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After cardiovascular illnesses, non-malignant diseases of the digestive tract are the most common illnesses affecting Germans, resulting in around 2 million hospitalizations every year. With the updated White Paper, the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) offers a validated scientific and statistical foundation to underpin the discussion of the present and future status of gastrointestinal diseases in Germany.

This volume opens the series of papers presented at the Vienna Congress of AILC/ICLA 2016, beginning with eight keynotes. Among others, thirty-four further papers are dedicated to the central theme of the conference: the linguistic side of world literature, under different focal points.

The German Inpatient Quality Indicators (G-IQI) are the most comprehensive system of quality indicators based on administrative data. G-IQI allow a disease-specific monitoring of inpatient care in acute care hospitals. On the one hand, the indicators are designed to provide medically meaningful figures on hospital performance and outcomes for external users. On the other hand, the indicators serve as a tool for internal quality management and quality improvement in hospital care. The indicators may help hospitals to identify potential for improvement by comparing their own results with national figures. The indicators serve as triggers for peer reviews or morbidity and mortality conferences. Thus, the use of the indicators is essential to detect medical errors and to improve quality of care. The present working paper contains the German national reference values of the year 2020 for the G-IQI version 5.4. Reference values were calculated by using the microdata of the national hospital statistics database (DRG statistics) and are displayed for each indicator. The technical specifications of the indicators are attached in the appendix of this paper and refer to the German coding systems valid in 2022. The G-IQI version 5.4 represents a modification and expansion of the previous version 5.3. In the year of analysis 2020, the present G-IQI version 5.4 captures 56.9% of all inpatient cases and 82.5% of all in-hospital deaths. Thereby, the G-IQI version 5.4 achieves one of the highest coverages among available quality indicator systems. The national reference values of the indicators help hospitals to assess their own results as compared to national figures. Beyond that, the national reference values provide a comprehensive analysis of inpatient care in German acute care hospitals. In addition to the complete national indicator results, the age-and-sex specific mortality figures that are used to calculate expected deaths at the hospital level are displayed. Furthermore, distribution of case volume among hospitals is illustrated for selected indicators. By this means, the present working paper covers various figures which are not published by any other statistics and, thus, complements other systems of health care reporting.

Many experts assume that urban mobility, and with it the urban environment, will change significantly in the future, partly due to new, digitally-supported mobility services. It is therefore important to understand how this change may look like and how it can be shaped. The papers in this volume aim to contribute to these questions from different perspectives. All of the papers were written in the project "Profilregion Mobilitätssysteme Karlsruhe".

This paper is devoted to a special form of "proving" in civil proceedings. The prima facie evidence is about proving a causal connection with life experience and common knowledge. The term "prima facie evidence" appears repeatedly in Swiss literature and case law, but what is meant by it often remains unclear. This paper addresses the open questions about prima facie evidence in Swiss civil procedure: It examines (1) what is meant by it, (2) what exactly is proved by it, (3) how the court forms its conviction, (4) how prima facie evidence is to be classified in the structure of burden of proof, standard of proof, and evaluation of evidence, and (5) what are the consequences for civil procedure.

This volume examines the stylistic characteristics of threatening and abusive letters by right-wing extremists as well as left-wing extremist position papers and claims to responsibility. It applies qualitative and quantitative analytical methods to identify and describe the differences and similarities between these text types. The findings facilitate understanding of these text types and provide new perspectives for forensic author analysis.

In the context of IPA projects, project participants generally try to create a system that aligns the individual interests of the participants in such a way that opportunistic behavior of the participants does not have negative consequences for the project as a whole. This paper systematizes the current state of knowledge on IPA and examines the economics of these approaches.

For as long as anyone can remember, fake news has been a central problem for the formation of individual and public opinion. Today, the effect of widespread disinformation is amplified by the technical possibilities of online communication, such as echo chambers in social networks or the use of artificial opinion amplifiers. From a cognitive science perspective, it is very difficult to correct the effects of disinformation once it has been expressed. The paper therefore deals with the protection of fake news in online communication under fundamental law on the basis of the case law of the German Federal Constitutional Court, the European Court of Human Rights and an epistemological view, taking into account newer communication modalities such as content dissemination in social networks and video sharing services as well as the dissemination of statements with the help of social bots. After describing the constitutional regulatory framework of the dissemination of fake news, the work is devoted to their regulation in Germany de lege lata. On the one hand, the paper focuses on explaining and evaluating the existing regulation of social bots under the Interstate Treaty on the Media (MStV), taking into account higher-ranking law. On the other hand, the thesis discusses and evaluates the regulation of social networks and video sharing services on the basis of the more recent Digital Services Act (DSA) in comparison to the Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG) and points out areas of tension under basic communications law. Based on the insights gained from the evaluations of existing regulation and the constitutional standards described in relation to the dissemination of disinformation, it is possible to formulate options for action for the (German) legislator that could increase protection against the influence of disinformation on individual and public opinion formation in the context of social bot communication and communication in social networks as well as video sharing services.

This volume contains the proceedings of an international conference on the diplomatics of medieval papal documents held in 2019 at the German Historical Institute in Paris. From the pontificate of Alexander III (1159-1181) at the latest, direct appeals to the Roman curia, permitted even to lay people, reinforced the pope’s jurisdictional primacy and contributed to the proliferation and wide distribution of papal acts, which numbered some 30,000 by the end of the twelfth century. The papers deal with a number of topics touching on papal history, including new techniques for the analysis of papal acts and regional variations in their issuance. Particular attention is paid to France, whose papal charters the German Historical Institute in Paris is analyzing in the Gallia Pontificia.

“Gefangen in Mauthausen” (Imprisoned in Mauthausen) is volume three of a ”major European project on the history of the survivors” (Carlo Moos). It deals with the everyday life of the concentration camp inmates and their attempts to make use of what opportunities for survival even the terror system offered. Their death or survival depended largely on what racist, national, political or occupational tags the SS had assigned to them and on the circumstances and the date of their arrival in the camp. The twenty-one papers in this volume present a new assessment of the inmates’ worlds of living and show how diverse the “prisoner society” was when seen through the microscope of oral history., "Gefangen in Mauthausen" ist Band 3 eines "europäischen Großprojekts zur Geschichte der Überlebenden" (Carlo Moos) und handelt vom Alltag der Häftlinge und ihren Versuchen, selbst im Terrorsystem sich bietende Überlebenschancen zu nutzen. Ihr Tod oder Überleben hing stark davon ab, in welche rassistischen, nationalen, politischen oder beruflichen Kategorien sie von der SS eingeordnet wurden und unter welchen Bedingungen und wann sie ins KZ gekommen waren. Die 21 Beiträge dieses Buches präsentieren eine Neueinschätzung der Lebenswelten der Häftlinge und zeigen, wie vielfältig die "Häftlingsgesellschaft" gewesen ist, wenn man die mikroskopische Sicht der Oral History einnimmt.

Auf ihrer vierten Jahrestagung in Vechta befaßte sich die Gesellschaft für Didaktik des Sachunterrichts mit dem Thema „ Studieren für den Sachunterricht — Barrieren überwinden". Dieser Band enthält eine Auswahl der Tagungsbeiträge: einen Blick auf die Lehrerbildung aus der jeweiligen Sicht eines für die Planung zuständigen Ministerialbeamten und eines Hochschullehrers, unterschiedliche Anforderungen des Grundschulcurriculums an die Lehrerausbildung im Ausland (Dänemark, USA), Theorie und Praxis als korrespondierende Bezugspunkte forschenden Lernens im Studium. Ferner werden die Anforderungen verschiedener Aufgabenbereiche und Inhalte an das Studium für den Sachunterricht aufgezeigt, wie didaktisches Laboratorium, regionale Sachunterrichtssammlung, technische Bildung, „ Rasse" und Diskriminierung, Umwelterziehung und chemische Inhalte.; At its fourth annual conference in Vechta, the Gesellschaft für Didaktik des Sachunterrichts (Society for the Didactics of Science Teaching) focussed on the topic "Studying for Science Teaching - Overcoming Barriers". This volume contains a selection of the conference papers: a view of teacher training from the respective perspectives of a ministry official responsible for planning and a university lecturer, different requirements of the primary school curriculum for teacher training abroad (Denmark, USA), theory and practice as corresponding points of reference for research-based learning in the degree programme. Furthermore, the requirements of different areas of responsibility and content for the study programme in subject teaching are shown, such as didactic laboratory, regional subject teaching collection, technical education, "race" and discrimination, environmental education and chemical content.

The sixth volume of the "Communications" of the German-Russian Historical Commission includes papers presented at the 2012 Hamburg Colloquium. Presented bilingually – as always – the fifteen essays by prominent German and Russian historians and cultural scholars examine a broad range of cultural interactions between Germany and Russia.

Although the forum of the cooperative dispute has been known to some legal systems for more than two centuries, the institute is still very challenging for jurisprudence and doctrine today. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the institute as well as to the fundamental question whether it is advisable to include such a place of jurisdiction in the law of international jurisdiction. Therefore, a comprehensive legal comparison between English, French, Austrian and European law is made in the first part. In the second part, there is a comprehensive analysis of the jurisdictional interests involved. In the third part, the discussion is supplemented by a practical facet, the debate on so-called "human rights claims" against corporations., Obwohl der Gerichtsstand der Streitgenossenschaft manchen Rechtsordnungen schon seit mehr als zwei Jahrhunderten bekannt ist, stellt das Institut auch heute noch Rechtsprechung und Lehre vor große Herausforderungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Instituts sowie zur grundlegenden Frage leisten, ob es sich empfiehlt, einen solchen Gerichtsstand überhaupt in das Recht der internationalen Zuständigkeit aufzunehmen. Dazu wird in einem ersten Teil ein umfangreicher Rechtsvergleich zwischen dem englischen, französischen, österreichischen und dem europäischen Recht vorgenommen. Im zweiten Teil erfolgt eine umfassende Analyse der involvierten Zuständigkeitsinteressen. Im dritten Teil wird die Diskussion um eine praktische Facette, die Debatte um die sogenannten «Menschenrechtsklagen» gegen Unternehmen, ergänzt.

The volume "Space. Power. Inklusion." brings together selected papers from the 35th Annual Conference of Inclusion Researchers (IFO), which was hosted by the University of Innsbruck in cooperation with KPH Edith Stein from February 23-25, 2022. Under the impression of the global crises intensifying due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference focused on the importance of social spaces and powerful social orders for inclusion research. In this context, exclusion can be understood as the expropriation of spaces and their hegemonic occupation; inclusion, on the other hand, as their appropriation, radical democratization, and liberation. The contributions show how exclusive or inclusive spaces can be theoretically conceived, empirically investigated, and practically developed in current research projects., Der Band „Raum. Macht. Inklusion.“ versammelt ausgewählte Vorträge der 35. Jahrestagung der Inklusionsforscher*innen (IFO), die vom 23. bis 25. Februar 2022 durch die Universität Innsbruck in Kooperation mit der KPH Edith Stein ausgerichtet worden ist. Unter dem Eindruck der sich durch die COVID-19-Pandemie verschärfenden globalen Krisen, richtete die Tagung den Blick auf die Bedeutung gesellschaftlicher Räume und machtvoller sozialer Ordnungen für die Inklusionsforschung. Exklusion kann in diesem Zusammenhang als Enteignung von Räumen und deren hegemoniale Besetzung verstanden werden; Inklusion hingegen als deren Aneignung, radikale Demokratisierung und Befreiung. Die Beiträge zeigen auf, wie exklusive oder inklusive Räume in aktuellen Forschungsvorhaben theoretisch konzipiert, empirisch untersucht und praktisch weiterentwickelt werden können.

The late 1960s can be described as a time of democratic awakening and social upheaval, also regarding discussions on education. Taking this period of critique and questioning as a starting point, the work proceeds to examine knowledge movements. Knowledge circulation and knowledge transformation processes between political and educational practice as well as educational theory are analysed on the basis of 9 biographical narratives of people who were active in educational or political practice projects around 1968. The first theoretical part of this thesis outlines the historical context and introduces the state of research on '1968 and pedagogy'. Subsequently, the thesis introduces its knowledge-historical theoretical approaches, from which the concept of knowledge movements developed for this thesis emerges. The first part of the thesis concludes with the presentation of the methodical and methodological premises, explains theoretically the applied procedure of an integrative coupling of discourses and biographies and shows the form of practical application in the work. The second part of the thesis includes the presentation of the empirical results and along inductively identified thematic strands, various aspects of new perspectives that can be considered as (co-)inspired/stimulated by the critical-alternative pedagogical milieu that are examined in greater detail. The third part of the paper presents the results and links them back to the theoretical premises. Thus, it is shown how knowledge of the discursive space of the critical-alternative pedagogical milieu changed through its discursive entanglements with the established educational science and how the established educational science entered a communicative process of opening through the confrontation with the new forms of knowledge. For educational science, the results and documented processes can thus can thus serve as a sample for contemplation and be referred to introspectively in the context of today's processes of theory formation or research. Disciplinary continuities and discontinuities were shown and hence it is possible to revise/identify trends or demarcations via the knowledge-historical findings of the work., Die späten 1960er Jahre können als eine Zeit des demokratischen Aufbruchs und des gesellschaftlichen Umschwungs, auch bezogen auf die Thematisierungen von Bildung und Erziehung, bezeichnet werden. Diesem Zeitraum der Kritik und des Infragestellens als Ausgangspunkt nehmend, knüpft die Arbeit an, um Wissensbewegungen zu untersuchen. So werden, anhand von 9 biographischen Erzählungen mit Personen, die um 1968 in pädagogischen oder politischen Praxisprojekten aktiv waren, Wissenszirkulations- und Wissentransformationsprozesse zwischen politischer und pädagogischer Praxis sowie erziehungswissenschaftlicher Theorie analysiert. Im ersten theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird einführend zunächst der historische Kontext umrissen und der Forschungsstand zu ‚1968 und Pädagogik‘ vorgestellt. Anschließend führt die Arbeit in ihre wissensgeschichtlichen theoretischen Zugänge ein, aus denen das für diese Arbeit entworfene Konzept von Wissensbewegungen hervorgeht. Der erste Teil der Arbeit schließt mit der Vorstellung der methodologischen und methodischen Prämissen, erläutert theoretisch das angewendete Verfahren einer integrativen Kopplung von Diskursen und Biographien und zeigt die Form der praktischen Anwendung in der Arbeit auf. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit umfasst die Darstellung der empirischen Ergebnisse und entlang von induktiv identifizierten Themensträngen werden verschiedene Aspekte neuer Perspektiven, die als durch das kritisch-alternative pädagogische Milieu mit angeregt betrachtet werden können, näher in den Blick genommen. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse vorgestellt und an die theoretischen Prämissen rückgekoppelt. So wird dort aufgezeigt, wie Wissen des Diskursraums des kritisch-alternativen pädagogischen Milieus sich durch seine diskursiven Verschränkungen mit der etablierten Erziehungswissenschaft veränderte und sich auch die etablierte Erziehungswissenschaft über die Auseinandersetzung mit den neuen Wissensformen in einem kommunikativen Prozess der Öffnung begab. Für die Erziehungswissenschaft können die Ergebnisse und dokumentierten Prozesse somit eine Kontemplationsfolie bieten, um sich im Kontext heutiger Prozesse der Theoriebildung oder der Forschung selbstreflexiv auf diese zu beziehen. Disziplinäre Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten konnten sichtbar gemacht werden und so ist es möglich über die wissensgeschichtlichen Erkenntnisse der Arbeit Trends oder Abgrenzungen gegenzulesen.

The use of new examination and treatment methods (NUB) in the inpatient sector remains a contro-versial topic of health policy discussions even after the introduction of an early benefit assessment for certain medical devices of high-risk class. Policy makers must balance access to innovative technologies, risks and benefits of the technologies, and the ability and resilience of the statutory health insur-ance systems to finance those. Weaker approval criteria for medical devices compared to pharmaceu-ticals require consequent evaluation of (clinical) effectiveness and safety when it comes to the diffu-sion of medical devices in standard care. The overall aim of the study is to investigate the importance of scientific evidence for the adoption and diffusion of NUB in German hospitals. Using a new systematic, criteria-based approach, 27 health care relevant NUB have been identified for further analyses. For these, the development of evidence regarding efficacy and safety as well as the development of the case numbers in hospitals was ana-lyzed longitudinally (2005–2017). Publications were systematically identified, selected, and evaluated to create an overview of evidence available at different point of times. Other factors such as changes in financing schemes and safety alerts have been considered in the analysis. In addition, the utilization and research activities of German hospitals have been identified and analyzed descriptively. A relationship between diffusion and evidence development can be assumed for about half of the included methods. For the remaining methods, either the body of evidence is too sparse, the case numbers are too small to infer a relationship, or the case number and evidence development show opposite directions. In the sample, it takes up to ten years after marketing authorization until the first results of a randomized clinical trial are published. A robust body of evidence is only available for the majority of technologies after several years of use or does not emerge at all during the observation period. With regard to financing schemes, the study confirms that temporary payments for NUB have been paid for several years without evidence of benefit of the corresponding technologies. The need to submit annual NUB applications for funding does not appear to be a barrier to rapid diffusion. Despite various differences between technologies, case numbers in hospitals participating in studies (usually large hospitals or university hospitals) were generally higher compared to the remaining hos-pitals; in particular in the first years of NUB utilization. At the same time, however, some hospitals use new methods based on high-risk medicines infrequently, which in turn raise questions about patient safety and quality of care in these hospitals. Overall, the trade-off between promoting innovation and ensuring evidence-based care remains a fundamental challenge. Considering all methodological limitations, the results support the impetus to question the existing regulatory framework for NUB and to focus on systematic evidence generation. It is essential to find a common solution that focuses on the efficacy/effectiveness and safety of the technologies for patients, but also provides a framework for systematic evidence generation.

The present volume contains papers on Origen and the history of his reception which were presented at a series of workshops at the Eighteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held at Oxford in August 2019. They provide multifarious insights into various aspects of Origen’s thought and his impact on different topics of theology, exegesis and philosophy from Late Antiquity to Early Modern Times. By connecting the Alexandrian’s legacy with recent developments in Patristics and Classics, they open up new perspectives for Origen scholarship in the new millenium. Research on Origen can be connected with studies, e.g., on rhetoric and power, on individuality and diversity, on gender and equality issues, on determinism and freedom and on questions of cultural transfer and transformation. The contributions to this volume can thus be taken as starting points for future studies on Origen within the broader context of contemporary research in science and the humanities.

Debates about decriminalising or even legalising certain narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances have gained much momentum in recent years. On the surface, it appears that more and more jurisdictions are exploring the introduction of measures to permit, albeit in very controlled ways, the use of some narcotic drugs, if only for medical purposes. Others further agree that the so-called ‘war on drugs’ has failed to produce any meaningful success and that new ways to prevent the abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances need to be explored. Nevertheless, most jurisdictions continue to impose near-complete bans on the production, manufacturing, trade, transport, supply, sale, and possession of illicit drugs. National authorities, along with international organisations, point out that any move to decriminalise narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is inconsistent with international law. As part of a joint teaching programme on transnational organised crime, students from the Universities of Queensland, Vienna and Zurich researched the topic of illicit drugs in a year-long course. Some of their academic papers are compiled in this volume, addressing topics reaching from international and national legal frameworks to concrete liberalisation efforts in the past and harm minimisation strategies.; Die Debatten über die Entkriminalisierung oder gar Legalisierung bestimmter Suchtstoffe und psychotroper Substanzen haben in den letzten Jahren stark an Dynamik gewonnen. Oberflächlich betrachtet scheinen immer mehr Länder die Einführung von Maßnahmen zu prüfen, die den Konsum einiger Betäubungsmittel - wenn auch in sehr kontrollierter Form - erlauben, und sei es nur für medizinische Zwecke. Andere Experten sind ebenfalls der Meinung, dass der so genannte ""Krieg gegen die Drogen"" keinen nennenswerten Erfolg gebracht hat und dass neue Wege zur Verhinderung des Missbrauchs von Betäubungsmitteln und psychotropen Substanzen erforscht werden müssen. Dennoch gelten in den meisten Ländern nach wie vor nahezu vollständige Verbote für Produktion, Herstellung, Handel, Transport, Lieferung, Verkauf und Besitz illegaler Drogen. Nationale Behörden und internationale Organisationen weisen darauf hin, dass jeder Schritt zur Entkriminalisierung von Betäubungsmitteln und psychotropen Substanzen im Widerspruch zum Völkerrecht steht. Im Rahmen eines gemeinsamen Lehrprogramms zur grenzüberschreitenden organisierten Kriminalität haben sich Studierende der Universitäten Queensland, Wien und Zürich in einem einjährigen Kurs mit dem Thema illegale Drogen beschäftigt. Einige ihrer aktuellen akademischen Arbeiten sind in diesem Band zusammengestellt. Sie behandeln Themen, die von internationalen und nationalen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen über konkrete Liberalisierungsbemühungen in der Vergangenheit bis hin zu Schadensminimierungsstrategien reichen. Übersetzt mit www.DeepL.com/Translator (kostenlose Version)

To this day, the sudden emergence of the structures of congested traffic poses a great danger to drivers and vehicles: This is especially true when driving into the end of a traffic jam. One way to reduce the danger is the timely and precise warning of the end of a traffic jam. This paper presents a method to determine and classify the hazard potential at the end of a traffic jam by means of empirical microscopic traffic data.

The journal "Mitteilungen aus dem Brenner-Archiv" has been published regularly since the early 1980s (No. 1/1982). It provides information on the activities of the research institute Brenner-Archiv: on new estates, research projects and on current publications. In addition, scolarly contributions from international authors are included, whose research areas range from literary studies to philosophy and (cultural) history. The papers mainly refer to topics related to the "Brenner", the "Brenner"-circle or the more than 300 estates of the institute (especially from "Brenner" employees and Tyrolean authors of the 19th and 20th Century).

The availability and accessibility of comprehensive, high-quality data are indispensable prerequisites for effective health services research. It can be assumed in the coming years that health services research will increasingly be based on data linkage, i.e. the linking of several data sources based on suitable common key variables. In Germany, comprehensive high-quality data are routinely collected, but their suitability and availability for research purposes is limited. Therefore, the motivation for this report lies in the answering of two basic questions: which questions of health services research can be better answered abroad on the basis of better data, and in which ways such conditions could be achieved in Germany. Case studies of interesting linkage approaches from twelve countries were identified and analyzed based on a predefined conceptual framework. Information on all comparison countries or case studies was first identified from publicly available sources. Profiles were then created for each country and case study and forwarded to appropriate country experts for validation and completion. The report presents an overview of the included case studies (chapter 3), as well as key information per country and case study in the appendix. This is followed by a closer look at the possibilities of using routine data (chapter 4), linkage approaches with and without unique personal identifiers (chapter 5), the different access routes for researchers (chapter 6), options for using data from electronic patient or health records for research (chapter 7), and an interim conclusion (chapter 8). The report ends with a wish list for possible regulatory changes in light of the current policy debate in Germany (Chapter 9). It is important to underline here that case studies from the international comparison were selected to highlight important aspects that could be relevant to the challenges in Germany. In addition to the added value of comparatively easily accessible, extensive claims data, which are available more quickly than in Germany, allow cross-sector analyses and can be linked to health data and regional data on a person-by-person basis, the potential of databases created on the basis of the routine documentation of service providers (usually electronic health records) is also discussed. Investing in this direction can not only provide insights for a country’s own healthcare system, but also promote international cooperation and contribute to the international visibility of scientific excellence. A juxtaposition of the data sets available in Germany and those used in other countries suggests that the discussion in Germany should focus first and foremost on optimizing the availability and accessibility of existing data and consider new approaches to the collection of additional information as a supplement.