefore, the decision of the court on the protective measure concerning these legal consequences should be based on the belief in the existence or non-existence of such facts that would exclude any reasonable doubt about the existence of other facts.

Coincidences accompany our lives. This paper shows to which extent serendipity plays a role in important discoveries and developments in medicine. These include, among others, Mendel's laws, the determination of the human chromosome number, the discovery of DNA by Watson and Crick, the PAP test, or the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity. But also and especially in pharmacology, there are many examples of serendipity. Some go closely with serendipities in the discovery of bacteriology.

Study Objectives: Environmental noise exposure disturbs sleep and impairs recuperation, and may contribute to the increased risk for (cardiovascular) disease. Noise policy and regulation are usually based on average responses despite potentially large inter-individual differences in the effects of traffic noise on sleep. In this analysis, we investigated what percentage of the total variance in noise-induced awakening reactions can be explained by stable interindividual differences. Methods: We investigated 69 healthy subjects polysomnographically (mean ± standard deviation 40 ± 13 years, range 18–68 years, 32 male) in this randomized, balanced, double-blind, repeated measures laboratory study. This study included one adaptation night, 9 nights with exposure to 40, 80, or 120 road, rail, and/or air traffic noise events (including one noise-free control night), and one recovery night. Results: Mixed-effects models of variance controlling for reaction probability in noise-free control nights, age, sex, number of noise events, and study night showed that 40.5% of the total variance in awakening probability and 52.0% of the total variance in EEG arousal probability were explained by inter-individual differences. If the data set was restricted to nights (4 exposure nights with 80 noise events per night), 46.7% of the total variance in awakening probability and 57.9% of the total variance in EEG arousal probability were explained by inter-individual differences. The results thus demonstrate that, even in this relatively homogeneous, healthy, adult study population, a considerable amount of the variance observed in noise-induced sleep disturbance can be explained by interindividual differences that cannot be explained by age, gender, or specific study design aspects. Conclusions: It will be important to identify those at higher risk for noise induced sleep disturbance. Furthermore, the custom to base noise policy and legislation on average responses should be re-assessed based on these findings.