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Methodological aspects of qualifying academic papers preparation concerning defenitions of its theme, goals, objectives, subject and object of study are analyzed with business risk serves as example. It is shown than the research should be based on the principles of modern but not postmodern methodology.

The conducted study has shown problems with electronic documents already in the moment of their accession, as well as arrangement and description, storage and providing access to them in the archive. It turned out that, unfortunately, electronic documents are treated only as an addition to paper versions of materials. The study uses method of document analysis (including electronic document), as well as a survey – a questionnaire. The object of the study was a private papers of Professor Stanisław Gorgolewski.

Accounting and finance are intricately intertwined with the global quest for environmental sustainability by applying accounting and finance tools for carbon reduction initiatives. Clean energy financial investment is one of the many alternative tools through which accounting contributes to carbon reduction. Accordingly, this paper analysed the impact of separate and integrated clean energy investment alternatives on carbon reduction. Data on clean energy financial investment and carbon emission per capita were collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Our World in Data archives, respectively. Data was analysed by using multiple pooled OLS to evaluate the impact of individual clean energy financial investments on carbon reduction and the impact of integrating the various clean energy financial investment alternatives on carbon reduction separately. Findings show that individual clean energy financial investments may not separately offer desired carbon reduction, hence, albeit some negative coefficients, individual clean investments showed no significant impact on carbon reduction. However, furthering the test by pooling all the clean energy financial investment alternatives shows a significant negative effect of clean energy financial investment on carbon reduction at a P-value of 0.05. This shows that an integration of different alternatives of clean energy financial investment may offer an enhanced reduction of carbon emission, which outweighs the effect of relying on a single clean energy investment alternative. The findings offer significant insight for policy makers’ future strategies towards a combination of multiple clean energy financial investments. Furthermore, the findings from this paper are a further testament that accounting and finance are connected with the global quest for environmental sustainability through the application of accounting and financial investment tools in conducting clean energy financial investment.

The consumer price index (CPI) is a crucial economic indicator of consumer price inflation, which has an attendance effect on the extent of savings and, hence, on investment capacity. The literature contains different opinions on the relationship between exchange rate and consumer price index; however, given the uniqueness of each country’s economic environment, it became apposite to focus the bearing of this paper on the South African economic context. Thus, this paper evaluates the effect of currency exchange rates on the consumer price index in South Africa. Time series data on CPI and exchange rates were drawn from the Fusion Media investment database and were analysed using the OLS regression. For the independent variables exchange rate, which is the Rand price against the Dollar, the authors applied lagg-2 given the assumption that exchange rate differences might take up to two months to affect the consumer price index. The authors’ assumption draws from the findings of eminent scholars, which indicate that, given sufficient time, changes in domestic prices would fully compensate for exchange rate adjustments. The analysis showed that exchange rate changes significantly and positively affect CPI within the data’s boundaries. The findings offer academic and practical implications for understanding the theoretical short-term period effect of the exchange rate on the consumer price index within the South African setting and for practical economic policy application for advanced policies to cushion potential negative effects on savings and investment. The paper provides an agenda for further study of the application of expanded time series to evaluate the effect of currency exchange rates on CPI over a longer period to unravel a theoretical difference between the short-term and long-term implications of exchange rates on CPI.

The 21st-century social and political environment has continued to evolve and heightens the demand for organisations to provide accountability for the sustainability operations of their businesses. Accordingly, organisations are committing to diverse strategic efforts to provide disclosures on their social and environmental actions to the society and environment where they operate. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received support and criticism since its emergence in the corporate realm. This paper aims to portray CSR as beyond mere symbolic legitimacy and propose a corporate-society symbiotic existential framework. The research approach is a critical literature analysis and conceptual framework development. The results show that the corporate and the society co-exist in a reciprocal relationship. Thus, the implication is that some CSR may be more than symbolic legitimacy with potential benefits derivable from committed transparent and pragmatic CSR, which can encourage companies to shift away from symbolic CSR tendencies. The paper recommends the need for organisations to operationalise CSR practices and policy as this has a propensity to enhance corporate legitimate standing, which will assist in reducing business risks and enhance the potential for profit in the long run. In addition, this discourse may be helpful for business schools in their academic studies about CSR and legitimacy theory and would also assist in CSR regulatory initiatives. The value of the paper hinges on the proposed novel framework for corporate-society symbiotic existence, which provides an agenda for future research study and expansion therein. This framework may lead to multiples of modelling in future CSR and corporate governance studies and may also assist in narrowing the gap between legal and normative CSR.

The paper calls into question the development of the digital competence of future philologists, taking into account the Turkish and Ukrainian experiences. The study of digital competence development is attracting increasing interest due to a growing need for experts capable of processing the enormous streams of continuously transmitted information and experts willing to improve their digital skills for professional growth. The purpose of the study is to broaden the current knowledge about the ways of developing digital competence. In this respect, the paper investigates two systems of future philologists' training in Ukraine and Turkey in the Digital Tools for Translation course. The authors analyze the experience of the Turkish and Ukrainian higher education institutions regarding the use of appropriate ICT tools using theoretical and empirical methods. Fifty-two future philologists from Turkey and Ukraine took part in the research. The study presents the results from observing the training and interviews with Ukrainian and Turkish students. The Shapiro-Wilcoxon method (non-parametric criterion) was used to verify the results. An analysis has highlighted the positive experience of Turkish universities, which can be implemented in future philologists training in Ukrainian universities. The findings of this study support the idea that the insufficient level of digital competence development lengthens and complicates the period of adaptation of graduates to modern working conditions. The authors found that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the European higher education area occurs in times of globalization and the digitalization of society, which radically changes the nature of many activities. This research has clearly shown that digital competence development is more effective with the implementation of a holistic approach when students enhance digital competence while acquiring all other competencies. Our research suggests that the digitalization of education reduces the gap between graduates' digital competence level and modern society's expectations.

The paper is dedicated to the Western reception of Narod na vojne (People at war) written by the little-known Russian writer Sof'ja Fedorčenko. Although it was published first as supposedly authentic reports of soldiers (1917, Kiev), Fedorčenko later claimed it to be one of her own artificial works. This paper focuses on a comparative analysis of three translations of Narod na vojne and transformations, which take place by means of the paratexts and the reorganisation of the fragmentary text. The English translation Ivan speaks (1919, Boston) emphasize an anti-war message, the German translation Der Russe redet (1922, Munich) accentuates a supposed ‘Russian character’ and the French one Le peuple à la guerre (1930, Paris) directs attention to the Russian Revolution.

The banking system of a country is a predictor of its economic prosperity. However, the financial sector has experienced contradictory reactions. The rise of non-performing loans is a notable feature of the banking industry's financial crisis. According to Bangladesh Bank, state-owned banks are prone to substantial collapses, which have a knock-on effect on the entire commercial banking sector. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of non-performing loans on the growth of the banking system in Bangladesh. The paper is mostly an investigative desk study that prioritizes secondary data. Nonetheless, primary data was used, such as in-person interviews with bank personnel and staff, as well as casual conversations with clients. Secondary sources for this article include Bangladesh Bank bulletins, current newspapers and periodicals, some published and unpublished research reports, various websites, and a large number of peer-reviewed publications. The paper incorporates multiple regression analysis to assess the impact of non-performing loans on banking sector growth from 2012 to 2021. The findings revealed a highly significant inverse correlation among NPL, CRAR, and ROE, as well as a significant but negative relationship among NPL, ROA, NIM, and SLR. However, the alternative hypothesis is accepted, whereas the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, NPLs have a severe effect on banking advancement since they worsen banks' liquidity issues, lower profitability, trigger capital constraints, and even jeopardize the financial system’s stability and viability.

In this paper, we present the design of a textbook that, from both a linguistic and a didactic point of view, introduces activities and authentic texts for two fundamentally different language levels of Slovenian learners in primary schools. Linguistic heterogeneity is not only everyday school life with traditionally established methods, but it also puts many challenges to teachers, especially if they independently prepare individualized learning materials on a daily basis and implement internal differentiation in lessons. In the first part of the paper, we present the existing teaching material for bilingual lessons in the subject of Slovene. In the second part of the paper, we propose a model of internal differentiation in the classroom and present the design of the textbook, which mediates communicative activities and with a text-based method enables progress at (at least) two different language levels, such as beginners in learning Slovenian and students at the language level B2.

The uneven recovery in the world economy since the start of Covid-19 wreaking havoc in 2020 has given us a new shape in economic development: the K-shape. As an alternative to the K-shape, we found the possibility of an even worse development: the G-shape. Indonesia, which experienced the deceleration of its economic growth in the pre-pandemic period, can struggle with a G-shaped recovery. This paper evaluates this possibility by comparing the country to other emerging economies. This study uses 10 economic performance indicators to determine the possibility of a G-shaped recovery in an economy, which represent the demand side, supply side, monetary policy, fiscal policy, health and institutional quality (credit, labor, Total Factor of Productivity, Human Development Index, regulatory quality, CA balance to GDP, current health expenditure, internet bandwidth, debt to GDP, and economic openness). The research sample covers 33 countries. Among them, 7 countries with the highest possibility of G-Shaped economic development were identified: Pakistan, Mexico, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Brazil. Several counties in samples, including Pakistan, Mexico, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Brazil, are trapped in long stagnation. The regression result shows a positive relationship between each dependent variable and the GDP, except for economic openness. From the results, the Human Development Index has the highest coefficient among the other independent variables. This paper also employed the Computable General Equilibrium simulation analysis model to project Indonesian economic growth, which shows Indonesia's possibility of being trapped in the G-shaped recovery.

In a world of increasing energy and water scarcity, companies are devising new technical and operational strategies to reduce energy and water consumption – especially the ratio of water and energy usage to units of production. Savings derivable from such environmental resource conservation contribute to cost reduction, which invariably result in better financial performance. This paper analysed the relationship between water and energy reduction on dividend yield. Many studies on water and energy efficiency's effect on financial performance have paid little attention to dividend yield – hence this paper contributes to the academic science. The paper applied a positivist paradigm and hence a quantitative approach. Data on energy reduction, water reduction, and dividend yield were from the Coca-Cola financial and sustainability reports for different years. A simple regression analysis was applied to the data analysis. Research results indicate that at an alpha level of 0.05%, energy and water reduction are significantly related to dividend yield at a p-value of P

This paper will discuss an important target variable in value-based management: the Economic Value Added (or EVA). EVA is a measure of a company's financial performance based on the residual wealth calculated by deducting its cost of capital from its operating profit, adjusted for taxes on a cash basis. EVA can also be referred to as economic profit, as it attempts to capture the true economic profit of a company. This measure was devised by management consulting firm Stern Value Management, originally incorporated as Stern Stewart & Co. This research will also discuss adjustments and different types of assumptions that are necessary for the calculation as well as how to use them properly to obtain an interpretable result. Paper will explain the formula and which conversions should be considered. It remains to be noted that the EVA concept only leads to small progress from a scientific point of view, but that the clever marketing by Stern & Stewart has initiated a renaissance of the underlying residual profit concept. The paper provides practitioners and academics with a good overview of the demonstrable added value of EVA controlling and, in contrast, also illustrates the weaknesses of the calculation model or the inaccuracy due to interpretation variables, which overall limit the value of EVA as a management key performance indicator. The research includes comprehensive and substantial discussion in the scientific literature on EVA and its interpretation.

Dictation is quite common in Croatian methodological literature, especially when it comes to elementary school teaching. Teachers use it to check and – at the same time –monitor and evaluate studentʼs knowledge –grammar, orthography, pronunciation and vocabulary. Knowledge can be checked by different types of dictation: controlling, explained, studied, creative, optional, dictation with error prevention, self-dictation and dictation with explanation (Visinko, 2015, 2016). Dictation in foreign language teaching, including Croatian as a foreign language, can also be implemented at higher education institutions (e.g. Jukić, 2018). This paper will present ways in which creative dictation by image, being a subtype of creative dictation, can be included in teaching Croatian as a second language at different levels of learning. The aim of this paper is to show the value of creative dictation by image and to provide examples of texts for the beginner, intermediate and advanced level of learning Croatian as a second language. It is argued that dictation is valuable in teaching because it contributes to the development of the studentʼs auditory memory, reaction and accuracy, while creative dictation by image is also an opportunity to introduce indirect reality into teaching.

The paper addresses one question: What makes the Cross-Border Studies (CBS) MA a multilingual study program? The first part presents the CBS MA curriculum, developed on the basis of current research literature on multilingualism and transcultural learning. The multilingual essence of the trans-and interdisciplinary CBS MA program is visible among others in the German-and English-language tracks. Besides these languages of instruction, the MA program encompasses at least two target languages, one of which is mandatorily Slavic (BCMS, Russian or Slovene). The intended objective of the CBS MA is to educate future experts who will actively operate between languages and cultures. Therefore, the program’s focus is not on acquiring language skills only, but also skills in the intercultural, i.e., interpersonal, sociolinguistic, and social areas. These are covered in the inter-and transdisciplinary compulsory and guided electives (Gebundene Wahlfächer). In the second part of the paper, the CBS MA is discussed in the context of multilingual and multicultural universities. We argue that it is possible to introduce English as a language of instruction and keep a multilingual setting, which includes preserving the local languages. Numerous strategies used within the program both in and outside the classroom to reinforce multilingualism and language diversity are presented.

The aim of this paper is to show the circumstances, problems, and perspectives of the CLIL teachingin Serbia in Russian as a vehicular language at the high school level based on the conducted empirical research. The research included the following: visits to schools, analysis of documents, anonymous surveys filled out by 12 teachers and 95 students involved in bilingual teaching, as well as the results of students’ testing of the final grades in Aleksinac High School. The main aim was to determine the impact of CLIL teaching on the development of students’ competences in the Russian language. According to the results of the research, key problems related to CLIL teaching in the Russian language are indicated in the paper. Guidelines for improvement are proposed.

Given that the models of education in minority languages and scripts in the Republic of Croatia are aimed primarily at students belonging to minorities, the authors focus on reaffirmation of minority language education also for the children of the majority population. Teaching them together could not only contribute to the sustainability of specific minority language education models, but also the development of bilingualism in both language groups. That would also be a direct indicator of interculturalism, the goal that the educational-political discourse in Croatia has been striving declaratively for more than two decades. Therefore, the paper focuses on the most visible implementation problems of existing models but also on the possibilities of enrollment of the majority students. By interviewing 18 former participants of the model B of secondary education in Czech as a minority language, the paper examined whether the existing models achieve the goals of preserving the minority language and identity, what the implemen-tation of bilingual classes looks like in practice and whether it contributes to the continuation of education and the professional achievement of students. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, what was highlighted was the need for redesigning the curriculum and the introduction of new methods and content, which, in addition to the basic requirement for quality increase, would simultaneously enable the inclusion of the majority students.

In 2019 at IBM, it was found that there is a strong dependence on a few large banks in bank sales, and the growth targets of the sales division cannot be achieved due to the existing business with these same customers. To counteract this dependency, an NCA-specific sales team for the banking industry was established to support small and medium-sized banks with personal commitment and expertise and to develop them into long-term business partners of IBM. This research focuses on the development of a performance measurement system for NCA-Sales teams. It postulates the hypothesis that more effective and better-suited performance measurement systems can be developed for NCA-Sales of information technology towards financial institutions. Authors use the methodology of expert interviews and Mayrings qualitative content analysis to gain insights into the relevant factors that need to be considered when evaluating the performance of such sales teams. The paper identifies stakeholders, challenges, and goals that should be integrated into a performance measurement system as well as KPIs to measure them. The results are being consolidated into a conceptual sketch for an NCA-sales optimized PMS. The paper distinguishes itself from other research through an approach that gives detailed guidance for the practical implementation of its findings. The research was conducted with professionals in the IT sector; however, all of them were working for the same company, and the data was collected in the short span of one week as it was part of a research. The outcome can be used for further studies on how to effectively measure performance in NCA-Sales teams.

Especially relevant at the present time is the study of the impact of the global crisis – a pandemic caused by the infection COVID-19 on the countries and the world's sustainable development. The consequences of the popular trend of globalization, a certain closedness of the principles of capitalization, and, of course, the impact of the global crisis caused by COVID-19 were investigated in the scientific work. The study aims to confirm the transformation of sustainable development trends and the transition from worldwide globalization to national capitalization of the agricultural entrepreneurship potential in the modern conditions of the global crisis of Covid-19. The goal will be achieved by tasks through accounting and analytical support and mathematical analysis of the quadratic correlation and regression dependence of the integrated indicator of sustainable development. Research methodology consist of analysis and collection of economic, environmental, and social data of agriculture in European countries. At this stage, the most significant indicators of six countries were selected: Ukraine, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Poland and Belarus. Index analysis was used for formation of an integral indicator – a sustainable development index. Also Microsoft Excel tools were used. An index analysis of the main indicators of sustainable development is provided in the paper. On the basis of the integrated index of sustainable development of agriculture, a trend line was built and a forecast of the vector of globalization/capitalization was made. An upward forecast of the integrated index of agriculture sustainable development, which indicates a continuous process of globalization was proved in the paper. This pattern corresponds to Belarus and Romania and was proved by the basis of imperial studies. The calculation and forecast of the transition from global globalization to national capitalization as a result of the impact of the pandemic and quarantine were presented in the scientific work too. This pattern is inherent in Hungary, Germany, Poland and Ukraine.

The paper is focused on the intercultural communicative competence as an integral part of vocational training of journalism students. The aim of the paper is: 1) to define the intercultural communicative competence dimensions; 2) to outline the ways of development of intercultural communicative competence of journalism students; 3) to find out the attitudes of journalism students to intercultural communicative competence development; 4) to assess the levels of journalism students’ intercultural communicative competence and develop recommendations for its development. A mixed research design was employed which involved 14 ESP teachers and 26 bachelor students of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv during the autumn trimester of 2021. The study shows that the students are fully aware of the necessity to develop intercultural communicative competence. Based on the survey of the ESP teachers, we outlined the dimensions of journalism students’ intercultural communicative competence development and suggested the ways of building intercultural communicative competence in journalism students. The levels of assessment of intercultural communicative competence of journalism students were outlined and defined. The final results indicate that journalism students whose study was more practice than theory oriented (group 1) showed better learning outcomes than those who were mostly focused on the acquisition of theoretical knowledge (group 2). Methodical guidelines for ESP teachers were developed.

Despite longitudinal studies conducted along written and oral codeswitching linguistic prevalence considering ESL context, none of the ensuing studies has attempted to propose a theory delineating the preceding occurrence committed by L2 interlocutors which add to the novelty aspect of this paper. The quantitative analysis redounds to the formation of philosophical data on the constructive aspects associated to codeswitching occurrence in ESL classroom despite its adverse impressions in the context of pedagogy. This paper predominantly explores codeswitching from L1 to L2 in a multifaceted milieu as it has hidden purposes and functions along the channels of communication. For instance, codeswitching for equivalence (Mam the villain in the story is “masama”, because uhmmm…. She done bad thing to the main character). After careful scrutiny, the study emphasizes that the highlighted linguistic prevalence should uncover its positive aspects for communicative competence sake. The paramount goal must always be the understanding of the text and glitches along the channels of communication must be deemed secondary. This practice has functions and purposes in the context of the interlocutors of the language itself. They do such for clarity, emphasis, emotion expression, and equivalence for the most part. The role of ESL teachers counts a lot to bring the students to a high level of communicative competence. L1 shall serve as a bridge to reach L2 fluency.

Every year, more and more foreign students are enrolled at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies in Prešov of the Technical University in Kosice. For this reason, Slovak Language for Foreign Students was introduced as a compulsory subject in the 1st year of bachelor’s study. The purpose of the paper was to emphasize the teaching of Slovak as a foreign language and thus help to overcome the problems of foreign students in studying professional subjects. The aim is to provide them with suitable tailor-made study material within the blended form of teaching. Slovak language teachers at the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities used mixed innovative methods and forms of study and tried to increase the language and communication skills of students. The paper compares the results of e-exercises and the final e-test of 140 foreign students from different study programmes in the first year of their bachelor study in the winter semester 2021. Slovak language teachers were able to identify students’ strengths and weaknesses based on the results of experimental research. Elimination of the most frequent mistakes will help students to increase the level of technical Slovak language, which they can apply during the study of professional subjects and in future practice in Slovak companies. The university-wide Moodle platform was used for blended learning in teaching Slovak as a foreign language at the Faculty.

This paper describes the use of theasynchronous, structured, and online-based learning platform “Trans-Siberian Language Journey” (German: Transsibirische Sprachreise) during the COVID-19 pandemic with a heterogeneous group of Russian foreign language learners in Berlin. The platform is based on a WordPress website with anH5P plugin. Additionally, synchronous online meetings via Zoom as well as an online chat accompanied the course. The following paper presents the structure of the course as well as the didactic considerations regarding the development of the materials. Moreover, the technical side of the platform, further technical alternatives and the feedback of the participants will be reflected on. Finally, future development possibilities of online-based asynchronous learning settings in adult education as well as in the school context will be discussed.

Assessing the risk of financial distress is an important component of effective management because it helps companies make right financial decisions, avoid potential risks and improve business operations. This study provides more empirical evidence on the role of the Z-Score model in predicting financial distress of companies in emerging markets like Vietnam. This research paper uses data from 30 companies that delisted on UPCOM due to financial distress and 30 companies with Z-score greater than 4.35 on Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HoSE) for 5 years from 2018 to 2022, corresponding to 300 observations. The selected companies have enough audited financial statement data during the research period which are collected from websites such as cafef.vn, vietstock.vn, and websites with data on companies’ financial statements. The financial factors are taken from the balance sheet and income statement by the authors to calculate the Z-Score. The authors use the Independent-samples T-test with data collected delisted companies due to financial distress and stably listed firms on the Vietnam Stock Market to test whether there is a difference in Z-score and independent variables in the Z-score model between these two groups of companies. The research results show that, there is a significant difference in the Z-score and the factors in the Z-Score model between the group of listed companies and the group of delisted companies, and between companies with low level of financial distress and those with high level of financial distress. From the findings obtained, the authors have made suggestions and recommendations for relevant parties such as the State Securities Commission of Vietnam, users of financial statements, and companies in order to contribute to preventing and limiting the risk of corporate financial distress in the most effective way.

The paper deals with the broad concept of strangeness in the literary work of Anna Mitgutsch, a contemporary Austrian writer. The topic of strangeness is a keynote in her rich literary output. Mitgutsch’s experience of being abroad (travelling to the Middle East and south-east Asia, living and working in Israel, England, Korea and The USA) is refl ected in such novels as Das andere Gesicht, In fremden Städten or Abschied von Jerusalem. Her characters are nomads, people looking for identity and homeland, trying to escape alienation. The feeling of being a stranger is also present in their relations with the loved ones. The paper provides an analysis of the images of strangeness in Die Züchtigung (1985) and Die Annäherung (2016).

Diversity of forms and kinds of speech communication and variability of national and regional accents in contemporary English define the necessity of phonetic variation study of oral speech and clearing up its sources. The speaker's accent indicates his social status (social class, education, religious, ethnic, professional affiliation). The present article is dedicated to the study of the speaker's social status prosodic markers. Complex prosodic investigation of speech behavior of the Australian native speech representatives of different professions has been conducted in the paper. The comparison of the revealed data allowed to state that the highest prosodic index is registered in the actress's speech and the lowest in the speech of the politician. Frequency range is correspondingly the widest in actress's speech, which can witness the high tonetic explication of female voice. The received by acoustic method intonograms allowed to speak about maximum frequency localization on the terminal tone in the speech of all the investigated informants. Corresponding to the aim and tasks of the paper prosodic markers of various professions of Australians have been defined. Prosodic markers of Australian politician are the following moderate pausation, which is revealed in speech delimitation average frequency range, and low tonetic variation. Main prosodic marker of the architect's speech is very insignificant syntagmatic division, prevalence of non-pausation means of utterance delimitation, monotonous character of speech due to low tonetic variation. Real estate agent and actress's speech can be defined as emotional on account of high tonetic level, wide frequency range, low recurrence of non-pausation delimitation and heightened level of tonetic utterance completion.

This paper is an attempt to reanalyze the established order within the category of parts of speech, in particular prepositions and adverbs, as the units from these categories are characterized by the highest level of functional transposition in the language. We argue that overlapping of the categories was caused by the inclination of the Old English grammarians to take over main grammatical rules and exceptions, class division, definitions etc. from the Latin language. At the same time, grammatical phenomena existing in Old English were ignored or fitted to the already adopted Latin definitions and rules. That led to confusions, misunderstandings and overlapping in the grammatical system of Old English. The paper addresses the processes of lexicalization and grammaticalization which, according to our hypothesis, are observed within the category of prepositions in Old English and predetermined subsequent functional transposition. The analysis explains the phenomenon of functional transposition of the units which are simultaneously ascribed to several categories, e.g. prepositions, adverbs, particles etc. The class of space and time prepositions has undergone lexical and grammatical transformations which were consequently institutionalized in the language and the units became subjects to functional-semantic and functional-grammatical transposition the results of which are observed in present-day English. The former process resulted in transposition of the meaning, sometimes metaphorical, and further functioning of these units as adverbs, particles etc.; whereas the latter led to purely grammatical usage of the units, for instance substitution of the category of cases in English, uprise of new grammatical prefixes, loss of rigidness in word order.

This paper aims to analyse The Legend of the Great Inquisitor from a perspective of genre used by an author – Ivan Karamazov. The Legend can be referred to as fantasy (an anti-utopia). Taking into consideration the ideal of Inquisitor and the particular pieces of the text, one may state that the poem constitutes the prototype of anti-utopian narration. Having employed the notions of agent and patiens, we endeavour to sketch out the general scheme of such narration. The second part of the paper focuses on a few anti-utopias (Brave New World by A. Huxley, Matrix by the Wachowski Brothers, Futu.re by D. Glukhovsky) and aims to identify there the elements which correspond to the particular schemes.

The paper describes a project conducted at Ruhr-University Bochum that aims to increase the motivation of Russian language learners by helping them to actively integrate Russian into their everyday life. Based on Slavkov & Séror (2019) and in collaboration with trainee and in-service teachers of Russian we developed a Passport of Linguistic Challenges for Russian, which can be used in both university and school contexts. The passport identifies 83 authentic challenging situations in which learners can use Russian outside the classroom, such as posting a comment in Russian on a social network or composing an email to their instructor in Russian. Learners can mark each linguistic action performed with a check mark and rate its difficulty. The motivation to use Russian as frequently as possible in everyday life also promotes students’ autonomy. In addition, learners who have mastered a certain number of risky situations with the help of the passport can be additionally motivated by rewards, e.g. at the end of the semester or term. The paper ends with concrete scenarios for the use of the instrument in different teaching contexts.

This paper shows the role of motivation in teaching and studying Slovene at the Departments of Slavic and Translation Studies at the University of Graz and at the Department of Slavic Studies in Cologne. It presents the theoretical framework that guides the authors in fostering motivation for studying Slovene when planning units and designing teaching materials, and further lists several technical tools which help nurture motivation and creativity during online classes. The paper also describes the motivation for studying Slovene under current, i.e. pandemic conditions with exclusively online classes. The findings are based on a self-assessment questionnaire from spring 2021, administered to students in various Slovene language courses and lectures at said departments. Based on the analysis of the received responses, the paper attempts to illustrate students’ current willingness to study Slovene and puts forward a few suggestions or rather practical examples which proved effective in maintaining motivation for studying Slovene at different levels of proficiency during class.

The pandemic situation in Slovakia has shown that e-learning teaching within educational institutions has not received sufficient attention so far. The purpose of the paper is to stress the importance of e-learning application in foreign language teaching as well as show the possibilities of creating new educational portals for university students using professional foreign language texts. The KEGA project “Innovative Methods and Forms of Education for Needs and Development of Language and Communication Skills within Technical Professional Foreign Language Study Material” is still ongoing at the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities. The aim is to emphasize the importance of foreign language training for future engineers, and at the same time to look for modern and innovative mixed methods of education, which includes the use of e-learning. The paper compares the study results of more than 200 students in different study programmes at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies in Prešov Technical University of Košice achieved during the academic year 2020/2021. The research findings prove that the experimental group of students from different study programmes achieved the best study results in those manufacturing technologies e-tests which are closely connected with their study programme. The results confirm that English teaching focused on tailor-made professional texts and topics within the engineering levels of studies was effective. Teachers also identified the strengths and weaknesses of students within tasks to practice language competencies. By applying e-tests students were able to improve their language skills, which can be practised in selected foreign companies or in their future careers as engineers, technicians, managers or computer programmers.

Feature film as an educational tool in developing multicultural communication skills: The issue of the Turkish minority in Germany The goal of this paper is to stress the increasing importance of multicultural aspects in language education. Acquisition and development of multicultural competence must be a natural component of language teaching. This paper focuses on multiculturalism in German‑speaking countries, especially on the Turkish minority in Germany. It aims at finding an answer to the question how the plot of a feature movie may be used not only as language training material, but also as a source of culture specific information about a multicultural community.

Romanticism, Realism and Translator’s Dilemmas in the World of Phantasy and Horror The paper presents an analysis of several translations of two classic short stories from the Romantic era: The Golden Pot (Der goldne Topf) by E.T.A Hoffmann and The Viy (Vij) by Nicolai Gogol. The stories display many similarities as to their motifs and formal features: both main heroes, young students, encounter mysterious women equipped with magical powers; both have to struggle against mystic, daemonic creatures; furthermore, both of them balance on the verge of reality and a fantastic world populated by magic creatures. The coexistence of a realistic and an imaginary level in Gogol’s and Hoffmann’s texts poses a challenge for translators. One of them is the choice of equivalents of words and phrases referring to geographically, temporally and culturally specific objects anchored in the reality of Germany and Ukraine in the 19th century; furthermore, a careful translation strategy is needed in order to render the magic atmosphere of the supernatural world created by the author’s imagination, but inspired by local mythology. The paper analyzes and compares strategies and techniques employed in translations of the German novella into Russian, the Russian one into German, and in Polish and English versions of both stories.

This is the third in a trilogy of papers concerning the reform of Economics. This paper tackles the subject of Economic modelling, If modelling is a representation of reality then the concept of "what is real" must be discussed. A description of the purpose of modelling and the processes involved in creating models then follows. The debate then switches to Economic modelling, its purpose and its effectiveness. Traditional Economic modelling is still a useful tool for understanding and teaching but Data Analytics and intelligent algorithms are better for economic predictions.

The paper presents the ideas on integration of English language academic writing into the training of Mater of Pharmacy students. The academic literature demonstrates a powerful didactic potential for the development of both language and professional competence of students majoring in pharmacy. This fact is evidenced by the empirical study that demonstrates the finding reflected in students’ graduation academic project performance. As a measurement tools we employed assessment rubrics of the graduate project, content analysis and questionnaire on teachers’ feedback. The participants of the study were students from the Pharmacy faculty and teachers of English for Academic Purposes in cooperation with teachers of pharmacy. Together they outlined the criteria for the texts selection. According to the results, students mastered not only academic writing skills, but also the skills of information processing and evaluation, critical thinking, presentation of information and academic integrity. The paper also presents methodological recommendations on academic texts selection for pharmaceutical students and forms of teachingacademic writing to students of non-linguistic specialties. The results of the study allow to draw the conclusion academic writing course will enhance professional competence and reduce students’ misinterpreting of academic language.

The study of course leadership in higher education focusses on an understudied area of research, with a limited number of publications discussing the role of the course leader in higher education, and a distinct lack of research on how course leaders in higher education undertake their professional practice. This lack of a pre-existing theory points the researcher towards grounded theory to investigate and generate a new theory on course leaders’ experiences. Since leadership, and therefore course leadership, is an inherent complex social process, selection of grounded theory as a research methodology to explain how course leaders in higher education practice seems a logical choice. Grounded theory has been successfully used to investigate phenomena in education and in leadership practice in other disciplines. We therefore argue that grounded theory is an appropriate selection for research in education and higher education settings for areas of research where no theory currently exists. Moreover, grounded theories focussing on professional practice have been published in various contexts demonstrating that it is an appropriate method for investigating course leaders’ professional practice. Finally, this paper outlines some perceived weaknesses of using a grounded theory approach for researching course leadership, and offers means to navigate these.

Different linguistic classifications of Spanish and Slovak make the differences between these two languages. The genetic criterion classifies languages, clustering them into language families, the largest among which is the Indoeuropean one. The typological criterion divides languages according to their grammatical structures. Meanwhile, Slovak is genetically a Slavonic language, and Spanish is a Romance language. Therefore, they both belong to different language families. Also, according to the typological criterion, Slovak is a synthetic language, and Spanish is an analytic language. Based on a theoretical study of the standard features and differences between the Slovak and Spanish verb systems, we formulated the hypotheses about language interferences, which are accepted or rejected at the end of the research. The current research aims to examine the errors in the use of past tenses by Slovak university students who study Spanish as a foreign language, and then analyze where these errors are due to interference with their native language. The present paper observes what errors students make in using past tenses in Spanish. The research question is: What interferences do Slovak learners of the Spanish language experience in the use of past tenses? We applied scientific methods (an observation, a textual analysis, a synthesis) to conduct the study. The first method was an observation. Applying this method made it possible to gather data by watching the process of doing grammatical exercises in Spanish during classes held from September 2020 to May 2022 for the first- and second-year students at the Faculty of Applied Languages of the University of Economics in Bratislava. These students knew English and were generally better at it than Spanish. We also conducted a textual analysis that primarily looked at the learners’ short-text writing skills. We used a form with 30 phrases the respondents needed to complete using past tenses. Then, we assessed the written and spoken communication skills of students. The analysis results show that, on the one hand, most respondents needed help distinguishing between the past continuous and simple past tenses, resulting in misuse. On the other hand, we found some slight errors in phrases in which the present perfect tense was supposed to be used.

The article studies the translation of the Ancient Greek literature into Ukrainian as an important and historically conditioned process that influenced the translation tradition in Ukraine. The authors trace the history of translation dating from the period of Kyivan Rus to modern times by applying linguistic, chronological and thematic approaches. As a result of the conducted study the authors define main directions and trends of assimilation of the classical Ancient Greek literature by the Ukrainian context through translation in its cultural and historical dimension, as well as characterize the translations of the Ukrainian scientists and outline their contribution into the classical literature corpus formation. It has been revealed that in different historical periods, translated literature performed definite functions (it was used in religious worship, as the material for original literature creation, in intellectual discussions). Since the 19th century, there existed a tendency when translators (M. Zerov, I. Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, V. Svidzinskyi, P. Nishchynskyi, M. Rylskyi, G. Kochur, Borys Ten, M. Lukash, M. Moskalenko, A. Sodomora, etc.), guided by their own preferences, cultural trends, national needs, political attitudes, consciously chose original texts for translation, carried out scientific investigations and added commentaries to their publications, thereby creating a scientific discussion in the Ukrainian society. It was also found out that translations of Homer's works into Ukrainian led to the emergence of a certain translational tradition (the same phenomenon is observed in Western Europe), when Ukrainian translators developed a methodology that allowed them not only to convey the ideological and content component of the original poems, but also to reproduce the rhyming of ancient poetry. The paper concludes that modern translators from the Ancient Greek language continue to popularize ancient literature and the legacy of the holy fathers, thereby supporting the continuity of the Ukrainian school of translation.

Historical trauma in Yuri Kuznetsov’s poem The Glasses of Sachsenhausen Тhe aim of this paper is to present the traumatic experiences of a Russian poet of the second half of the 20th century Yury Kuznetsov. The thesis presents a transmission from personal to common. As personal we understand the family trauma of the poet, the loss of his father during the war. Common is formed on the basics of mythologisation of war and actualization of ontological problem of the place of the lyrical subject in the postwar world (a human being or a myth). The biography of the author has a great significance for the understanding of the poem The Glasses of Sachsenhausen. It preconditions the creation of an image of the former prisoner of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp as a individual of the old, bygone reality, who should adapt to the new world, in spite of his traumatic experiences. The paper exposes the significance of an individual, who is a symbol of the change of epochs and the new way of thinking.

In 1982, the Yugoslav film magazine Filmske Sveske published a themed issue titled The Left-Wing Theory, including the texts of French Marxist film theorists, focused on the interrelationship of film and technology – the body of work known as “apparatus theory” (Jean-Louis Baudry, Jean Comolli, Jean-Louis Narboni). This paper considers Yugoslav experimental cinema as politically engaged art and examines the extent to which it is theoretically grounded in the Western theory of experimental cinema. I propose a performative model of the concept of “engaged art” advanced by Yugoslav aestheticians Sreten Petrović and Danko Grlić. Moreover, following the typological classifications of experimental film and the understanding of cinema as a political practice (Malcolm Le Grice, Nicole Brenez, Jean Comolli, and Jean-Louis Narboni) and focusing on the works of Mihovil Pansini, Nikola Đurić, and Svetolik Novaković, this paper seeks to revise the categorisation of Yugoslav experimental cinema practices recognising technology as the key factor of the filmmaking process. The central objective of this article is to juxtapose the experimental film theories and practices of the democratic, capitalist West and those of socialist Yugoslavia, hoping that the results of this parallel reading might open up further research prospects.

The paper dwells on how current L&D trends are followed by Canadian corporations and what their attitude to continuous learning is, considering that corporate narratives present in official documentation are relevant object for the research. In general, scientific inquiry of Canadian experience in the sphere of corporate education is relevant for comprehensive analysis as Canadian best practices can be applied by organisations of various types in other countries. The paper presents quantitative and qualitative data revealed in the process of content analysis of official narratives, their interpretation and correlations between the results and current L&D trends as outlined in the literature review. Thus, in the centre of the methodological framework of this research is content analysis. 21 general annual and sustainability reports of 13 Fortune 500 Canadian companies were sampled for extracted text narratives to be coded according to the predefined coding scheme and further interpreted. The research has allowed to answer the question whether official documentation issued by Canadian companies is resourceful for the study of corporate education in the country. The light was shed on types of reports which contain the most relevant information on the issue. The investigation revealed that the most frequent coded narratives are related to the continuous development of employees, alignment of L&D and business strategy, compliance training and inclusion & diversity training within organisations. The paper describes and discusses these results in detail as well as traces reflection of global L&D trends in corporate documentation.

The subject of the paper is evaluating and comparing the activity of using digital technologies for the realisation of democratic values by students of Polish and Ukrainian higher educational establishments: rights to freedom of access to information; tolerant communication with other people; awareness of the values of solidarity, equality.The study was carried out at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin (Poland), The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (Poland), Radom Academy of Economics (Poland), Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine), Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University (Ukraine). Based on the survey results, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of digital technologies used in the development of democratic ideals and social activity of youth are carried.The results obtained are typologically common for students of both Polish and Ukrainian higher educational establishments.The paper provides recommendations for teachers of higher educational establishments on the use of digital technologies to support the development of students’ democratic values in formal and non-formal learning and draws attention to the problem of forming digital critical competence of students.

Students’ EFL learning experience in the rural context is poorer in comparison to urban quality of education. More than 70% of students at the State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podillia are from rural areas. To reduce rural-urban disparities in academic learning the university teachers should use high-quality instruction techniques that can make the process of studying both effective and motivating. The traditional methods of EFL teaching no longer satisfy the needs of modern society. Hence, technology applications need a theoretical foundation based on experimental surveys to determine the strategies for effective EFL learning. This research paper was conducted to examine the possibility of utilising such MALL technology like Quizlet in improving EFL learners’ vocabulary acquisition. A brief review of scholarly literature published from 2005-2019 on Quizlet implementation in foreign language learning showed that there are many studies on the benefits of using Quizlet in EFL vocabulary acquisition. However, the research papers on the principles and strategies for adequate Quizlet-based learning in Ukrainian higher educational institutions are still lacking. Pre- and post-experimental questionnaires, pre- and post-experimental tests were adopted as tools for data collection. The results of the experiment have proven the proposed hypothesis. After utilising Quizlet and using spaced repetition technique for vocabulary learning to prepare undergraduates to state English exam, the results proved that the learners of the experimental group improved their level of EFL vocabulary at the post-test.

The paper focuses on education in the field of foreign languages, particularly Spanish, in the framework of university study of economic and managerial orientation in Slovakia in order to find out what the labour market requirements are for graduates in the field of foreign language skills. In our research, we focus on Spanish, as no similar relevant research has been done to date in this foreign language. Current research shows that the graduates of economics and management fields lack the link between the content of education and the requirements of the labour market, as well as preparation in the field of foreign language skills. This calls for a better understanding of the real needs of employers and graduates. This paper is based on a questionnaire survey among potential employers of graduates of the University of Economics in Bratislava who require foreign language skills, mainly Spanish, as well as of graduates of the University of Economics in Bratislava who use foreign languages, in particular Spanish in their employment. The paper provides an overview of the specific language competencies and knowledge that are needed in the labour market. The ambition of research is to contribute to improving the link between higher education content and the real needs of the labour market, and thus to boosting the employability of graduates in the labour market.

The European Unions social policies of the last years aimed at improving the social conditions of youths across Europe. The goal of this paper is to comparatively analyse the characteristics of youths and their social conditions in the EU-27, during 20062016, using the following indicators associated to the young population: youth education and training, employment and unemployment rates, health, social inclusion, culture and creativity, participation and youth in the digital world. The paper also reviews the impact and efficiency of the EUs social policies in the current economic background, trying to catch the improvements in young peoples social conditions. For this purpose, there were used Employment and Social Conditions Indicators and Europe 2020 Strategy Indicators. Our analysis reveals that over time the youths aspirations and needs have changed along with their social conditions. The EU is obviously making progress in improving the social policies addressed to young people, but there are still visible differences between the member states and new, innovative approaches are required to respond to youths needs in the fast-changing economic and political context of Europe.

The present paper investigates semantics of human body part names (BPN) in languages of different structure. The lexemes under study are characterised by a high level of polysemy, frequent occurrence and primary role in the processes of world perception and categorisation. The empirical data comprise 438 lexemes (expressing 1438 meanings), which were analysed in seven languages of different structure (related and unrelated) from two language families: Indo-European (featuring such language groups as Germanic (English and German), Romance (Spanish), Balto-Slavonic (Latvian, Ukrainian and Russian)) and Japanese-Ryukyuan (featuring Japanese). The data are analysed within the framework of meronymy relation and highlight the universal features of semantic change in the compared languages, thus presenting a model for more extensive and complex studies of the semantic potential of basic lexical units. The research is based upon the methodology of classical semantics and typology as well as contrastive lexical studies, and is aimed at revealing the nature of semantic universals and regularities in the process of BPN semantic development. The lexical units under analysis are generalised and systematically investigated using contrastive analysis and linguistic description, whilst their semantic structure is thoroughly described with the help of componential analysis. The paper focuses on the classification of their regular semantic change mechanisms and juxtaposes the cross-linguistic similarities as well as differences in semantics of body part names. The relation of meronymy reveals interdependence with that of polysemy. The introduced index of polysemy helps to compare the potential for polysemy development in the languages under analysis. The conducted research enables the formulation of semantic universals and regularities within BPN polysemy development in languages of different structure as well as the creation of a semantic typology of BPN in related and unrelated languages. The analysis is supplemented with the statistical data allowing for the verification of the results. The main principles of this research may be applied to different thematic groups of lexis, contributing to further development of semantic language typology worldwide.

The paper is focused on the study of the interconnection of context and evaluative utterances in French. The assessment of different aspects of the world is viewed as a considerable part of human cognitive activities. Considering this, in the paper evaluative utterances are analysed in relation to logical, semantic, pragmatic and communicative properties of evaluation as an element of a linguo-cognitive domain. It is emphasised that the pragmatic analysis is of great significance in the interpretation and explanation of positive or negative polarity of the utterance evaluation. The present article also demonstrates the importance of various semasiological and syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices in the process of highlighting the positive or negative evaluative effect. Following the principles of pragmatic analysis, the author outlines the language means realising positive and negative polarity of the utterance evaluation. The study also proves that the units being neutral at the language level acquire evaluative potential in context. The results obtained confirm the idea that the correlation between the evaluative utterance and its context helps understand the encoded in the evaluative utterance presupposition of communication being the speaker’s communicative intentions associated with his/her epistemic state.

The European Union's social policies of the last years aimed at improving the social conditions of youths across Europe. The goal of this paper is to comparatively analyse the characteristics of youths and their social conditions in the EU-27, during 2006- 2016, using the following indicators associated to the young population: youth education and training, employment and unemployment rates, health, social inclusion, culture and creativity, participation and youth in the digital world. The paper also reviews the impact and efficiency of the EU's social policies in the current economic background, trying to catch the improvements in young people's social conditions. For this purpose, there were used Employment and Social Conditions Indicators and "Europe 2020" Strategy Indicators. Our analysis reveals that over time the youths' aspirations and needs have changed along with their social conditions. The EU is obviously making progress in improving the social policies addressed to young people, but there are still visible differences between the member states and new, innovative approaches are required to respond to youths' needs in the fast-changing economic and political context of Europe.

The paper considers the ways to optimize financing public higher education institutions of Ukraine. Public higher education institutions acutely feel the lack of financial resources. The study describes that it is necessary to reform the models, methods and forms of financing higher education institutions. The paper explains the impact of autonomy of higher education institutions on their development. The autonomy level of university determines the possibilities for diversification from additional sources. The results found that more autonomy of higher education institutions will allow them effectively generate and use financial resources. The review outlines the diversification of financial resources public universities. One of the key factors of the university success is to implement the diversification strategy into the overall academic strategy and mission of the higher education institution. The analysis recommends the performance-based funding system and public higher education institutions achieve certain performance indicators. The performance-based funding system will promote higher competitiveness of education institutions and improve the quality of higher education in general. The conclusions suggest the development trends of financing public higher education institutions of Ukraine.

The purpose of this paper is to prove that the ideal of sumptuous feasting popularized by court writers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was a significant part of court culture, acting as a practical means of spreading sophisticated social standards. It is assumed that literature from that era was used to raise aristocratic circles to a higher civilization level and to impose a particular cultural paradigm on courtly society. Both poets and court chroniclers extolled the magnificence of the royal feasts, creating a cultural template that the English nobility gradually adopted. Feasts played a significant role in the early Plantagenet culture because they acted as powerful symbol of the splendour, magnificence and power of the royal court. What is more, by the elegant design of the dining hall, the sophistication of dishes and the observance of court ceremonial at the table, the court circles expressed their separation from other strata of society who were lower in the feudal system and were not familiar with court etiquette. The descriptions of lavish feasts documented in Arthurian literature greatly appealed to popular imagination and filled in the gaps in historiacal records of the time. Therefore, they may help to gain insight into the magnificence of material culture and a new understanding of intricate social standards introduced in the early Plantagenet period.

Taking into account the changing demands and the objectives of education, higher education institutions are expected to create a student-centered classroom environment, which can facilitate the process of skills acquisition and enable students to deal with the changes and the needs of the modern working environment. There is a concern regarding the lack of explicit encouragement within higher education concerning the application of student-centered learning. Correspondingly, one of the objectives of this paper was to develop the indicators for the student-centered classroom environment evaluation. Besides, the study aimed to identify the perceptions of lecturers regarding application of student-centered teaching methods at higher education institutions in Georgia. Consequently, the current research presents the analysis of the study, which was designed based on a quantitative methodology. A questionnaire was made for lecturers aiming at identifying facilitating factors for creating a student-centered classroom environment in Georgian higher education. The results showed that student-centered methods are used to some extent, but it is not still the main priority for the higher education institutions in Georgia. It also revealed the perceptions and the barriers that may hinder the implementation of student-centered learning practices.