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The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON PUBLISHED DIALECT MATERIAL

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

The history of the Ruthenians (Rusyns) in Southern Hungary, later in Yugoslavia, was in the focus not only of the authors who were members of this national community, but also of Hungarian, Ukrainian and Yugoslav scholars and historians. In the socialist Yugoslavia the most significant contribution to the historiography of the Ruthenians in the Serbian language was the project of the Institute of History of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina – the papers of five historians with five different themes which are chronologically linked under a common title Iz istorije vojvođanskih Rusina do 1941. godine (From the History of Vojvodinian Ruthenians until 1941), published in the Almanac of the Society of Historians of Vojvodina in 1977. Although it has been more than four decades since the publication of this collection of papers, it has still not been critically presented and assessed. We think it makes sense and justification to present this work, even after long delays, at least in a basic outline, to show how much and in which direction it pushed the limits of new knowledge and to draw the attention of future researchers to some shortcomings, anachronistic and ideologically motivated attitudes and obvious material mistakes.

In this paper the author presents and describes the characteristics of the technique One Minute Paper and defines its advantages and disadvantages in language teaching. The present study confirms the effectiveness of the technique in science teaching and highlights its significant impact on improving the quality not only of teaching but also of knowledge of students in physics, mathematics, biology and medicine. The author has applied the technique in English language teaching and proves that it has a positive effect. The study included two groups of students, the experimental and the control group. The paper presents and explains the way in which the survey was conducted. The author also presents the results and confirms that the technique One Minute Paper has a positive impact and great importance in foreign language teaching.

In this paper I analyse caricatures of Hungarian and Yugoslav comic papers (Jež, Ludas Matyi, Új Szó, and Pesti Izé) between 1945 and 1947. I chose this source since the analysis of caricatures can demonstrate the functioning of communist propaganda. After the presentation of sources and goals of the paper, I analyse the depiction of war criminals, the perception of democracy and the Western states, and the representation of democrats and German enemies within the country in Hungary. Then I analyse the depiction of the self of the communists and finally, before the conclusions, the Peace Treaty of Paris in caricatures. The analysed propaganda caricatures documented well the views and propaganda methods of the Communist Parties regarding the above-mentioned topics.

When Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, it brought many social and cultural changes. One of them was suppressing the widespread culture of holding and carrying arms that existed in Ottoman Bosnia. Holding arms was still possible but under strict control. Firearm holders were, therefore, a very tiny, privileged group inside society. In this paper, we analyze the ethnic/religious and social structure of this group in the case of the Tuzla Circle in 1904. How large was this group? Were there differences along ethnic and social lines in terms of firearm holding rates? These are the key questions we are seeking answers to in this paper, with an aim to get the first insight into the broader picture of firearm holding in the entire province under the Monarchy’s control.

The focus of the paper is on the fate of a special police unit and its members. Before World War II, the civilian response work in the present sense took place within the framework of the police in Hungary. Within the framework of the Budapest Metropolitan Police Commissariat, the task of the Political Police Department was to carry out the prevention work. By the end of the 1930s, it was clear that Germany, an ally on paper, was active in Hungary. Thus, when the Wehrmacht occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944, one of the first steps the invading SS and SD units have taken was to arrest the police officers working against the Germans. At the same time, many police officers have anticipated the continuation of their careers, moreover, a progress in it after the German occupation. The State Security Police, established at that time, served the occupiers and participated in the Holocaust. Typically, they continued to work in 1945 to wrap up an anti-state conspiracy. The mentioned German-arrested police officers were detained for weeks and then deported. In 1945, they were liberated by US troops and then entered the CIC to find the Hungarian war criminals. Finally, the study dealt with the post-war fate and career of the policemen featured in the article.

Yugoslav and German “questions” emerged in the early 1950s as specific issues in international politics marked by the Cold War. Through them, the strengths of the opposing blocs led by the superpowers, the USA and the USSR, were measured in various ways and with different intensities. This paper attempts to reconstruct and analyze the initial phase of the relationship between Yugoslav Communists and German Social Democrats, from the establishment of closer contacts to the change in the foreign policy situation after Stalin’s death. The paper is mainly based on research using unpublished archived materials from domestic sources and relevant domestic and foreign literature.

By examining debates on the Anthropocene era ignited by new materialist and posthumanist scholarship, this paper aims to discern how these perspectives can reframe the human-nature nexus. It also considers how various “developmentalist” approaches might assume the role traditionally held by the concept of human nature. The first section highlights concerns raised by posthumanist and neomaterialist scholars about the marginalized status of “nature”, life, and biology within dominant constructivist viewpoints. A central argument posits that notions like “denaturalization” and biopolitics amplify societal dominance over nature, pushing social theory towards an anthropocentric and potentially biologically indeterminate stance. Contrasting this, the second section delves into modern interpretations of the planet in social theory, inspired by the emergence of the Anthropocene. This lens reveals a dynamic, co-constitutive relationship, tilting less towards the unilateral commands of “nature” and more towards understanding the evolution of human life and societal structures within Earth’s expansive temporal and spatial realms. The third section further unpacks these developmental ideas by juxtaposing the theories of Bruno Latour and Tim Ingold. The paper contends that both approaches endeavor to illuminate the complex processes underpinning the evolution of life forms, underscoring the significance of culture. In conclusion, the intricate postnatural landscape of the Anthropocene necessitates a more integrated human-nature relationship. This calls for not only discarding dehumanizing facets of human nature, but also fostering a renewed sensibility - a deeper form of humanizing that acknowledges and celebrates our shared existence with other species and entities.

In this paper, I analyze and compare Maria Kronfeldner’s and Tim Ingold’s views on the conceptual relationship between nature and culture. I show that despite the differences, their views remain close, particularly in terms of their integrative potential. The ultimate purpose of this examination is to lay the groundwork for further research on the problem of conceptual integration between sociocultural anthropology and evolutionary psychology. The paper comprises four main sections. First, I briefly explore the history of Darwinism to show how nature and culture were conceptualized within this framework. Second, I deal with Kronfeldner’s separationist stance and Ingold’s holistic perspective on the nature/ culture conceptual relationship. Third, I discuss the implications of their views on the choice of research heuristics in the sciences that study human nature and cultures. While I interpret Ingold as supporting methodological integration, Kronfelder argues for a version of integrative pluralism. Lastly, I provide an outlook for further discussions on conceptual integration and integrative pluralism.

This paper spells out the ways in which we need to be pluralists about “human nature”. It discusses a conceptual pluralism about the concept of “human nature”, stemming from post-essentialist ontology and the semantic complexity of the term “nature”; a descriptive pluralism about the “descriptive nature” of human beings, which is a pluralism regarding our self-understanding as human beings that stems from the long list of typical features of, and relations between, human beings; a natural kind term pluralism, which is a pluralism that concerns the choices we have in deciding how to apply the kind term “human”; and an explanatory pluralism that results from the causal complexity of life. Because of the complexity of being human, which gives rise to these pluralisms, being human is, the paper claims, a kaleidoscopic affair, and one far from concerning the life sciences only.

The paper examines the scientific contribution and creative work of the lesser-known Polish linguist, Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), a distinguished Slavist and Indo-Europeanist. The paper discusses numerous aspects of his modernist theories and provides an overview of the most significant reflections on language that can be considered as precursors to contemporary linguistic thought. In his long academic career from the Kazan period to his engagement at the universities of Dorpat, Kraków, Saint Petersburg, and Warsaw, the paper highlights the various influences he exerted on the linguistic research of his time as well as on the later generations of linguists with a special reference to de Courtenay's influence on Ferdinand de Saussure and the development of general and structural linguistics. The paper examines the evolution and development of de Courtenay's thought in various domains such as the theory of phonemes and phonetic alternations, which positioned him as the forerunner of the Prague Linguistic Circle, psycholinguistic research and the definition of language as a psychosocial phenomenon, South Slavic dialectology and lexicology, as well as the study of the use of language in other sciences and disciplines.

This paper analyzes the theory of Islam as a religion that could have formed a rationalistic civilization, based on scientific progress, individualism and democracy. One of the representative studies on this topic is the work of Mustafa Akyol Reopening of Muslim Minds, in which the author uses the method of counterfactual analysis, posing the fundamental question: what would Islamic civilization look like if in the Sunni majority had not prevailed Ash’ari theology, but rationalistic, Mu’tazili theology? Although it could be said that the author of this study does not err when he concludes that Ash’ari occasionalism stopped the development of science in Islam, he nevertheless errs when he claims that the doctrines of voluntarism, predestination, and uncreatedness of the Qur’an, were generators of injustice in Islamic society. In this paper we tried to analyze the metaphysical foundations of these doctrines, re-examine the validity of the hypothesis about their harmfulness, and re-examine whether the observed harmful effects come from Islamic tradition or from the more recent attempts of modernization of Islam.

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1951 before the International Court of Justice in The Hague, in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, for violating the provisions of this Convention. This Court shall, by Article IX of the Convention, have jurisdiction in disputes between contracting states, concerning the interpretation, application and enforcement of the Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a state for the crime of genocide or any other offense established in Article III of the Convention. Article I of the Convention stipulates that states are obliged to prevent genocide and punish the perpetrator. Furthermore, the responsibility of states under Article IX of the Convention relates only to the state’s failure to prevent the commission of genocide and other acts under Article III of the Convention and to punish the perpetrators. An analysis of the text of the Convention and the content of the claim of Bosnia and Herzegovina of 24 April 2006, shows that the claim of Bosnia and Herzegovina falls outside the scope of Article IX of the Convention, which is especially problematized in this paper by the author.

The main goal of this paper is to point out the concept of creativity in teaching, specifically creativity in the teaching of Nature and Society. Nature and society, as a subject, provide many opportunities to express the creativity that we carry within us through the role of a teacher, as well as to teach students how to be creative. The paper highlights examples of different teaching units that indicate ways to encourage creativity in students and awaken their imagination. Through teaching, through tasks that the teacher creatively devises, we encourage students to think creatively and act, in addition to acquiring knowledge more permanently and functionally. Possibilities of creating Nature and Society lessons through creative examples and experiments, as well as evaluating and measuring creativity, were presented. The work results indicated that creative teachers create their fruits, which are called creative students, that they are causally connected, and that creativity is a synonym for an expert and professional teacher.

An opera is a complex, multidisciplinary, stage music genre that primary school pupils in the 8th grade aurally and visually recognize, differentiate, describe, and compare as part of the primary school subject Music Culture. The paper presents the contribution of the preparation and performance of an opera on the case study of Ivan Josip Skender's Šuma Striborova (The Stribor's Forest), an opera for adults and children (to the libretto by Ozren Prohić, based on the fairy tale of the same name written by Ivana Brlić Mažuranić) performed by the pupils of the Bartul Kašić Primary School in Zadar, in July 2023. It is an innovative and unique project in Croatia designed to bring opera closer to young people. The paper presents the Curriculum for the subject of Music for both primary and high schools in the Republic of Croatia, where the case study analysis methodology presents the outcomes within three domains: A – Listening and getting to know music, B – Expressing yourself through music and with music, and C – Music in context, which are realized by participating in the performance of an opera. Furthermore, there are also tasks (material, functional, and educational) that are realized through musical activities such as opera production. The contribution of this work is the possibility and presentation of the pupils’ performance of the ballet and puppet show the Šuma Striborova opera through active listening. During such a performance, the recipients are also active, while the audience reacts to the music and action. Through active listening, one is brought up aesthetically and grows both personally and culturally.

The paper deals with establishing a connection between the labor market and English language teaching for geologists using the CLIL method. This means that the traditional method of learning the language for specific purposes is improved by a more intensive linguistic approach through the 4Cs model (content, cognition, communication, and culture) where academic teaching tries to be intimately connected with real life and the corresponding profession. In achieving that goal, the work offers teaching activities that combine academic and practical knowledge, which are adapted to the current moment and created according to the needs and expectations of users. For the sake of clarity, the paper is divided into the following parts: introduction, the logic of the connection between teaching geology and the labor market, the first part addresses the combination of geology, language skills, and occupations, the second part offers concrete examples of activities and their application in teaching, and finally, the concluding considerations where the importance of autonomous learning as a prerequisite for quality lifelong growth and self-fulfillment is highlighted. Without the ambition to reach the full scope of the described intention in the first year of study, our goal is for students to notice the value and connection between knowledge and the profession so that learning from the first lecture can be meaningful, motivated, and personalized.

This paper explores metonymic uses of the body part “hand” in the English language and „ruka” and „šaka” in the Bosnian language. The paper aims to establish similarities and differences between the languages in terms of conceptual metonymies exploiting these body parts. The paper also tries to determine to what extent conceptual metonymy interacts with or exploits other processes of cognitive thinking, namely chained metonymies and metaphors. The methodological framework of corpus analysis is by the taxonomies of metonymy types developed by Radden and Kövecses (1999) and Kövecses (2002) and patterns of conceptual interaction (Diez Velasco 2000, 2002). The study will show that body-part metonymies can form chained metonymies and that they often serve as a basis for metaphorical mapping.

Katabasis represents a narrative trope which refers to the hero’s journey into the underworld, a descent into the realm of the dead, and whose presence can be found across the world, from ancient mythologies to contemporary literature. The aim of this paper is to point to the possibility of reading Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale as a katabatic narrative, more precisely as a variation of the archetypal hero’s journey into the underworld, where, instead of the land of the past, the descent is directed towards a dystopian future and where, instead of a mythical superhero, the protagonist is a modern-day heroine. Having already tackled the subject of Western capitalism governed by patriarchal power relations, its obsession with controlling nature, especially the process of reproduction, and the ensuing feminist descent from it, in The Handmaid’s Tale Atwood adjusts and adapts the dynamic topos of the katabasis so as to suit the contemporary reality and modern traumas. She presents a female narrator, a superheroine, trapped within the boundaries of a claustrophobic world, where women live subjugated and segregated by the oppressive male regime. Following the generic features of the term katabasis, the paper analyses the katabatic experience of Offred in the Republic of Gilead, a topos of Hell in not such a distant future, where the past has been erased and the citizens, especially the female ones, have been denied any right to identity and individuality. As there are numerous instances of carnivalesque elements, it is possible to approach the community of Gilead from the perspective of the carnivalization of the katabasis, both in the way it was defined by Mikhail Bakhtin and in a modern rendition explained by Linda Hutcheon, i.e. both a positive and an ironizing version of the concept.

This paper focuses on the notions and images of the Arab Spring in the novel The Republic of False Truths by the contemporary Egyptian writer Ala'a al-Aswani. The paper primarily analyzes the main and secondary characters, as well as the heroes and anti-heroes of the revolution, who are grouped into narrative types, and then structured further into representatives of contemporary collectivities of power. The paper also considers the perspectives of the Arab Spring, the consequences of this uprising on Egyptian society, as well as the phenomena of the overemphasized openness of certain concepts, and the destabilizing significance of the absence in the novel.

The premise of the existence of artificial languages is the intention of their creators. Given that language presupposes culture as a certain type of systematic relationship of a community to the objective world, and that idioms are translators of culture, it should be assumed that even in artificial languages we can encounter idioms as units that additionally cohere the existence of the artificial culture. Therefore, in this paper, we will talk about the artlang of Herbert's novels and it will be shown that we must speak of a special type of artlang, which in this paper we call idiolang, since idioms appear as the most common part of the Dune language. They are a result of the writer's focus on culture. Idioms serve as reliable indicators of the authentical fictional culture and signs of social coordination.

The fact that popular culture and music, as part of the mainstream, continuously change and adapt, places them within the framework of contemporary critical theory. In this paper popular music is analyzed through the adaptation of the production of meaning to the dominant ideology and thus enables the understanding of the connection between socio-cultural parameters, language system, political, economic factors, and art. As a reflection of socio-political references, in Serbia, in the last three decades, musical ideas that grew out of the folk and street culture of the city have become intertwined. This paper represents a sociolinguistic analysis of the new musical thought of the singer-songwriter Ana Đurić, who goes by the artistic name Konstrakta, who, within the campaign for the Eurovision Song Contest in May 2022 in Turin, extended her artistic influence beyond the national borders of Serbia. In the analyzed musical content, socio-political and economic concepts of reality in Serbia stand out. From the critical theory standpoint, music is placed sociolinguistically and is interpreted from textual, visual, musical, and non-musical (informative) aspects. The results of such analysis confirm its multimodal function and form a special narrative in which reality in music is represented by music within the framework of reality. Showing the ability to combine the elements of her own both musical and non-musical expression, Ana Đurić proved herself to be comprehensible to an audience of all ages, to those who understand Serbian, but also to others who understand Konstrskta’s parallel, visual language. The narrative she creates leads to the conclusion that the level of music consumption as pure entertainment has become a secondary track of the Serbian musical mainstream. In the strength of Ana Đurić’s social engagement, the recognizable antagonism of old and new musical ideas shapes the original Serbian musical language of the 21st century – clear and independent of the inertia of current musical high-production.

In the Bosnian-Herzegovinian literary field, Alija Nametak established himself as a storyteller and novelist, but not as a poet and playwright. In this paper, for the first time, the poetic and stylistic-formational features of Nametak's poetry published from 1925 to 1932 in the magazines Jugoslovenska njiva, Književnik and Novi Behar are fully presented. His youthful poetry, stratified into an intimate and social thematic-motive register, flirts with contemporary modernist and avant-garde poetic tendencies, which we find in the poetry of Muse Ćazim Ćatić and Hamza Huma. The second part of the paper deals with his dramatic work: from historical drama (Narodna vlada), to comedy (Omer za naćvama and Abdullah-paša u kasabi), all the way to the holy-historical legend (Jusuf and Zulejha). Except for the last play, which remained in the manuscript legacy, in all the others there is a critical attitude towards certain social deviations. While in the drama Narodna vlada Nametak develops a patriotic discourse as a form of anti-colonial resistance, in the comedies Omer za naćvama and Abdullah Paša u kasabi, in the spirit of folk and palanquin carnival culture, he undermines primitivism and stereotyped roles in society. In the drama Jusuf and Zulejha staged the Qur’anic-Biblical historical story about Yusuf a.s. (Joseph.) As a folklorist, Nametak introduced various elements from folk life and customs into the drama, not only to create a context for shaping the character of his characters but also to use their potential for popular, carnival, and subversive distortion of established social and cultural norms and patterns. The poetry and drama of Alija Nametka, in a literary-historical sense, are significant because they reveal this writer to us as the protagonist of a multiple literary identity – it is a kind of identity of resistance which, apart from the already established religious and ethnic one, is realized in the social and feminist dimension as well.

The purpose of this paper is to show how the elements of oral literature interpolate in the contemporary literature for children and youth of the prominent Bosnian-Herzegovinian authors Alija Isaković and Ljubica Ostojić.Firstly, this Paper theoretically elaborates on the presence of the elements of oral literature in the literature for children and youth. These two different literary directions touch each other at their roots, and in the contemporary interpolation, they exist parallelly in the genre re-semanticization of the elements of oral literature. Following theoretical postulates of the most prominent authors from the South-Slavic Interliterary Community in the field of researching oral literature and literature for children and youth, we will show how the linguistic-stylistic heritage is re-interpreted through the traditional oral literary forms in the texts of contemporary authors, and how the elements of orality appear in new narrative structures- short stories and fairy tales of a new type. We will show how the rhetorical and rhythmical values of a text spill over in linguistic audacity, and how old oral structures; folk songs, and folk tales are narratively defamiliarized, deconstructed, and parodied.

The paper aims to establish the idea of Bosnian textology on the basis of the comparative-textological analysis of different editions of Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper and Old Bosnian Texts. Different fates and receptions of the two books have been analyzed from the perspective of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian culture and literature in the 20th century, with an emphasis on the crossroads as one of its key topographical figures. The origin of this feature was ascribed to Midhat Begic, even though Mak Dizdar had used it long before him with the same exact meaning that would be dominantly exploited in the future. The paper then problematizes different editions of Stone Sleeper and questions the closing word of textological attempts that aspire to be characterized as authentic and definitive.

This paper deals with an overview of the development of the philosophy of science in Croatia. The philosophy of science deals with the problems of the natural sciences seeks the meaning of science, and rationally looks at science from different aspects as its material object. In Croatia, the philosophy of science developed as in other European nations, therefore inseparable from the development of natural sciences and the social context. The paper presents some of the most significant representatives of philosophers and events that influenced the development of the philosophy of science in Croatia.

The paper discusses the concept of interdisciplinarity from the perspective of humanities and social sciences. As both an idea and practice, interdisciplinarity is understood within the context of the complex dynamics of creating and reshaping institutional arrangements that regulate the processes of knowledge production, distribution, and instrumentalization in Western society, with universities, research centers, and departments at its core, organized according to separate academic disciplines. The paper questions the understanding of disciplines as closed, homogeneous, and static structures of knowledge organization. Instead, it reflects on the complex, multiple, and topological relationships of mutual interpenetration and constitution of disciplines, emphasizing their inherent hybridity, especially within the context of the synoptic identity of humanities disciplines. Furthermore, the paper highlights the moral assumptions underlying interdisciplinary research initiatives. The productivity of the conceptual framework concerning the centralistic, pluralistic, and integralistic models of interdisciplinarity is highlighted in analyzing the possibilities and outcomes of interdisciplinary approaches in social and humanities studies.

The paper problematizes the issue of contradictions of scientific multidimensionality and is devised as a contribution to the topic from the perspective of social epistemology. The paper points to the fact that scientific multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity are some of the unquestionable categories in the defining of contemporary notions of knowledge and science, and that, as such, they inherently possess negative aspects, which must be taken into consideration when reflected on within the current world history. The paper in particular foregrounds the problem of the status of humanities and social sciences which are marked as redundant and practically useless, due to the objective global and political circumstances and the rearguard capitalist logic. Moreover, the paper also discusses the conceptual history and a sort of knowledge stock of the fundamental roots of the modern notion of scientific knowledge, about which we can take more clear positions to contemporary discussions on the topic.

The paper analyzes the discursive strategies of apparent empathy and ideological polarization that were used to legitimize discrimination against covered female students in the Republic of Turkey. We approached this complex social problem from the point of view of critical discourse analysis, which represents an interdisciplinary research area centered on the interest in researching the manipulative use of language. The ban on wearing headscarves in universities in Turkey was the fruit of the Kemalist conception of modernism and hegemony established by the Kemalist elites. An important role in preserving that hegemony was also played by the media, whose primary goal was to legitimize social injustice and protect the social order based on an asymmetric distribution of power. They performed this role of the media through the manipulative use of language within clearly recognizable discursive strategies, which was shown by the analysis of the newspaper text that is the subject of this paper.

The paper presents the results of research conducted with the aim of determining the contribution of textbooks on nature and society of the first cycle of education in the countries of the Western Balkans to the formation of the concept of national symbols and features. In the theoretical part of the paper, a description of the etymology of the official national symbols and features (flag, coat of arms and anthem) of the countries of the Western Balkan region is given. The theoretical analysis method and content analysis method were used. The units of analysis are sentences of the basic textbook content, visual content - pictures, photographs, drawings and questions and assignments in the domain of didactics and methodology instruments. The research included nature and society textbooks for younger elementary school students (N = 23). The results of the research showed that nature and society textbooks insufficiently affect the formation and strengthening of the concept of national symbols and signs, and that there is imbalance in their coverage and development, both as a whole and at the level of individual categories. It has been shown that there is an approximately equal representation of content that promotes national identity, but that the textbooks in the Republic of Croatia have, compared to the others, the most content dedicated to national symbols and signs, while in terms of the representation of basic textual content and their didactic-methodological interpretation, Slovenian textbooks lead the way. The textbooks used in the European Union member states have more content related to national symbols and signs within all analyzed categories. Foreign publishers have proven to be less sensitive to the national narratives of the countries to which they intend the textbook content.

Social protection of persons with disability represents a topic that requires deep analysis of all significant aspects which include social approach, professional support, as well as the needs and capacities of an individual. This paper includes a theoretical framework for understanding social work models with persons with disability, as well as the underpinning critical social work paradigm. The authors used the above-mentioned theoretical framework to conduct the research and find the answer to the research question. Social workers that participated in this research were hand-picked due to their engagement in the health and social institutions that provide residential social care, and work with clients that are capable of actively participating and making decisions on their own during treatment. The method used for data collection in this research was the focus group method and in depth-interviews as a technic. The research findings presented in this paper indicate that traditional models, medical and social models of social work with persons with disability are being used in practice, with some elements of the third model – the embodiment model. The fourth contemporary model that enables the shift in the social work approach from client to person, using the embodiment model has not been recognized by the social workers that contributed to this research. It is also worth mentioning that the elements of the third and fourth social work models with persons with disability have been present in the social workers’ practice. This topic is very much current and requires attention from the science and practice of social work, facing new challenges and at the same time offering new potential directions for research in this social work field.

Drawing from archival documents, periodicals, and relevant literature, this paper analyzes the role and significance of educational programming broadcast by the Radio Belgrade within the broader propaganda efforts of Milan Nedić’s government. The paper begins with a theoretical explanation of how media functions in education. This will be followed by the use of radio as an instructional tool in Serbian schools during the first half of the twentieth century. The analysis includes talks given during what was called Prosvetni čas (Educational Hour), a radio program broadcast in early 1944. Research has shown that, in a time of strong ideological influence on the educational process, the state educational authorities encouraged the use of any available means to achieve their political and propaganda-based ideological goals. Radio shows were produced for students during the 1930s and during the Second World War according to a similar model that made use of different content.

This paper explores the reaction of Albanian nationalists towards the homogenizing and centralizing policy of the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire. After the Young Turks came to power, the focus for the Albanian nationalists was on raising awareness of and securing international support for their national rights. In addition, their focus was on the difficult humanitarian situation in the vilayet of Shkodra. Albanian nationalists’ efforts converged with the Balkan Committee, which was established in London in 1903 following the events in the Balkans after the Ilinden Uprising of 1903. This study investigates the reasons why the Balkan Committee in London became interested in the 1911 Albanian uprising in the vilayet of Shkodra. By following an analytical approach and using numerous sources, the paper concludes that the Balkan Committee succeeded in making British public opinion receptive to the Albanians’ difficult humanitarian situation. However, it did not succeed in uniting the political actors in the Balkans and thus failed to organize a general Balkan uprising, which was clearly an undertaking beyond its capabilities and outside the British government’s interests.

The paper deals with the study of roads in the region of Lim river valley ranging from late antiquity to the beginning of the Ottoman period. In late antiquity, the Lim valley did not have a primary hub for the transportation of people and goods. This changed in the Middle Ages when the Lim valley became a transit point through which roads and merchants from Primorje (Dubrovnik and Kotor) passed through to the centers of the Serbian medieval state (Ras and Novo Brdo). In this paper the continuity and discontinuity of this movement through the Lim river valley will be discussed.

This study of the uprising of the voivode Grdan (1596–1597) was conducted within a wider context of the Apostolic See and Pope Clement VIII’s plans for missionary work by Franciscan Observants and Jesuits in the regions ruled by the Ottomans that was intended to strength Catholic congregations. In the years preceding the Long War (1593–1606), a belief emerged that the Ottoman Empire had weakened enough to easily collapse in the face of an attack by united Christian states backed by major uprisings among the Christians under their rule. The Apostolic See believed this would pave the way for mass conversion of Orthodox Christians and Muslims. Such beliefs were promoted by various adventurists and self-proclaimed servants of several royal courts. This paper is primarily based on the correspondence of Clement VIII and Cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini with Patriarch Jovan II Kantul and Archbishop Toma Ursini, as well as on statements by Lazzaro Soranzo in his work L’Ottomanno. The paper will also pinpoint more precisely voivode Grdan’s uprising in comparison to what historiography has told us. Also, the names of some leaders of the people that supported him will be identified.

This paper, within the framework of critical discourse analysis, deals with newspaper articles about the (non)participation of Novak Djokovic at the 2022 Australian Open, published in the electronic editions of the Italian daily newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica in January 2022. The aim of this paper was to, following Van Dijk (1988a), investigate the schematic organisation of the texts from our corpus, as well as to examine which linguistic units are used in those texts to create a positive and negative image of Novak Djokovic. The results of the research show that a very small number of analysed articles fit into Van Dijk's model of organisation of newspaper texts. The results of the linguistic analysis of the texts indicate that, on the one hand, the discourse strategies of nomination and predication are used to highlight Novak's sporting success, and on the other hand, they serve to portray Novak, who did not receive the vaccine against covid 19, as the culprit for not participating in the Australian Open in 2022 and as a person who behaves recklessly and irresponsibly during the coronavirus pandemic.

The play Top Girls (1982) is certainly one of the most significant, most performed and most studied plays of modern British theatre. Generally, the interpretations of this piece are based on feminist theory and refer to such issues as the conflict between radical and liberal feminism, which is also mentioned and commented on in this paper. However, our focus lies on the interrelations between patriarchy and capitalism, as well as limited options for women within these two oppressive systems. In order to achieve our goal and present the ways in which, in the words of Zillah Eisenstein, the capitalist patriarchy work, apart from her study, we will refer to the works of Linda Gordon, Nancy Chodorow, Heidi Hartmann and Eva Figes. Our purpose is to show that women’s social status and their life standard cannot and should not be identified with the relatively rare success of individual women - such as Marlen who is the protagonist of the play or Margaret Thatcher who is presented as her role model – who had to embrace traditional male and capitalist values of competitiveness and selfishness in order to achieve their suspicious success. In this paper, we wanted to point out that unless women in power show understanding and empathy to other, less privileged, women, their leading positions and their top girls status do not imply female empowerment and cannot be taken as a feminist victory.

This paper examines the image of the First World War that the Spanish writer and journalist Vicente Blasco Ibáñez creates in his works of history and fiction. The paper deals with journalistic texts written by Blasko Ibáñez, collected in a multi-volume history of the First World War (Historia de la Guerra europea de 1914) and the novel The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis). We interpret the representations of the causes of war, with a special reference to the issue of "modern war" and the news it brings, we find parallels, similarities and differences between the representations in the novel and the historical work. The aim is to question the historical and cultural context in which the author pronounces certain judgments about the war, and then about the German people, with an emphasis on how pre-war Germanophilia turns into Germanophobia expressed in the analysed novel and History.

This paper presents an exploration of figurative comparison expressions featuring farm animal zoonyms in the English language and their possible equivalents in Serbian. Farm animal idioms are integral to linguistic discourse, contributing to the richness and diversity of language use. Their complexity often necessitates a deep understanding of cultural and contextual factors for their accurate interpretation, highlighting the potential for cross-cultural comparative studies to enrich our understanding of idiomatic expressions. These expressions transcend mere linguistic curiosities and play a vital role in meaning construction and imagery formation within discourse. The paper provides an overview of expressions divided into five categories according to the type of farm animal used as the source domain: bovines (cows and their male counterparts, bulls and oxen), equi (horses and mules), pigs, sheep and poultry, and attempts to assign an equivalent phrase in Serbian, comparing the usage between the two languages, in order to shed some light on the intricate interplay between language, culture, and cognition in the realm of idiomatic figurative expressions involving farm animals.

Тhis paper aims to reconsider the influences of Western-European drama of the XVII century on the creation of Russian baroque and the first drama writer in Russia Simeon Polotsky. During the initial period, Russian theatre, especially during the XVI and XVII centuries, was under the strong influences of Western theatre culture. This paper reconsiders the influence of German, French, English and Polish theatre plays. Plots of his playwright were popular and well known in Western European literature from the XII century. In this paper, we tried to reconsider those influences on the example of his drama Nebuchadnezzar the Tsar. This drama plot was well-known in Western European theatre, and Simeon Polotsky knew some of them.

Being stylistically neutral, prefix over- is used in different functional styles. Here the focus is on its usage in words appearing in written newspaper texts on COVID-19. The main goal of the paper is to examine the overall frequency of overderivatives in this type of text. The idea is to illustrate the most frequent word class of derivatives, show their meanings and to analyse morphological and colligational patterns in which and with which they occur. Derivational prefixes can change either the meaning of the word they are attached to or the word class. Taking into account the frequency and features derived words with this prefix show, we consider that this paper will give a significant contribution to further research on over-words in different types of texts.

George Eliot wrote under the influence of continental philosophers, especially Ludwig Feuerbach and Auguste Comte. Both philosophers claim that the crucial problem of the individual is egoism, which can be transcended by means of sympathy and contact with others. According to Feuerbach and Comte, loyalty to family and community is the best way to transform initial egoism into altruism. This research is aimed at dealing with the issue of egoism in Eliot’s first novel, Adam Bede. The three main characters are analysed through the prism of the ethical concept of Feuerbach and Comte. The paper argues that at the beginning of the novel Adam Bede, Arthur Donnithorne and Hetty Sorrel symbolise different aspects of egoism. Adam and Arthur succeed to transcend their egoism through deep suffering, which is viewed as an instrument of moral development. Although critics often cite Hetty Sorrel as a typical representative of unredeemed egoism, this paper argues that she matures through suffering. The beginning of her transformation is marked by the confession of her crimes, which is the initial stage of redemption. However, with the exception of a few characters, the society of Hayslope treats her as an outcast, unable to even attempt to understand and forgive her. Still, although the importance of suffering and attachment to family are underlined in Adam Bede, the novel implies that altruism should not be equated with self-sacrifice. The protagonists, Dinah and Adam succeed in attaining personal fulfillment that is not inconsistent with the common good, that is, a certain reconciliation of egoism and altruism is accomplished.

The theme of this paper is the image of Bosnia by Luchino Dal Verme (1838- 1911), a politician, diplomat, geographer and traveller, who in 1903 set off from Italy on a journey across the Adriatic Sea and on to Bosnia. He left a testimony of his experience in the text ‘An Excursion to Bosnia’, published in the Nuova Antologia in 1903. The aim of the paper is to identify odeporic elements in a text of a hybrid nature with elements of geography, history and literature and to show that the perception of this region of the Balkans changed at the beginning of the 20th century. From the wild, primitive and hostile land of the 19th century travellers, the image offered by Luchino Dal Verme changes radically. This affirms the importance of this traveller’s profile, a cultured and informed man. With a considerable cultural background, he observes and accepts the Other and his land, without conditioning.

This paper is a part of a larger study of regional variation of the lexicon within the Serbian standard language. About 100 questionnaires were collected for this research from educated speakers of the Serbian language from different cities. The questionnaire contains questions which uncover the use of doublets characteristic of the western and eastern parts of the Serbian linguistic territory, such as željezo and gvožđe, mahune and boranija, kino and bioskop. The paper proposes the analysis of around 60 questionnaires from the Republic of Srpska, namely from Banja Luka (47), Trebinje (7), as well as from Prijedor, Bjelina and East Sarajevo. First, the paper presents a list of investigated regional doublets (200 lexemes), and gives their typological division (phonetic or morphological variants, lexical doublets). Further, a linguageographic analysis of the first questionnaire is proposed and previously analysed in the other paper, and conclusions about the regional characteristics of the lexicon contained in that questionnaire are presented. For example, it is noted that in Prijedor, unlike Trebinje, words as domaća zadaća, duda, hladetina, hlače, ispričnica, kuhar, kuhati, marelice, neodgojen, propuh, ručnik, tekućina, tržnica, tuka, umjetno gnojivo etc., are used. The main content of the paper deals with the analysis of the second questionnaire. For each lexical pair presented in the questionnaire, the statistics of the use of each word in Banja-Luka and Trebinje are given, and based on this, the lexicon characteristic of one and the other city is distinguished (e.g. dan i noć, trougao in Trebinje and maćuhice, trokut in Banja Luka), as well as a group of doublet pairs whose members are used equally often in the west and in the east of the Republic of Srpska (oprosti – izvini). Words which practically do not vary are also described. Sometimes the same word is used in Banja Luka and Trebinje, and sometimes it is the same as in Serbia (putarina), or it may be different (narandža instead of pomorandža). The main conclusion of the research is that the lexicon of the western and eastern type on the territory of the Republic of Srpska is distributed in the form of waves. This means that the use of lexical doublets in Trebinje is more similar to their use in Serbia, while for Banja Luka and Prijedor a higher concentration of western words than in Trebinje is typical. Further research will be focused on the description of the use of these lexemes in other cities of the Republic of Srpska, as well as their variation on the territory of Serbia.

This paper dicsusses nonconcatenative morphological processes in the modern Serbian language. More precisely, it focuses on derivational capacity of the processes of reduplication, circumfixation, infixation, base modification, and conversion. After representing the difference between concatenative and nonconcatenative morphological processes, each of the mentioned derivational processes is analysed from a crosslinguistic perspective, with special attention paid to the situation in Serbian. Besides the brief overview of the derivational capacity of the nonconcatenative processes, the goal of the paper is to enrich the terminology of the domestic word formation science (and generally of the Serbian grammar tradition).

During the past three decades, within the main currents of historical thought, world, transnational, and global history gained special importance. Starting from the long tradition of writing world histories, in the context of social and intellectual changes since the 1980s, especially the end of the Cold War and the strengthening of the globalization process, the paper analyzes the origin of these disciplines, their characteristic theoretical and methodological features, the main research topics and their most significant results. These approaches have in common the search for alternative spaces of historical analysis that would not be connected to the traditional framework of the nation-state. As a result, there is an inherent stimulus to overcome methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism in historical research. Therefore, they represent at the same time an attempt to write history not only for contemporary, globally more tightly integrated ’network societies’ but also a type of historiography less marked by nationalism. However, world-, transnational-, and global history also have inherent limitations. Firstly, there is a danger that they will become the ideology of the ongoing process of globalization and, secondly, that people as creators of their history will be suppressed in favor of social and economic structures and processes. Finally, the paper analyzes the opportunities that world-, transnational- and global history provide to smaller national historical cultures. In this sense, it seems that a ’glocal’ approach – which observes the global aspects of phenomena from local, regional and national history and their feedback influence on global currents of history – would be particularly useful. Ultimately, although world-, transnational-, and global history will become neither the only nor the dominant paradigm in historical thought, their insights undoubtedly represent a welcome counterbalance to the (still prevailing) national historical narratives.

Starting from the hypothesis that literature represents one of the active mechanisms of social and historical change and that the imagological images it offers have the potential to be written into cultural identity, the paper problematizes the (political-)ideological concept of narrative cultural identity. Having found an example in the contemporary literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the work points to the complexity of the relationship between literature and ideology in the process of re/defining, de/constructing, and maintaining cultural identity. The paper concludes that literature has the potential of generating and disseminating an (anti)ideologically based system of knowledge and values, whereby, in terms of its relationship to ideology, it occupies a dual position, becoming, on one hand, an ideal, Althusserian understood, ideological apparatus or a subversive mechanism of the dominant ideology, on the other side.

The characters of children in Samokovlija’s stories left a distinctive and recognizable mark in the literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the postulates of Ariès, this Paper examines the phenomenon of childhood from the perspective of the changeability in the comprehension of the position of the child and childhood in various social and ideological contexts. The children's characters, according to the considerations included, are contextualized between real and literary–fictional aspects of the Sephardic heritage. Based on the selected examples of Samokovlija's stories about childhood and children, we perceive the author's most important narrative strategies. The Paper also points to how much traditional comprehension of the child and childhood in the literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in the Bosnian – Sephardic literary heritage made typically and characteristically social, cultural, and historical elements of the identity be incorporated in Samokovlija's characters of children.

Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this paper analyses power play, speech strategies, and speech impact in Harold Pinter’s one-act play Mountain Language (1988), in which prison officials exercise power over inmates and their visitors through various tactics of control and subjugation. The paper’s methodological framework of corpus analysis is founded upon the linguistic features of police speak in the English language (a hybrid genre of spoken language police officers use when interrogating suspects), which, we propose, permeates the discourse in Mountain Language. The paper first reflects on discourses on/of power as observed in literary theory, then examines discursive strategies in the play, to illustrate speech impact caused by “conduct-regulating persuasion” and linguistic features of verbal violence. It also reflects on the concept of the persuasive power of discourse, in terms of the impact it may have on the mindset and behaviour of the interlocutor(s).

By applying the figure of a closed circle, the paper aims to interpret the phenomenon of palanka, elaborated by Radomir Konstatinovic in his book titled Philosophy of Palanka. One of the main goals of the nationalism of palanka is achieving completeness, inhibition, and rooting itself in the reality of an island/isolation, thus emphasizing uniqueness, chosen, and perfect nature. Through the prism of the Bible, it is often believed that a nation, chosen by God, should be the one to transfer the message to the rest of humanity. The God-chosen nature could refer to the fact the nation is bearing a universal, messianic message aimed at humanity in total - but it could also mean that the nation, perfect as it is, should not mingle with other nations, but live its circular reality of an island. Konstatinovic points out that a palanka is always somewhere between openness and inhibition, between city and country life. This does not imply that palanka does know its borders so that it could open up - but that it prefers distance, reservation, and residing in its perfection of a closed circle. Relying on the circle - this paper not only provides a new angle for reading the Philosophy of Palanka, but also strives to obtain new insight into the nationalism of palanka.

The necessity to establish a culture of public policy at all levels of state organization in Bosnia and Herzegovina stems from the dissatisfactory position of culture in society, as well as its marginalization. This paper focuses on the creation of a cultural heritage policy. Cultural heritage policy was chosen due to the importance of cultural heritage for Bosnia and Herzegovina and its population but also because of a non-existent solution for the prevention of its decay, devastation, and looting. Cultural heritage policy may be defined as a systemic and planned attitude of the state and its authorities towards the sector of cultural heritage. There is a need to create a cultural heritage policy, as a public sector policy arises in a moment of increased interest among international and national organizations of culture for studying the phenomenon of heritage. The importance of heritage is further increased due to its connections with the economy and tourism. The paper emphasizes that the creation of cultural heritage policy is conditioned by the existence of state/parastate authorities for the sector, by passing the regulations to arrange the sector of cultural heritage, by determining the model for financing the sector, and by adopting strategic documents determining the guidelines for the development of the sector.

Experiential learning is one of the most productive ways of learning and acquiring knowledge. Through personal experience, students develop self-confidence, see more complex relationships in learning subjects, constantly have feedback on their own progress and are constantly in the circle of learning and gaining new knowledge. The paper emphasizes the role of experience in the changes that occur in an individual. Learning styles based on experience greatly influence the success of the learning process. The paper presents some of the theories that define how an individual learns when encountering new content thanks to previous experience, interests and affinities. A description of Kolb’s experiential learning theory, learning styles according to Honey and Mumford, the VARK learning model set by Fleming and Mills, as well as the criteria that experiential learning must meet in order to be efficient and purposeful.

Bearing in mind the specifics of the educational process in the online context and the factors of satisfaction with this type of teaching in a crisis, the paper presents the results of research aimed at examining student satisfaction with distance learning in the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic. The research was conducted on a convenient sample of 505 students in the second cycle of primary school education in the Republic of Serbia. A modified version of the Technology Acceptance Model (Davis 1989) instrument was used for the research. Using factor analysis, we identified two subscales (Attitudes towards distance learning and Motivated behaviour) for which we established criterion validity. The obtained results for the entire scale showed that the respondents moderately positively assessed the factors of satisfaction with distance learning, while female students and respondents from two-parent families rated satisfaction with this aspect at a higher level. The analysis of the differences in the answers obtained concerning the measured socio-demographic variables showed that the answers on the subscale Attitudes towards distance education of the child differ concerning the birth order in the family. On the subscale Motivated behaviour differences were determined concerning gender, school achievement and family structure. In addition to the research limitations highlighted in the paper, the results generally suggest that strengthening the sense of personal control and self-regulation is one of the more essential ways to improve satisfaction, motivation and intention to learn during distance learning.

The paper analyzes the relationship between neoliberal penalty transformation and prison privatization as part of neoliberal market reform. The neoliberal political and economic project characterized by deregulation, individualization, privatization, and commodification has introduced competition, entrepreneurship, and economic efficiency in areas that previously belonged exclusively to the public sector. The alleged need for greater efficiency has led to an increase in private prisons, and the results of this transformation have shown that it is more about achieving economic efficiency at the expense of quality, competencies, and outcomes of services provided in this sector. In this paper, the starting assumption is that the increase in the number of private prisons does not imply the withdrawal of the state concerning the market. In contrast, it raises the question of the regulatory role of the neoliberal state that enables the market of new fields for profit. As a consequence of the tightening of penal policy, mass incarceration is a mechanism for resolving social conflicts caused by the transformation of social policy. Therefore, private prisons are aimed at making a profit by reflecting the spread of neoliberal rationality throughout society. Withdrawal of assistance and support from the social sector and transfer of exclusive responsibility from the social to the individual responsibility of prisoners as rational neoliberal subjects lead to a reduction of rehabilitation goals. In the context of prison privatization, this transformation leads to turning prisoners into a means of earning or cheap labor.

The paper studies international legal recognition of a state using the example of the recognition of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1919-1920. One aspect of the paper is based on historiographical literature, presenting and analysing the factual situation, which forms the basis for the legal analysis. The legal analysis is based on the nature of state recognition, as perceived at the beginning of the 20th century. The backbone of the paper is the actual course of recognition of the Kingdom of SCS. Nevertheless, the paper also touches on the topic of the origin of the Kingdom of SCS and problematizes the issue of whether that state was new or old. The main emphasis for the topic is the exploration of whether the Kingdom of SCS, at the time when it was striving to obtain recognition from the allies in the Great War, satisfied the conditions of statehood from the point of view of the then relevant norms of International Public Law. The paper follows a dual theoretical understanding of the international legal concept of recognition through both declarative and constitutive theories, reflecting different understanding of recognition both in the period following the end of the First World War and today in the 21st century. To that extent, consideration of the historical concept of legal recognition contributes to a more complete understanding of this issue in contemporary international law as well.

The paper analyzes the size and structure of the Albanian population in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The population censuses of 1921 and 1931 are the main source for the research. The statistical and census materials are compared to a number of studies from the fields of historiography, ethnography and anthropogeography. A number of papers raising doubts about how objective the census results are in regard to the number of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia are also critically addressed.

This paper analyzes the diplomatic relations between Hungary, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union during the Soviet intervention in Hungary in 1956, with a primary focus on the case of Imre Nagy’s capture. The crisis that arose during Nagy’s hiding in the Yugoslav embassy reveals the background of these countries’ relations, in which Yugoslavs showed ambiguousness to maintain the achieved status of a free socialist country on the one hand, and on the other, to keep good relations with the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the author attempts to provide answers on Yugoslav role in Nagy’s arrest after he left his hideout within the Yugoslav embassy. The author argues that Yugoslavs were not aware of any Soviet plans to capture Nagy after he left the embassy, even though there are other claims present in this paper that suggests the opposite.

This article analyzes the views on the intervention from the perspective of different actors in one of the states in the region, Croatia. Drawing on the national media archives as well as president Tuđman’s archive, the paper focuses on the views of the following actors: (i) the media and the public, (ii) state officials, (iii) the opposition, and (iv) ethnic minorities. This allows for an exploration of a variety of positions, views and different interests which motivated reactions ranging from wholehearted support to reluctance, and even opposition to the intervention among different actors. The continuous media support for the intervention, shared by the ruling party and opposition at the beginning of the intervention later turned into reluctance on the side of the government, which became concerned with the intervention’s consequences and potential negative impact. The paper concludes by contrasting the emotional satisfaction among the intervention’s supporters with the political and economic concerns regarding the destabilizing effects of the intervention for the Croatian regime, pointing out the complex relations and ties among countries in the region and their citizens.

The Crusade of Nicopolis (1396) was one of the last crusades directed against the Ottomans, led primarily by joint Franco-Burgundian and Hungarian forces. Albeit on the margins, the Byzantines and Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos were also involved in this crusading project as they hoped to relieve Constantinople from the Ottoman blockade it endured since 1394. The resounding defeat inflicted on the crusaders by the Ottomans was echoed in both Byzantine, French and Ottoman sources. This paper shall attempt to offer a comparative reading of Byzantine, French and Ottoman sources on some aspects of the Crusade of Nicopolis. The first part of this paper will seek to analyze the Byzantine sources, consisting of histories, letters and orations, investigating their literary, political, and religious perceptions of the event. The second part will deal with French and Ottoman sources, especially focusing on their depictions of the Byzantine involvement in the crusade, as well as the narrative links between Nicopolis, the blockade of Constantinople and the travels of Manuel II.

Building on the recent results of Serbian and Croatian historiography and the reinterpretation of some data from primary historical sources, the paper examines the issue of the conflict between the Serbian ruling house, the Nemanjić dynasty, and the Croatian magnate family of Šubić Bribirski in the region of Hum (Zachlumia, Humska zemlja) in the first twenty years of the 14th century. The paper reviews the conclusions of historians who dealt with this issue in more detail, highlighting the fact that, due to the scarcity and typology of the sources, only two reliable conclusions can be drawn: 1) from the beginning of the conflict until the collapse of the regional domain of Mladen II Šubić in 1322, neither side completely withdrew from Hum, and 2) knez Konstantin (comes Constantinus), who governed Hum on behalf of the Šubić family (ca. 1304-1307), was not the son of knez Izan Nelipčić, as some historians believed, but a member of the older generation of the Nelipčić family who bore the same name.

This paper analyzes the information provided in the Byzantine historical narratives composed between the end of the 10th and mid-13th century on Bulgarians, Serbs and the Rus as these peoples permanently settled or just temporarily resided in the area of the Central Balkans. This paper attempts to show how the Byzantine historiography of the mentioned period presented the peoples in question.

The paper presents the circumstances in which musicological medievalism emerged in Serbia after the Second World War as a separate discipline within the research projects of the newly founded Institute of Musicology of the Serbian Academy of Sciences. It focuses on the contributions of three first musicologists medievalists: Miloš Velimirović, Stojan Lazarević and Dimitrije Stefanović. It outlines the conditions under which these researchers adopted the methodological principles of the Western musicological school - Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae - which were current at the time but soon became outdated. In light of the disagreements among Western and Greek scholars regarding the approach to the interpretation of the development of neumatic notation immediately before and after the fall of Byzantium, the paper also shows the personal scholarly credo and interests of certain Serbian researchers, as well as their (un)willingness to adopt and even present new knowledge and trends to the wider academic community.

This paper discusses how the Venetian chronicles written in the 14th-18th centuries represent the episode in which the ban on wearing beards in Venice under Doge Domenico Michiel is connected to the hostilities with the Byzantine Empire in the context of the expedition against Cephalonia in 1126. It is about a strange connection at the first glance; however, some Venetian chroniclers that inserted this event were tempted to consider this decision as an act of contempt against the Greeks that even made Emperor John II Comnenus decide to end the hostilities and demand peace. The paper also brings fragments that introduce this event in Venetian chronicles.

The office of praetor in Byzantium represents a vestige of antiquity revived in the middle years of the reign of Justinian I. The paper offers a history of the function following the chronological timeline, as well as an analysis of the praetor’s competences in the judicial and administrative spheres. Firstly, relying on the few available sources up to the 10th century, it brings an overview of the praetor’s competences. In the 10th century, the praetor became a thematic judge, the supreme civil officer in the province, outranking the strategos, which is how most sources portray the praetor in the 11th and 12th centuries. The paper examines the praetor’s service in law and juxtaposes it with his authority as the supreme figure in the province. Simultaneously, in the 11th century, the praetor was part of the capital’s judiciary system, with a possible scope of duties in private law. The last known sources describe the praetor as the court’s official in contacts with the Latins.

The paper examines some of the main metaphysical concepts of the thought of Dionysius the Areopagite and Maximus the Confessor, such as unity, differentiation, movement, limit, and logoi, in the context of the metaphor of circles and radii. It begins with an analysis of simple diagrams that appear in some Greek and Slavonic manuscripts of Dionysius’ works On the Divine Names. The paper goes on to examine more complex diagrams involving a circle or square centre, outer circumference, concentric rings, multicoloured radii and twisted cruciform bands that accompany the Instructions of Dorotheus of Gaza in many Greek and Slavic manuscripts. The paper argues that these new diagrammatic elements were employed to visualize complex ideas such as the Holy Trinity as unity of differentiations, the ontological limit of creation set by divine providence, the triadic structure of logoi of beings and the double movement of procession and reversion.

This paper takes a fresh look at the sources of Leo the Deacon and comments on what has been written about them by other Byzantinists. It will also study Leo the Deacon’s style of writing, which is certainly innovative, since the History he authored stands apart from the historiographical works that preceded it, as it seeks to meld the new historiography that had emerged from the circle of Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos with the classical tradition. And Leo blazes new trails by praising specific individuals, the vast majority of them military men, around whose actions and achievements - on the field of battle, in the main - his narrative near exclusively revolves. The paper then goes on to indicate that one of the most important texts that has been identified as a source of Leo’s History is the Pophyrogennetos’ vast collection conventionally labelled the Excerpta Constantiniana; the Excerpta are then re-evaluated, particularly in terms of their links to Leo, which turn out to be close, as a number of examples illustrate.

The paper examines the complex, multifaceted role that the settlement of Tana played for the Venetian and Genoese Republics, Byzantium, the Golden Horde, the Russian principalities, the Mendicant Orders, and long-distance trade in the Late Middle Ages. The author discusses some of the essential problems in the history of Tana, such as the relations between Venetian and Genoese settlers, between Venetian Tana and Genoese Caffa, and between the Western inhabitants of Tana and various groups of local population (Muslims, Greeks, Jews, Zich, and Circassians). It concludes that while the Venetians and the Genoese in Tana treated each other with a combination of rivalry and mistrust, they cooperated in trade to their mutual benefit and were usually able to form a united front in response to an external threat. In general, there was an intense confrontation between Venetian Tana and Genoese Caffa, but this does not seem to be the case between the Venetians and the Genoese within Tana. Other controversial issues raised in the paper include the so-called double suzerainty of the Italian settlements in Tana, the discrepancy between their economic and strategic significance and the size of the site, and the dating of the capture of Tana by the Ottomans.

The paper explores the problem of the tomb of Queen Theodora, the first wife of King Stefan Dečanski and mother of King and later Emperor Stefan Dušan, at the Banjska Monastery, a foundation of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin. The tomb is the main topic of the charter King Dušan issued to this monastery. The paper minutely examines the previous research on the subject, including different identifications of the personages buried at Banjska. Special attention was accorded to the analysis of new sources, written and material, relevant to this problem. The author concludes that the transfer of Queen Theodora’s remains to Banjska, on the orders of King Dušan, was an ideologically motivated move. The tomb on the north side of the west bay is identified as Theodora’s. The author cautiously proposes that Konstantin, King Milutin’s younger son, might have also been interred at Banjska, in the north parekklesion along the narthex. The funerary program of Banjska is assessed from the perspective of traditional solutions and the reception of new models adopted from Byzantium.

This paper examines the extent to which the Xenon of the Kral, founded by Stefan Uroš II Milutin in Constantinople in the first part of the 14th century, reflected Byzantine hospital traditions. Milutin’s biography, written around 1332 by the Serbian Archbishop Danilo II, is of great value as a document of medical history, as it contains essential details on the Xenon’s infrastructure and medical staff and the purposes of this charitable foundation in comparison with Byzantine institutions. The regulations on patient admission allow the conclusion that the Xenon of the Kral was probably a hospital for emergency admission. Recent research has tended to focus on the hospital infrastructure at the Xenon of the Kral rather than its status as an international centre of education associated with the teaching activities of the Byzantine humanist John Argyropoulos in the period between 1444 and c. 1453. Furthermore, his teaching had an extremely interesting focus on the intensive study of Galen’s works. Special attention should be paid to the close connection between the Prodromos Monastery τῆς Πέτρας, its library and the Xenon, whereby some traces might also lead to Bessarion’s library and especially to his collection of medical manuscripts. The aim of this paper is thus to contextualise the already available research results on the Xenon of the Kral with some sources of Byzantine medical literature, opening up new aspects and research questions which might be of interest for elucidating the intellectual and cultural exchange between Byzantium and Serbia.

The paper examines the social position and reputation of artists, primarily painters, in Byzantium and the countries under its cultural influence, in the area of the socalled Byzantine Commonwealth. It concludes that painters were treated like all other craftsmen in many aspects of social life from the time of the Book of Eparch (from the tenth century). Nevertheless, some artists were highly respected, and this prestige manifested itself in different ways: prominent painters were praised for their artistic skill or their wisdom and education, some were engaged as witnesses or guarantors in court cases due to their civic and personal credibility, some enjoyed a reputation that stemmed from their other profession - many of them were members of the clergy (priests, hieromonks, monks, hegoumenoi, chartophylaxes, metropolitans), some were elected state, city or military officials, and judges, and some were sent on diplomatic missions. Accordingly, many painters were addressed by the title kyr (Sir), which also testifies to their reputation and social status. Others, however, were forced to earn a living by trading, sometimes even by farming or herding. On the other hand, sources testify that occasionally figures of the highest social ranks (emperors, archbishops, metropolitans, nobles) also dabbled in painting, but they usually did so for fun, and are thus rightly seen in scholarship as amateur painters and cannot be used to illuminate the social status of painters. It seems, however, that the artist’s reputation, about which this paper provides original testimonies and a range of other indicators, generally did not bring a better or higher social status to the painters themselves, so until the end of the Middle Ages, much as in the tenth century, as evidenced by the Book of Eparch, they retained the status of artisans. To corroborate that claim, the paper brings original data on the social strata from which apprentices in painting workshops were recruited and the social circles from which came the spouses of painters or their family members.

The paper explores the possibility of creating a positive vision of post-capitalist society and economy, a blue-print for future society with reminiscence to the existing valuable drafts such as Marx and Engels’s Communist Manifesto. Also, it focuses on shortcomings of that blue-print that became evident through the experiences of 20th-century real socialisms. Following Canadian Marxist Michael Lebowitz, the paper elaborates on how the vision of socialism for the 21st century should place central emphasis on the importance of changing the social relations of production. The central problem is located in the “vanguard relations of production”, the central power and hierarchical authority in the hand of the party vanguard. The paper stresses the importance of the communist party as central to the articulation of the interests of the proletarian class as a whole, a class whose central interest is the overthrow of capitalism. However, the project of overthrowing capitalism must include the recognition of the practical comprehension of the importance of the democratic protagonism. Workers cannot be subordinated as passive observers of the system change. A change in social circumstances should simultaneously mean a change in the actors themselves - the socialist protagonists.

Burials in lead coffins have been sporadically recorded in Viminacium (Moesia Superior). They originate from four necropolises that can be roughly classified into the period from the 2nd to the 4th century. This paper presents twelve lead coffins from recent excavations. They were found directly in a pit without construction, or in a construction of bricks. Lead coffins were often ornamented with different linear-geometric motifs, or figural depiction in one rare instance. A workshop can be expected to have existed in Viminacium for the production of lead objects for various purposes such as coffins and many other finds that have been found in large numbers. In some of the coffins, items have been preserved. These include jewellery made of gold, ceramic vessels, glass bottles, bone finds, etc. In nine of them, the skeletal remains of the deceased were completely or at least partially preserved. Included in the paper is an anthropological analysis of the skeletal remains of those deceased. Based on the anthropological analysis, it can be seen that the deceased were mostly children (six cases), while in three cases they were adults.

The paper presents an extraordinary new find from the site of Velika Humska Čuka near Niš, in south-eastern Serbia. During the 2022 excavation campaign, a set of bronze jewellery was discovered, comprised of a pin, a band, ten saltaleoni, and ten circular pendants. Of particular importance are the finds of circular pendants, which are known throughout the Bronze Age in the territory of Europe. Such pendants are traditionally connected with Central Europe and the Hügelgräber culture, therefore representing an uncommon find for the Central Balkans. The paper provides a stylistic and typological analysis of jewellery, complemented with physical and chemical analyses, and further discusses the scope and effects of interactions between Central Europe and Central Balkans during the Bronze Age.

In his theoretical efforts, Lenin made two excursions into philosophy - first in the book Materialism and Empirio-criticism and then in Philosophical Notebooks. There are obvious differences between these two works, which are reflected in the attitude towards Hegel (first rejection and then enthusiasm and acceptance of Hegel’s dialectical method), but also significant similarities. The paper points out that what links Lenin’s two books is the concept of theoretical formation. We derive the term theoretical formation from Lenin’s concept of socio-economic formation: in every society, a large number of modes of production coexist, which are overdetermined by one mode as dominant. Society is thus not a complete and rounded form, but a contradictory overdeterimned formation. The main thesis of the paper is that Lenin applies the concept of over determined formation to the reading of philosophy. Philosophical discourse is never whole but is split between two irreconcilable tendencies - materialism and idealism. Philosophical work is nothing but a struggle for the theoretical dominance of one tendency over another. This struggle between philosophical tendencies is, as Louis Althusser points out, an extension of the class struggle in theory and takes place both in the entire history of philosophy and within each individual philosophical text. The philosophical text is thus a contradictory formation of unequal and combined development.

This paper deals with Apollo and Dyonisian elements in dervish Ahmed Nuruddin's characterisation. This paper analyses the dervish Ahmed Nuruddin in light of Nietzche's understanding of Apollo and Dionysus deities in terms of their divine roots originating from ancient Greek mythology without any intention whatsoever to present Nietzche's entire philosophical system on the relationships between Dionysus, Greek tragedy, and the connections between art and nature with these principles. The dichotomy will be analysed on the example of the Serbian novel, Death and the Dervish written by Meša Selimović. The paper tackles the characterisation of the literary hero, protagonist Ahmed Nuruddin as a bridge between dervish-Apollo to Nuruddin-avenger, which is Dionysus focusing on revenge resulting in human and moral destruction caused by hatred, the opposite of Ahmed Nuruddin˙s neutrality, while performing the dervish duty. The avenger Nuruddin, the one surfacing after the murder of his sibling, will be considered Dionysus in light of an injustice inflicted on him by Harun's murder, a flywheel for his revenge. Special emphasis will be placed on Nuruddin's human defeat – moral decadence in the form of his transfiguration from a priest to a Machiavellian character. Taking Nietzche's understanding of Hellenic tragedy into consideration, this paper aims to prove Ahmed Nuruddin turning Apollo into Dionysus.

The topic of bilingualism has always been an object of interest in linguistic circles, especially today in the time of globalisation or the “third epoch”, when borders of states haven’t always implied the boundary of the use of a particular language. In addition to the fact that research on this phenomenon covers a wide range of hypotheses and perspectives from which bilingualism is analysed, it increasingly involves developing countries, multicultural and multilingual environments. Numerous scientists have investigated the process of first and second language acquisition, some have observed in which environments and under what conditions bilingualism occurs, and this group includes scientists who have done research on bilingual children in the school system whose attitudes will be stated in this paper. This work provides an overview of the basic conclusions from theoretical and empirical studies on the topic of bilingualism, through a review of research in which attention is drawn to the traditionally neglected or insufficiently explored extralinguistic factors and their influence on the development or obstruction of bilingualism. The aim is to come to a conclusion about the different competences of bilingual children and the conditions that affect the development of bilingualism in early childhood and in children of school age. Some of the definitions of bilingualism are primarily listed, then the functions of language as well as the relationship between the first and second languages, the influence of parents and culture on the early development of bilingualism are explained. In the final part of the paper, practical advice for helping bilingual children is given, based on a literature review on this topic. Therefore, we conclude that the article discusses current and scientifically relevant issues: types of bilingualism, as well as its socio-pedagogical implications.

Linguists around the world have been researching international English for a long time, forming three paradigms of thought and research – English as an International Language (EIL), World English (WE) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). The aim of this paper is to present a review of the research conducted so far regarding English in Serbia and, thus, to offer insight into the inner workings of Serbian English, all in the light of ELF research. Bearing in mind that research within the ELF paradigm framework is not carried out often in Serbia, all the studies presented in this paper view the Serbian English variety as learners’ language. The elimination of contrastive studies was taken as the basic criterion for literature selection, which made it possible to compare the Serbian linguists’ studies with the ELF paradigm framework. Studies within the scope of phonetics/phonology and pragmatics were found. As regards to phonetics and phonology, papers of only two authors fit in with the established criterion. The findings of their studies confirm that Serbian English speakers have acquired the phonetic features necessary for international communication, i.e. the ELF phonetic core. Nonetheless, it was not possible to compare Serbian English pragmatic studies with ELF research – ELF studies involve spoken corpora, while Serbian English studies encompass questionnaires and interviews. Therefore, there is much to be discovered about the Serbian variety of English. Conducting further research into Serbian English within the ELF paradigm would allow comparison with ELF standards and unveil those linguistic elements which students in Serbia need to acquire in order to participate in international communication more efficiently.

In this paper we focused on the transformation of the main character in the novel The Color Purple, Celie, through the letters she writes to God and her sister Nettie. We contrastively analysed the original text and its Serbian translation. In this paper we followed Celie’s path from an insecure and molested girl, to a confident and emancipated individual which can be observed in the development of her language and writing style. There are three types of letters within the novel: (a) letters written to God; (b) letters which introduce her transformation; (c) letters written to Celie’s sister Nettie. The insecurity of the protagonist is mirrored in her language which is a stylised version of African American English. The Serbian translation employed linguistic features that don’t belong to any particular dialect, but rather represent an approximation of the way undereducated people would speak. The beginning of the novel is characterised by short sentences, repetitive lexicon and the use of the prolonged underscore ______. In the second half of the novel the sentences become longer and the vocabulary richer. Going through the transformation from a victim of dire circumstances to a self-aware individual that accepts herself and her language, Celie represents a character of the Afro-American woman in specific historical circumstances. In addition to Celie, the transformation can be seen in other side characters, especially on the level of onomastics.

This paper presents the analysis results of syntactic and semantic features of constructions with the preposition po in The Woman from Sarajevo (Gospođica, 1945) and The Damned Yard (Prokleta avlija, 1954) by Ivo Andrić. The main goal of the research was to determine the meanings and functions of these constructions in the novels that form the corpus of the research, but also to try to expand and supplement, on the basis of selected examples, the previous syntactic and semantic analyses of the preposition po in our older and also more recent grammars and linguistic articles. By using both the theoretical framework of cognitive semantics and the theoretical foundations of more traditional approaches to the meaning of prepositions, 298 constructions (213 from The Woman from Sarajevo and 85 from The Damned Yard) were analysed, and it was concluded that the language of Andrić’s works, at least when it comes to constructions with the preposition po, is not different from the contemporary Serbian language. Namely, it was observed that there are more locative than accusative constructions with the preposition po, and that the most frequent are the spatial locative and the base/criterion locative. At the end of the paper, we pointed out the non-prepositional function of the word po.

Bearing in mind the enormous importance teaching materials have in the language classroom, the paper deals with the analysis of modern approaches to creating foreign language textbooks at the university level. Considering the influence of the English language as a world language in which almost all the latest research and achievements in the field of technical sciences and geology are published, this textbook example is thus based on English as the common language of the largest number of speakers. We believe, however, that it can be further translated into other languages, thus providing students with the opportunity to study the same material in two or more languages, with more success and less cognitive load. Also, it is of great importance that language textbooks go through such academic and practical adjustments that will replace the essential shortcomings of traditional teaching with useful and applicable educational models. Following such goals, the paper tries to: 1) present the importance of developing teaching materials through the principles of visual values, authenticity and scaffolding; 2) clarify and shed light on the essential shortcomings of traditional teaching materials by comparing ESP and CLIL methods, and 3) present practical suggestions for practicing and acquiring the language through three activities adapted to the stated principles.

Television is a dominant medium that can influence one’s attitude and social ideologies formation since it reflects sociolinguistic reality and maintains language ideologies and existing social stereotypes. For that reason, we can mention so-called female and male language patterns and their main characteristics, which are to a great extent associated with social power, i.e. the role that an individual has in his social community or community of practice. This paper aims to examine whether the Greek media and more specifically, the Greek TV series promote so-called male and female language patterns, as well as social stereotypes directed towards women. In this paper, we analysed the linguistic behaviour of the protagonists of the Greek series Mην αρχίζεις την μουρμούρα. Qualitative non-experimental research based on the analysis of linguistic behaviour at the level of the characters‘ lexical choice, Vaso and Charis showed that their choice of language patterns is proportional to their social or professional status. In addition, we noticed the presence of certain social stereotypes, while it is evident that the use of stereotypical-female language patterns is associated with a hierarchically lower social position.

This paper studies the morphological productivity of adjective-forming prefixes at the level of word-formation rules. The productivity at the aforementioned level is the union of the productivity at the level of word-formation types and morphological types. The aim of the paper is to offer pieces of information on the interaction of different concepts within different word-formation types together with the morphological aspect through different morphological types. We find 267 examples of adjectives and analyse 31 prefixes interacting with various simple or complex adjectives in the corpus comprised of news, literary, academic and TV registers. After analytic, descriptive and statistical methods, we conclude that they fall into 5 different conceptual categories, i.e., wordformation type clusters (Quality, Location, Quantity, Time and State). The majority of clusters show that the stem is determining the conceptual category while prefixes refine it. The highest productivity rates are recorded with such word-formation types. The only exceptions are Quantity and Time where the conceptual category depends on the prefixes and stems equally. The results from the morphological analyses show that most of the prefixes are inserting additional semantic pieces of information, usually recording the highest PR and not changing the conceptual category of the stem and appearing within one or multiple clusters, with exceptions for Quantity and Time.

Based on folk tales of Northern European nations, Arnold’s poems ‘The Forsaken Merman’ (1849) and ‘The Neckan’ (1853), both tell a story of human women who marry sea creatures, mermen, and replace their home on the land with the mermen’s underwater world. By crossing the boundaries between their worlds, they cause numerous problems, most significantly the tension resulting from their different religious beliefs. In ‘The Forsaken Merman’, Margaret, the merman’s wife, fearing that her soul will be damned because of her marriage to a pagan, decides to rejoin the human world on the most important Christian holiday, Easter. In ‘The Neckan’, in order to comfort his wife, the Neckan goes to the human world to find a priest who would be willing to baptise him, but he is rejected because he is a ‘monster’ who cannot be saved. The paper will examine the way in which Arnold’s poems reflect the fears of the Victorian era as well as his own anxieties. This will be accomplished by comparing the two opposite worlds of the poems – the human world of everyday activities, rules, laws, and expectations; and the mermen’s home, the mysterious, colourful, and peaceful world of sea-beasts. In addition, the paper will analyse the reversal of traditional gender roles and re-examine literary, cultural, and social stereotypes. The paper will also attempt to find a connection between the main topics of these poems and Arnold’s life and career of a poet and literary critic.

This paper approaches the notion of truth( fulness) within the written media discourse, namely the three B&H daily newspapers. Aimed at researching computeraccessible online articles published in the chosen three time frames, the paper focuses on narratives containing the keyphrase “Alan Šeranić” and the representation of the notions of values of trust and confidence found in extracts which contain both the chosen keyphrase and examples of news values. The results show that the attitude towards the researched keyphrase changes both in accordance with the time frames of its use and in accordance with the geographical area of the publication source.

Based on available archival material and periodicals, the author reconstructs the life story of Javer Effendi Baruch, one of the most respected and wealthy citizens of Sarajevo, during the Austro-Hungarian administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The personality of Javer Eff. Baruch has not been thoroughly researched in the historiography so far. It is known that Baruch gained a social reputation during Ottoman rule. After the arrival of Austria-Hungary in Bosnia and Herzegovina, he not only managed to preserve and strengthen his social position but also acquired enviable wealth. This paper aims to present the unusual life path of a Sephardic from Sarajevo. The paper analyzes his life path from a supplier for military needs, a customs tenant, a Sarajevo city councilor, to a convict for insulting majesty. Based on the available historical materials, the existence of changes in the relationship between the then administration and society towards Javer Effendi Baruch after 1887 is examined.

The paper discusses the visual response to text as a reading strategy employed to determine which parts or main ideas of the text the reader focuses on while reading. It starts with an assumption that every reading is a unique experience to which readers bring their previous experiences, cultural and social backgrounds, as well as general or specific knowledge. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to provide a better insight into active reading (Carillo 2017) and present results of a case study that, through visual responses to reading, also addresses text processing in a multimodal setting. The methodological framework comprises a visual response task that requires that the readers draw or sketch a visual interpretation of the text. In this way, sketching in response to reading is used as a complementary component and a visualization tool in the reading process (Wilhelm 1995; Fernandes 2018). Based on the results of the research, it is proposed that visual response to reading can be used to enhance multimodal creativity, and vocabulary acquisition and fully immerse readers in the reading process.

The collection of short stories Pobune was mainly analyzed from a literary theoretical perspective. The paper deals with the linguistic analysis of phrasemes modifications and the expansion of phrasemes in the mentioned work. The paper distinguishes between phrasemes modifications and phrasemes variations. Since the term phrasemes in modern phraseology is interpreted in different ways, this paper will analyze those phrasemes that have at least two autosemantic words in their composition, at least one of which has a transferred meaning. In the excerpted corpus, no author's modifications of idioms resulting from the reduction or condensation of certain lexemes were found, but only idioms created by expanding/adding lexemes that affected the modified meanings of those idioms. The aim of the work is the analysis of the author's phrasemes, finding synonymous phrasemes in consulted sources and giving meaning to those author's phrasemes that have not been recorded in both phraseological and general dictionaries of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages, but also in other consulted sources. Structurally and semantically modified phrasemes are found in the analyzed corpus. The recorded examples of idioms in the five short stories were used only once, and their unrepeatability also affects their more expressive value. The analyzed examples of the author's modifications of phrasemes are an indicator of the writer's ability to make recorded phrasemes more expressive, to change their meanings, and to construct new phrasemes that were not recorded.

Upbringing is a complex life process of building and developing a human being following his/her characteristics. For the process of upbringing to culminate in the formation of intellectually and morally complete and independent people, the question has always arisen as to what it is that makes it effective. The main intention of this paper is to present and analyze fundamental educational guidelines devised and posited by famous philosophers of antiquity –Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who focused on achieving personal autonomy, without neglecting the fundamental characteristics of socially acceptable frameworks of morality. The paper will present the development of fundamental educational ideas in antiquity, with special emphasis on building the authentic individual and the citizen as one of the main instruments of upbringing both in the past and today.

Mental health, along with physical and social well-being, constitutes the general health of an individual, and it is considered that there is no health without mental health. According to the dual model of mental health, the mental state of an individual does not depend solely on the presence of a diagnosis of mental illness, but also on the subjective feeling of well-being. This means that a person with a mental disorder or illness can have good mental health and vice versa. New approaches in the protection of mental health and the treatment of people with mental illnesses are based on the principles of empowerment, recovery, social inclusion, human rights, multidisciplinarity and multisectoral cooperation. The aim of this paper is to present the concept of recovery of people with mental health problems, starting from a holistic understanding of mental health. Recovery is understood as a process that involves an individual who has hope and is aimed at overcoming psychological suffering, but also experts who shape and conduct their professional procedures with the aim of creating conditions for increasing the well-being and productivity of the individual. Also, the approach to recovery is incorporated into the development and organization of modern Community mental health care services. Under this aspect, the paper will present the development of psychiatric care and Community mental health services on the example of Centers for mental health in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the knowledge and clear documents that focus on mental health care and support services for everyone in the community, there are significant challenges in implementing that type of mental health care system.

This paper presents the composition of the city councils in the Vilayet of Bosnia between 1866 and 1875, from the provincial administration reform until the Herzegovinian uprising. An additional reason for choosing the year 1866 as the initial year is the fact that the yearbooks for the Vilayet of Bosnia started to be published in that year.The central questions of the paper are the religious and social affiliation of the city councils members, as well as the rate of implementation of the principle of electoral equality. Additionally, this paper aims to answer whether, and at what rate, the composition of the city councils in the Vilayet of Bosnia was in line with the 1871 law regulations.

In this paper, the author presents the overview of articles corresponding to the Ottoman era of Bosnia-Herzegovina's history, published in the Institute of History's journal Contributions.Given that the main goal was to collect articles from the mentioned period,this paper contains an overview and brief references to the same, not a critical analysis. In order to clarify certain events or contexts, the author used other relevant works.

The paper has the task of analyzing the relationship between religion and medicine in the ancient city of Pergamon, primarily in the early days of the Roman emperors, analyzing the cult of Asklepios, one of the central cults, also known for its widely visited pagan sanctuary, located in the seat of this ancient center. In Greek mythology and religion, Asclepius was the god of medicine, descended from Apollo and Koronis. He got his name because of his birth, as his mother had to undergo an opening of the uterus in order to give birth, which is known today as a cesarean section. Asklepios actually means “open”. According to Greek mythology, he was taught in the art of medicine by the centaur Chiron. Through his studies, he was so skilled in the art of medicine that he could raise the dead and bring them back to life. His famous symbol is a snake wrapped around a stick, which can be seen in all medical institutions in modern times. This is reminiscent of the staff that Asclepius was always carrying. In ancient Greece and Rome, an Asklepieion (Ἀσκληπιεῖον) was a healing temple dedicated to the god Asklepios, the Greek god of medicine. These healing temples were places where patients went to receive healing or any other kind of treatment, whether mental or physical. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to examine the main features of the Asklepieion, especially the contemporary cultural and religious history and ancient medicine associated with it, in the context of new archaeological findings at this site.

This paper discusses the importance of traditional folk lullabies in the education of preschool children and their representation in music education literature and practice. Scientific research indicates the development potential and importance of folk lullabies in early childhood. Serbian folk lullabies are not sufficiently represented in preschool education in central Serbia and Kosovo and Metohija, which is the starting hypothesis of the research presented in this paper. This research aims to determine the extent to which Serbian folk lullabies, as music content, are used in preschool education in central Serbia and Kosovo, and Metohija. The research included a total of 692 participants – preschool teachers and parents. It was found: 1) that Serbian folk lullabies are insufficiently represented in music education literature for preschool age; 2) that preschool teachers and parents are not sufficiently informed about the educational benefit and importance of folk lullabies. The paper contributes to the actualization of Serbian traditional folk lullabies, and their greater representation in music education literature and practice. The descriptive method was used in the research, as well as the analysis and synthesis method.

While the university of today, as a significant institution whose appearance is associated with the Middle Ages, can be considered in the context of the emergence of classical university education, the modern age is facing this institution with new requirements and expectations. This paper aims to consider the changes in the concept of the university, which are accompanied by classical ideals (enlightenment) to all the major influences of the economy and the requirements for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship. The paper aims to concretize the following tasks: to analyze the classical model of the university and its philosophy of education, to analyze the model of higher education that is primarily based on economic criteria, and to consider the need for actualization and development of the third mission. It is concluded that in modern circumstances, the university is facing the challenge of finding a balance between preserving institutional autonomy, independent social criticism, and academic freedom of professors and students, on the one hand, and connecting with the world of work to become a relevant factor in economic development. Within this framework, discussions on the further direction of the development of higher education should be directed at examining the possibilities for the encouragement of humanistic values, for higher education institutions act as a generator of overall social development.

Taking into consideration delicate nature of translation, and the fact that the process could easily trigger (both positive and negative) language transfer, this paper aims to shed some light on the status of the Present Perfect Tense in the process of translating from Serbian into English. Relying on the corpora of data comprising 113 sets of sentences, translated by students majoring in English, we tried to identify how frequent the usage of Present Perfect is. Apart from that – we aimed to determine which verb forms (tenses used in context) in Serbian eventually become Present Perfect in English and whether decisions of such a kind are consistent. The qualitative analysis proved the evasive nature of English Present Perfect; namely, it was shown that, despite some lexical hints used in Serbian sentences, the usage of Present Perfect was inconsistent. In conclusion, the paper suggests the implementation of collaborative teaching practices, with the goal of activating critical thinking, and contrastive analysis and thus improving students’ understanding, as well as their active usage of acquired grammatical notions.

Extrajudicial killings attributed to personnel of the Nigerian Police in the conduct of their constitutional duties and responsibilities have become prevalent in recent times. They have been accused of human rights violations, torture, brutality, and unlawful killings of varying proportions. This palpable, yet injurious trend has become a strain on effective policing and security in Nigeria. This paper examines the role of the Nigeria Police Force in extrajudicial killings in the course of discharging their duties since the return to civilian rule in 1999 and how Police reforms can help increase police accountability. The paper was anchored on the organizational theory of police behavior and adopts a qualitative approach by reviewing the literature on extrajudicial killings by the Nigerian police as available in peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, media reports, newspapers, and international agencies reports. The findings show that the Nigerian Police have been largely complicit in extrajudicial killings. It also shows that organizational deficits such as corruption, lack of investigative infrastructure, lack of human rights training, poor working conditions, poor internal control, and the often-abused Order 237 are major factors that enhance the perpetuation of the incidence of extrajudicial killings by the Police. The study concluded that without a sincere approach toward reforming the Police, extrajudicial killings might become a dominant narrative. Therefore, the paper recommends that a comprehensive security reform of the Nigerian Police should be carried out in conjunction with the private sector and Civil Society Organizations in Nigeria.

This paper is an overview of the Czech officials in the administration of the Donja Tuzla District during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The paper has been written as a part of the author's obligation in the Ph.D. studies, and it aims to represent a basis for further research in this field. The paper has been written according to the schemes of the administration published in the „Bosniak“ journal, official reports on the administration, laws, and order imposed upon Bosnia-Herzegovina, journals, and relevant studies. A general conclusion is that the Czechs were very numerous strangers in service in the administration of the Donja Tuzla District, that they were present on both district and county levels, that they worked in every county of the district, as well as in every department of the administration.

The development of pedagogical science by the requirements of modern education has raised the question of the quality of professional work of a school pedagogue based on his characteristics and features. The paper discusses the problem of possessing the important qualities of a school pedagogue for educational work in school. The theoretical analysis describes the qualities of a modern pedagogue in the form of personal and professional characteristics. This research aims to examine the attitudes of teachers about the possession of important characteristics of pedagogues for school work and to point out their importance for the development of pedagogical practice. A descriptive research method with a scaling technique was used in the research. The paper presents a survey conducted in the school year 2020/2021 on a sample of 102 primary and secondary school teachers in Southern Serbia. The results of the research show that the factor analysis from the Likert-type assessment scale constructed for the needs of this research highlights four factors that define the most important characteristics of a school pedagogue: flexibility, organization and professionalism, teamwork, cooperation, and innovation. The research provided encouraging data that confirm the flexibility, organization, and professionalism of pedagogues. Professional development and encouragement of the research role of the school pedagogue were identified as opportunities for strengthening cooperative relations, teamwork, and innovation of the school pedagogue to improve the educational practice in the school. The research confirmed a statistically significant difference in the attitudes of the respondents with only one factor that brought together items related to teamwork. The differences are significant in the variable school type, p

The traditional model of a university is gradually being metamorphosed into a corporate model that brings forth certain problems, alongside numerous solutions. In such circumstances, establishing and maintaining a culture of trust is the foundation of constructing a positive psychological contract between the organization and its employees. In such circumstances, establishing and maintaining the culture of trust in the academy’s commitment to the traditionally defined mission of building and disseminating knowledge aimed at improving, training, and educating the most important potential of the society – people are the foundation of constructing a positive psychological contract between teachers and higher education institutions. The psychological contract represents mutual expectations that the parties in this relationship do not have to be fully aware of, but which, nevertheless, guide their mutual behavior. It is an implicit agreement between the academic staff and the higher education institution specifying what each party in this relationship expects to offer but also receives in return. Since research on psychological contracts in the academic work environment is very rare, and the concept itself is relatively new and unexplored in the Bosnian context in general, this paper first sought to determine which factors may be related to the violation of psychological contracts in the academic context. The results suggest that a lower organizational performance of the higher education organization, lower academic staff member performance, as well as a lower level of formalization of the process of organizational socialization of newly-hired academic staff, lead to a higher perceived psychological contract breach. Findings also suggest that the implicit communication of the mutual expectations between the faculty/academy and the academic staff leads to a greater perceived psychological contract breach. The paper offers certain recommendations to higher education institutions for the establishment and preservation of a positive psychological contract in the academic context and the prevention of avoidable psychological contract breaches.