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The article discusses censorship of women foreign correspondents during the Spanish Civil War with a focus on the censorship of Austrian journalist Ilse Kulcsar at the Spanish Press Office in Madrid and the activities of war correspondents Milly Bennett, Kitty Bowler, and Kate Mangan in Valencia. Alleged subjectivity and bias on the part of journalists covering the war is scrutinized along with their respective backgrounds, nationalist influences on their reporting, and economic conditions faced by the reporters.

Background: Studies from different countries have shown that a small number of insured persons (high-cost patients) are responsible for a large portion of health care spending. At the same time, it is assumed that some of these costs could be saved by a better management of this group of people. The aim of this article is to analyze the performance and cost profiles of high-cost patients, to put them in an international comparison, and to derive a better management approach., Methods: Retrospective observation study based on statutory health insurance data from two statutory health insurances for the year 2013., Study Population: top 5 %, as well as top 1 % of the most expensive insured persons. Identification of characteristics of high-cost patients and international comparison with the Netherlands, the USA, Canada, Spain, England and Japan., Results: 5 % of insured persons account for almost half of the total costs and the most expensive 1 % of 22 %. These high-cost patients in Germany are, on average, 20 years older than the general population. Almost every person of the high-cost population was prescribed at least one medication during the study period (99.2 %), and 85.8 % had at least one hospital stay. Hospital care accounts for the biggest part of total costs: 75 % together with drugs. The average per capita costs caused by one of the 5 % most expensive insured persons in the year under review are 20 times higher than that of the other 95 % of insured persons. High-cost patients are generally more multimorbid and have higher mortality rates. The most common diagnoses of these patients are hypertension, lipoprotein metabolism disorder and back pain., Conclusion: Similar to other developed countries, Germany faces the challenge to develop and implement adequate intervention approaches addressing the special requirements of high-cost insured persons. This paper provides a first basis. The analogies of high-cost patients in Germany and other countries illustrate the need for transnational research and intervention approaches on this specific issue. More in-depth work is needed to investigate the potentials of Predictive Modelling and integrated care approaches to the management of this group of insured persons., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)