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After 9/11, the academic study of terrorism flourished as more government resources were focused on counterterrorism efforts. As the focus slowly shifted towards P/CVE or Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism, more and more articles lauded the potential benefits of including Formers. The idea behind that was that experience equals expertise. Formers have been valuable data sources as research participants. However, the current trend has seen Formers leave that role and take on far more complicated and sophisticated roles, such as deradicalization experts, claiming to help people leave extremism. This policy paper focuses on the evidence, specifically the lack of evidence, to support the prevailing assumptions regarding the effectiveness of Formers and dissects the ethical issues arising from their involvement in P/CVE. The paper ends with policy recommendations to shift P/CVE activities and research toward a more empirically-grounded model. Since P/CVE initiatives involve a variety of actors, from academic researchers to the media to practitioners, this paper is not aimed at one field or profession. Rather, it is intended for everyone involved in P/CVE-related activities, including research.

Various research works and practitioners conclude that media pedagogy should be integrated in teacher education in order to enable future teachers to use media for their lessons effectively and successfully. However, this realization is not necessarily reflected in actual university curricula, as preservice teachers at some places can still finish their studies without ever dealing with media pedagogical issues. To understand, assess and eventually improve the status of media pedagogical teacher education, com- prehensive research is required. Against this background, the following article seeks to present a theory-based and empirical over- view of the status quo of preservice teachers’ pedagogical media competencies focusing Germany and the USA exemplarily. To form a basis, different models of pedagogical media competencies from both countries will be introduced and the extent to which these competencies have become part of teacher education programs and related studies will be summarised. Afterwards, method and selected results of a study will be described where the skills in question were measured with students from both countries, based on a comprehensive model of pedagogical media competencies that connects German and international research in this field. The international comparative perspective will help broaden the viewpoint and understand differences, but also similarities. These data serve to identify different ways of integrating media pedagogy into teacher training and draw conclusions on the con- sequences these processes entail for preservice teachers and their pedagogical media competencies.

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This paper examines the problem of hallucinations in four scientific articles generated by ChatGPT-4 from various sub-fields of business administration. Specifically, the aim is to check whether the references generated by ChatGPT exist and, if this is the case, whether they are correct. A first surprising result is that nearly 40 Prozent of the 174 sources referenced in the articles, whose bibliographic details were listed after the individual main chapters, were not included in the specially for each article generated bibliography. A check of the bibliographic entries revealed that between 18 % and 100 % of the sources in the individual articles could not be found with Google Scholar. Furthermore, half of the sources found were incorrect to varying degrees (wrong document type, wrong journal name, wrong page reference). On average, only a quarter of the bibliographic references were completely correct. In Web of Science, only a quarter of the sources could be verified, but most of them were correct. The above results show that ChatGPT-4 – besides ethical and legal concerns – should definitely not be used for writing scientific papers, as a large proportion of the references generated by ChatGPT (valid at the time of writing this paper) does not exist or is partially incorrect. Furthermore, it can be assumed that some of the article texts generated are also "invented" or come from unreferenced sources (plagiarism). Texts generated by ChatGPT must therefore be subject to a comprehensive review, which may not always be easy. The authors therefore agree with the recommendation of Gimpel et al. (2023) that ChatGPT should primarily be used as a supplement to writing (e. g., spell-checking, creating summaries, supporting the generation of ideas). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Today, the bilingual author Yoko Tawada has been widely discussed in various regions and languages according to her unique writing. Yet, despite expanding research, there is still a lack of concerning her writing alternates between Japanese and German, which consist of the comparison of her texts. In this paper, I will reflect on Tawada’s self-translation as her genuine complex process of creation. To enable us to understand Tawada’s writing, the present paper concentrates on the textual analysis and discusses the different levels of the linguistic aspects in Tawada’s writing referring to her bilingual work Das nackte Auge (German) and Tabi wo suru hadaka no me (Japanese): First, the problem of speechlessness will be examined in the narrative level of the protagonist. Secondly, the perspective moves to the structural analysis of Tawada’s text which will be accomplished through comparison not only between Tawada’s texts in two languages, but also between different editions of her work. These two parts of the analysis give thorough thought to the relation between speechlessness and untranslatability which is achieved by this one author’s texts. Hence, questions and difficulties arise in considering whether the relationship between the texts should be regarded as the originals in the plural? Or could it be subsumed as a form of translation? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of an overview of articles in Info DaF in the 2010 s, this paper aims at tracing the development of research on the education and training of GFL teachers outside of Germany within this decade. It emphasizes the potential of international cooperation in facilitating progress in practice and research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first provides an overview of topics covered in Info DaF from the first decade of the twenty-first century that are considered to be of particular relevance and interest to practitioners and researchers in the field. Second, foreign language teacher education and its necessary reorganization in terms of content are focused on as important focal points in the contributions of Info DaF and in the professional discussions outside of Info DaF during this decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article comprises two sections. The first section opens with an explanation of why the work concerned with supplementing and completing the existing regesta of Sigismund of Luxembourg's charters, which was started at Regesta Imperii in 2004, was abandoned in favour of a comprehensive revision. Following this, the paper gives a description of the development of the various projects in Vienna, Brno and Munich from 2004 to 2022, the progress which has already been made, both with regards to archival research and to the work on the abstracts themselves, as well as current plans for the future of the project. The first section concludes with an overview of how the guidelines for the creation of abstracts used in the Sigismund Project have evolved during this time. The second section of this paper includes the current version of these guidelines, which was written by the author himself in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johann Lucas Kracker: New finds. The paper provides additional information and corrections to the author’s Kracker monograph published in Budapest in 2004/2005. In addition to archival data and results of research in Moravia, she introduces some re-discovered works from Eger, drawings from the Móra Ferenc Museum of Szeged, and defines twelve Baroque drawings in Debrecen’s Déri Museum as works by Kracker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years molecular genetics has provided a completely new approach/access to the human past. The still new and quite dynamic research field of archaeogenetics (also known as palaeogenetics or genetic history) claims to be able to write history using ancient DNA. Through numerous remarkable publications it has generated and received much interest not only in scientific discourse but also in the media. So far, however, scientists have not paid much attention to this coverage-a research desideratum this paper cannot resolve. But by looking at selected press clippings it seeks to capture first trends according to the following three theses: telling success stories, drawing boundaries, and writing in a conformist manner.

Copyright of Ergoscience is the property of Schulz-Kirchner Verlag Gmbh and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In Germany, a great amount of money is spent annually on health research (HR). However, detailed quantitative data concerning funders and receivers of the financing is lacking., Objective: The goal of this paper is to depict the scope to which funders finance HR and the amount of money research institutions receive for their research activities., Materials and Methods: First, openly accessible sources were searched to identify the relevant data for 2013. Missing data was requested from the specific institutions. Where relevant data could not be identified, approximate results were determined or marked as missing., Results: In 2013, approximately 10.14 billion EUR were spent on HR. The most important funders were business (58%) and public agencies (36%). Business mainly funded privately financed research institutions, while public agencies mainly funded universities and non-university research institutions. Overall, privately financed research institutions received 55% of the research money, universities 34%, non-university research institutions 9%, and 2% of the money went to federal institutions., Conclusion: In Germany, the biggest share of health research money is spent and consumed by the private sector. The pattern of financing health research in Germany is comparable to other countries where data are available.

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Copyright of Ergoscience is the property of Schulz-Kirchner Verlag Gmbh and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die Schreiber der päpstlichen Kanzlei unter Papst Innocenz III. Versuch eines ersten Überblicks/The scribes of the papal chancery during pope Innocent III's pontificate. A first attempt at a synoptic view. Early in his pontificate Innocent III introduced some fundamental changes concerning the processing and issuing of papal chancery documents. Among these changes is the addition of chancery marks on the documents, above all short marks indicating the name of the scribe who engrossed the respective letter. Although these marks are abbreviated they allow for the first time for a closer look at the chancery and its staff. How many scribes were active, who were they, how were they paid, did they belong to the social networks inside the papal curia, did they follow a certain career path? On the basis of a sample of some 370 documents dating from Innocent III's pontificate, collected in the „Index Actorum Romanorum Pontificum", the Schedario Baumgarten and other sources, this paper explores the methodological implications of these questions, tries to give first answers and to suggest perspectives for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher professional development is a highly complex field because many variables influence the development process and program effectiveness. Despite this complexity recent studies indicate that professional development programs can provide benefits for teacher knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, instructional quality and school improvement. At the beginning, this paper briefly introduces an offer-and-use-model as a framework that represents different variables that may influence teacher development. Afterwards, research results are summarized and key features of effective teacher professional development (e. g. sequences of input, application and reflection, focusing on a content and on students' learning, realisation of situations in which participants experience self-efficacy) are presented. Summing up, the article closes by stressing out open questions in the field of teacher professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper fits into the area of research over educational contexts of popular culture, which is a voice in a discussion focused on possible ways of “using” rock lyrics in formal education, on critical education through rock narratives, on a category of co(being). This paper is intended to familiarize with research on educational contexts brought by rock narratives also about involving a Recipient in the discussion on the presented issues.

The poor quality of medical dissertations has repeatedly been criticized by scientific and higher education institutions. In medicine, doctoral students rated their own knowledge of fundamental scientific issues as low. The establishment of a doctoral research program could solve this problem. However, no scientific paper has yet been published showing how such support programs should be designed. Here we present an example of such a design on the basis of the doctoral research program which the Faculty of Medicine at the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, established in 2011. Using requirements analyses, eight basic courses have been developed that can be attended separately but are considered to contain essential information for all doctorates. To ensure a high quality of the doctoral research program and to take into account the needs of doctoral students, both the individual courses and the doctoral research program as a whole were evaluated. The doctoral research program has been very well accepted by doctoral students, with a total of 449 doctoral students, who attended an average of five courses from 2011 to 2014. The total number of participants amounted to 2,302 in 159 courses. The results of the evaluation show that on average all the basic courses were considered to be 'good' or 'very good'. After participating in eight courses, the doctoral students' overall evaluation of the doctoral research program resulted in a very positive assessment of the overall concept. Further aspects, such as the examination of the impact of participation in the doctoral research program on dissertation quality, are pending. Due to the positive feedback from participants, we recommend that other faculties establish similar programs., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

In a historical perspective the ultracentrifuge is often taken as perfect example of a research technology according to Shinn and Joerges (Shinn and Joerges 2000, 2002). Research technologies are defined by a generic device, its own metrology and the interstitiality of the historical actors connected with the device. In our paper we give a detailed analysis of the development of the ultracentrifuge and thereby reveal two different lines of development: analytical ultracentrifuges and gas ultra centrifuges used for isotope separation. Surprisingly, we could not find any interstitial and transversal connections for these two lines. The lines end up with two different devices based on two different technical concepts. Moreover, the great majority of the actors stick to one line. These results are in accordance withother authors, who developed the concept of research technologies further and tried to sharpen their definition.

Thought Experiments of Economic Surplus: Science and Economy in Ernst Mach's Epistemology. Thought experiments are an important element in Ernst Mach's epistemology: They facilitate amplifying our knowledge by experimenting with thoughts; they thus exceed the empirical experience and suspend the quest for immediate utility. In an economical perspective, Mach suggested that thought experiments depended on the production of an economic surplus based on the division of labor relieving the struggle for survival of the individual. Thus, as frequently emphasized, in Mach's epistemology, not only the 'economy of thought' is an important feature; instead, also the socioeconomic conditions of science play a decisive role. The paper discusses the mental and social economic aspects of experimental thinking in Mach's epistemology and examines those within the contemporary evolutionary, physiological, and economic contexts., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Investigation of Empiricism. On Ernst Mach's Conception of the Thought Experiment. The paper argues that Ernst Mach's conception of the thought experiment from 1897/1905 holds a singular position in the lively discussions and repeated theorizations that have continued up to the present in relation to this procedure. Mach derives the thought experiment from scientific practice, and does not oppose it to the physical experiment, but, on the contrary, endows it with a robust relation to the facts. For Mach, the thought experiment is a reliable means of determining empiricism, and at the same time a real, because open and unbiased, experimenting. To shed light on this approach, the paper carries out a close reading of the relevant texts in Mach's body of writings (in their different stages of revision) and proceeds in three steps: first, Mach's processual understanding of science will be presented, which also characterizes his research and publication practice (I. 'Aperçu' and 'Sketch'. Science as Process and Projection); then in a second step the physiological and biological justification and valorization of memory and association will be examined with which Mach limits the relevance of categories such as consciousness and will (II. The Biology of Consciousness. Or The Polyp Colony); against this background, thirdly, the specific empiricism can be revealed that Mach inscribes into the thought experiment by on the one hand founding it in the memory and association, and on the other by tracing it back to geometry, which he deploys as an experimenting oriented to experience (III. Thinking and Experience. The Thought Experiment)., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Thought Experiments in Historiographic Function: Max Weber on Eduard Meyer and the Question of Counterfactuality. Max Weber's remarks on his colleague Eduard Meyer regarding counterfactual reasoning in history reflects a significant shift during the Methodenstreit around 1900. The question of attributing historical change strictly to either individual causes or abstract general laws has been tackled in a new way: By counterfactual reasoning a historian should be able to detect the most significant (and therefore meaningful) cause, event, or action for a certain historical outcome. Following Fritz Ringer, this paper argues that given the predominating methods of the natural sciences, scholars of the humanities conducted historical research by counterfactual thought experiments. This way, Weber pried open contemporary narratives (e.g. historicism), and by employing a unique historical causal analysis he made way for refined concepts to offer a model of interpretation that gave hope for a more feasible, practice-oriented approach to historical research than the epistemological discussions had hitherto offered., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

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