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Artifacts can affect the diagnostic quality of the images. Artifacts must also be reduced in radiotherapy for precise treatment planning. Metallic implants can cause considerable artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging, in particular signal loss, signal pile-up, geometric distortions and fat suppression failure. The composition of the prosthesis material determines the extent of the artifacts and the quality of the MR images. CT also has to contend with metal artifacts. Image quality issues are also possible with ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides hypoplasia of the vertebral arch may occur, but not compulsory, hypoplasia and dysplasia of vertebral and articular processes, elongation of the bone situated between the joints and spondylolysis. The congenital nature of this changes is not proved, but heredity seems probable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of anteroposterior diameter of lumbar vertebral body is rare. It is an anatomical variant. In case of degenerative spondylolisthesis the data suggest that reduction of slipped vertebral body could be effective to relieve clinical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talocalcanear coalition is a rare pathological union of the talus and calcanear bones. Tarsal coalition refers to an abnormal fibrous, cartilagenous, or bony connection that develops between two or more tarsal bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The launch of the ZAP-X system last year has expanded the options for radiosurgery. The self-shielded, compact construction renders a bunker unnecessary. During treatment, the therapist is sitting in the same room as the patient. High accuracy is achieved without any need for a rigid fixation of the patient. The use of a usual thermoplastic mask is adequate. The system does not employ radioactive sources, but x-rays produced by a 3 MV linear accelerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioulnar synostosis is a bony connection between radius and ulna, which causes restriction of the active and passive rotational movement of the forearm. Patients with congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis are not so often. They have remarkable fle - xion deformities of the radius and internal rotation deformity of the radius and ulna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachydactyly is a part of the group of limb malformations characterized of bone dysostosis. The isolated brachydactyly is rare. Brachydactyly may also be accompanied by other hand malformations, such as syndactyly or polydactyly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior limbus vertebrae (ALV) is one kind of endplate lesion. It is a variant of regular development. Athletes have a high prevalence of disk degeneration and ALV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessory bones and variants are not uncommon at the region of hand and wrist. The prevalence and distribution of sesamoid and accessory bones in the hands is quite variable between different populations and ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]