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Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine is awarded annually to a maximum of three laureates. Not surprisingly, the number of nominees is much larger. Drawing on Nobel Prize nominations in the Nobel archives in Sweden, the core of this paper deals with the nomination letters for the physiologist Wilhelm Roux to discuss competition and some controversies among German physiologists around 1900 in this particular context. The paper (1) elucidates the arguments brought forward to portray Roux as a scientist who had conferred “the greatest benefit to mankind” in the field of physiology or medicine (as stipulated in Alfred Nobel's will); (2) examines some other runners‐up, and (3) reconstructs why Roux as well as some of his peers were not awarded the Nobel Prize. On a more general level, we argue that an analysis of Nobel Prize nominations contributes to a broader history of excellence in science and medicine in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal high‐performance columns made of high‐strength steels without welding In recent years, steel‐concrete composite columns made of normal‐strength steels are seldom used owing to the economic and technological advantages of precast reinforced concrete columns. Though, the use of high‐strength structural steels bears high potential for the efficient production of composite columns with excellent structural performance that are economically competitive to precast concrete columns, there are currently major obstacles to use of the ultra‐high‐strength steels (UHSS) in Germany. Hollow section composite columns with embedded high strength steel core without welded connections provide an opportunity to regain lost market share. A research project, funded by the AiF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen), is intended to explore the potential of UHSS composite columns by experimental and theoretical investigations. The present paper demonstrates the concept of such composite columns with UHSS and gives first exciting insights into the research results. In addition to column tests under ambient and fire conditions, small scale tests are necessary to investigate various influencing factors and to create the basis for new and easy to use design and construction principles that allow efficient application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Berichte zur Wissenschafts-Geschichte is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the end of the eighteenth century, people who became notorious for their excessive engagement in legal proceedings started being labeled as 'querulents' or 'paranoid litigants'. The term 'querulents' first appeared in the General Order of the Court for the Prussian States ( Allgemeine Gerichtsordnung für die Preußischen Staaten) from July 6, 1793. From there on, the spectrum of juridical measures undertaken against the so-labeled litigators included classifying these persons as ineligible for legal action and psychiatric hospitalization. The paper discusses to what extent Hermann Bahr rearranges psychiatric and legal knowledge about this special type of the complainer in his tragicomedy Der Querulant, premiered in 1914. This concerns, first, the theatricality of the body and speech, secondly, the use of cultural techniques of writing and, thirdly, conflicting notions of justice. Therefore, the paper analyzes the aesthetic function of querulous behavior in the dramatic structure of the play from the point of view of both media theory and literary theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Lectureships for Swedish in Germany in the Context of Cultural Diplomacy 1917-1930. During the Weimar Republic a significant number of lectureships for Swedish was established at German universities. This paper attempts to explain this development through an analysis of the political and academic context of these establishments. Focussing on the actors involved the lectureships are linked to the emerging interest of the German state for public diplomacy emerging after World War I and the following reactions of German academia. The paper also treats the importance of the main Swedish actor, namely the association for the preservance of Swedishness abroad for the establishments of the lectureships. At the end the different actors working for Swedish lectureships in Germany are placed in a broader European context and questions concerning the relationship between universities and cultural diplomacy are raised and answered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the turn of the twenty-first century a new practice in international politics became established: representatives of political, economic and religious organisations apologised for the historical and political crimes of their own collectives, addressing the victims or the victims' descendants. At a public event in Juni 2001, a formal apology of this kind was made by the president of the Max Planck Society (MPS), who had previously launched an extensive programme of research into the National Socialist history of what was then the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The majority of the eight invited survivors of human experimentation in Nazi concentration camps refused forgiveness. Instead, they called for the MPS not to content itself with historical research and analysis, but to ensure the continued remembrance of the victims and their suffering. Starting from this 2001 ritual of repentance, the paper examines the participants' diverse views of how to deal with the medical crimes of National Socialism, and asks about possibilities of going beyond historical retrospection to fulfil the imperative of remembrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Owing to the new rules of the German National Annex to EN 1998‐1, the relevance of the seismic action has increased, materialising in extended seismic areas and higher spectral accelerations. This may lead to seismic loading being decisive on the design of steel and composite frames. However, the demand is lower in Germany than in other seismic areas. Consequently, these challenges are addressed in an ongoing German national research project, by developing joints with dissipative connections, classified as semi‐rigid and partial‐strength, for steel and composite frames that could allow for the use of behaviour factors in the range of 1.5 to 3. The development started with typical connections from the German catalogue, designed to withstand static loads in the elastic range, followed by performance and detailing improvements. Developments (e.g., increase in sagging/hogging bending: 125 %/18 % of steel joints and 70 %/40 % of partially composite joints) resulted from pre‐test finite element analyses (FEA) on joints and frame models. Improvements to joint detailing were made according to the provisions of the newest draft of Eurocode 8. The optimised joints were integrated in frame specimens, which are currently being tested under monotonic and cyclic loads at RWTH‐Aachen University. This article introduces the developed joint solutions, describes the experimental and numerical programs and presents the monotonic response of frame specimens based on the results of FEA, as well as the main conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internationale Revue für Soziale Sicherheit is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)