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The purpose of our paper is to highlight that extensive and cohesive reading has an important role to play in EFL learning. Extensive reading broadens and increases the students’ vocabulary exposing them to various registers of the target language. Cohesion refers to the relations of meaning that exist within the text and that define it as a text. The teacher can help the students use various cohesive chains, which form the backbones of different types of texts. He also needs to monitor each student’s reading and offer guidance and encouragement. Besides, the selection of the reading material should be appropriate to the learners’ linguistic level and their cultural particulars.

The paper investigates the double object constructions, viz. SVOi Od and SVOOprep clause patterns, of the ditransitive verbs envy and forgive. The syntactic and semantic specificity of the two verbs in question may indicate a possible future extinction of their ditransitive use. The present study aims to provide an extensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of the double object construction preference from both the diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Using a corpus sample of American English (COHA), the data reveal a complex situation. While the double object constructions with envy prefer the indirect object clause pattern, there is a notable tendency of such constructions to gradually decline in frequency and give rise to the prepositional pattern. Forgive shows preference for the SVOOprep pattern. Nevertheless, it is the form of the objects that seems to play a significant role in the double object construction preference.

In the framework of the theory of functional sentence perspective, if a context-dependent subject is further specified, the sentence implements the Quality Scale. Under favourable conditions, however, the occurrence of a context-independent subject in the same kind of structure may lead to a presentational configuration (the Presentation Scale). The present corpus-based paper looks at English sentences featuring verbo-nominal structures with prepositional predications that follow the pattern Be + Prepositional Phrase (such as be at stake, be on the move, be in full swing, be at hand, be in action, be at risk, be in sight) in terms of their presentational potential. Taking into account their syntactic, textual and information structure, the analysis strives to determine whether and under what circumstances the predicates employed in such sentences express existence/appearance on the scene.

This paper is based on a study of first language attrition in Czechs living in France, which reveals that Czech expatriates in France use prominent rises in non-conclusive intonation patterns in their native language. We manipulated the speech of six expatriates by reducing the fundamental frequency (f 0) range of non-conclusive rises in a phrase, and the speech of six Czech control speakers by expanding the f 0 range to mimic the French-like prominent rises. The manipulations served, alongside filler items, as the basis for a perception test in which 37 native Czech listeners assessed how much the speakers’ pronunciation manifested marks of a long-term stay in France. The results confirmed our hypothesis that expanding the control speakers’ f 0 range would increase the perceived effect of French. However, reducing the f 0 range in the expatriate group did not yield lower French-effect ratings, most likely due to the presence of other pronunciation features in their speech.

The article is a working paper from the project ›Non-state law of the economy. The normative order of industrial relations in the metal industry from the Empire to the early years of the Federal Republic of Germany‹, undertaken at the Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory in Frankfurt am Main (mpilhlt). A key part of the project is the creation of a digital edition of primary sources that reflects the diversity of norms and regulations in factories of the metal industry in the 19th and 20th centuries. The article illustrates the multiplicity of these normative arrangements by looking at work regulations (Arbeitsordnungen) and explains their importance for the history of labour law as well as the theoretical links to the research of the mpilhlt. Using the regulation of working hours as an example and selecting specific keywords – including the regulation of work breaks, of smoking and of child labour, and the introduction of measures to monitor individual working time – the article demonstrates the possibilities of analysis offered by a digital source edition and discusses preliminary methodological considerations and challenges of the digital editing of legal sources.

This paper considers the nature of the changes that took place in logic teaching at the University of Oxford from the beginning of the sixteenth century, when students attended university lectures on Aristotle’s texts as well as studying short works dealing with specifically medieval developments, to the beginning of the eighteenth century when teaching was centred in the colleges, the medieval developments had largely disappeared, and manuals summarizing Aristotelian logic were used. The paper also considers the reasons for these changes, including changes in English society, and the effect of humanism and the more scholarly Aristotelianism that it produced.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2014v35n69p109 This paper claims that the declaratory action of constitutionality reveals some undefined points and that its legitimacy depends on the interpretation of theses aspects. These points are identified through the confrontation of doctrinal approach about this action with its application by the Supreme Court. The paper concludes with a critical analysis of these undefined points and some proposals that should be taken into account when trying to untangle them.

The paper focuses on the role of Kant’s refutation of materialism in his understanding of the Enlightenment, meant to be the necessary condition that allows human beings to express their proper dignity, i.e. to cultivate the urge for and the vocation of free thought. Sketching the main moments of the German struggle against the threat of materialism, the paper places Kant’s refutation within this tradition, and reconstructs the steps of his critique from the very beginning of his reflection – still dealing with the main topics of Wolff’s metaphysic – up to the definitive refutation he develops on the basis of the transcendental idealism of the first Critique. The shift from the «obscure reasons» pointed out in the Dreams, that allow a refutation of materialism on moral grounds, to the statement of the meaninglessness of the question in a transcendental perspective reveals that the attempt to find a solution to the problem of materialism – most of all in its psychological meaning –represents a neverending challenge within Kant’s reflection.

This paper considers and distinguishes two objections which ordinarily are thought to oppose a realistic conception of ethics: G. E. Moore’s naturalistic fallacy and Hume’s law. After having presented both objections, having developed their presuppositions and consequences and having answered each of them, the paper concludes that it is possible to hold today a realistic conception of ethics. It is structured in the style of a disputed question, divided in six articles.

The Système de philosophie (1691) by Pierre Sylvain Régis can be considered as the achievement both of the scientific liveliness of the Académie des Sciences in the 17th century and of its fruitful relationship with the Royal Society. Since it aims to shape the new conception of the universe in terms of a system, the Système represents one of the most mature achievements of Cartesian philosophy and it is characterized by an empirical interpretation of Descartes’ thought. The Système therefore reflects two important phenomena occurring in the Europe of the 17th century: the scientific revolution and the proliferation of Academies. In fact, this ambitious work could be undertaken with the support of the Académie des Sciences and the Journal des Sçavants. My paper will analyse the French context by focusing to outline the role which the Académie de France had both in France, as the medium of dissemination of the new philosophy despite censorship, and abroad, in particular through the relationship with the Royal Society in England. I aim to analyse the role of the Journal des Sçavants as a means to share ideas other than by correspondence and as a trait d’union between “rationalist France” and “empiricist England”. I intend to question whether it is possible to establish a connection between the empirical interpretation of French Cartesianism, the consolidation of the Académie de France and the employment of new means of academic communication. The paper will show that the second half of 17th century France represents a remarkable exception to the conventional picture, which states that in 17th century Europe, following the success of a mechanistic interpretation of reality, two philosophical school clashed: rationalism, predominating on the continent, and empiricism, in England.

Abstract – Translation has always been viewed as a virtuous circle throughout history. The present paper examines one of the oldest translation strategies, namely borrowing which also come to be employed by language users to fulfill communicative transaction in daily use of the language. The paper also explores re-borrowing as a translation method used by translators to render borrowed words usually integrated in a Source Language (SL) text by SL author to relay his/her ideology via micro-/macro-signs. The data consists of selected examples from the translation of The Square Moon: Supernatural Tales (SMST) by Ghada Samman. The writer employs borrowing to steer the SL readership towards her ideology. The findings of the paper show that re-borrowing may bring about optimal translation in the target language (TL), but reveal discrepancies between the SL and the TL caused by failure to render the ideology. Keywords: translation, borrowing, re-borrowing, English, Arabic.

This paper discusses some aspects of the ontological problem of bioartifacts in order to develop, within the vocabulary of philosophy of technical artifacts, a deflationed notion of bioartifact capable of revealing a meaningful distinction between those processes arisen from a natural dynamics not intentionally intervened, and those arisen from intentional intervention. With this purpose two ways of interpreting the nature of these entities (intentionalism and reproductivism) are reconstructed and evaluated. Finally this paper collects the previous arguments and tries to make explicit the levels of intentional intervention and the conditions to be a bioartifact.

Sparsely populated areas are often characterized by incomplete territorial control by governments. This creates opportunities for informal and/or illegal activities, which can lead to the economic exploitation of the territories, paving the way for political domination or territorial conquest. Although these activities may not be officially recognized or accepted, they play a significant role in the symbolic, material, and economic construction of sparsely populated territories. This paper examines the case of informal gold mining in the interior of French Guiana, an overseas territory of France, through this perspective. Based on a detailed analysis of the interplay between formal territorial control by the government and informal exploration of natural resources by wildcat actors, it highlights the ways in which informal activities can shape the development and governance of these territories.

Over the past decade, Story Map applications have been developed throughout the world under the impetus of software developers in the fields of visualization (Google Earth, Neatline, TripLine) and geographic information systems (ESRI, Knight Lab). These Story Map web applications allow information to be presented, shared and distributed in the form of interactive maps combined with images, text and audiovisual content. Using these tools to transfer the results of research projects is an innovative approach that can be highly effective, with their ease of access and user-friendly interface encouraging users to explore the data. Such a tool has been used to supplement scientific papers reporting the results of a research project on terroir and climate change in the Bordeaux region. The link to access it is https://www.adviclim.eu/storymap.

The area between the river Meuse and Aachen was one of the most central regions of the Frankish Empire. The Pippinids had important properties in the region of Liège. Aachen was the sedes prima Franciae between 806 and 822. These cores of Carolingian power were associated with numerous fiscal estates that were a logistical backbone of imperial policy. The history of these fiscal estates in the early and high medieval periods is well studied, particularly concerning their institutional organization and transmission over time. The aim of the paper is to initiate an investigation of their contribution to the economic history of the region, an aspect that has been explored less systematically. This study combines institutional, economic, and spatial perspectives to analyse how fiscal estates might have participated in the economic trends of the middle Meuse area between the 9th and 11th centuries, as centers of production and consumption, as well as logistical nodes. The major finding of this inquiry is that after the Carolingian period, many fiscal estates were repurposed – in a sort of ‘creative destruction’ – and used as building blocks within different economic subsystems that were to last well into the high and later Middle Ages.

In this paper I discuss passage 403a10-16 from Aristotle’s De Anima. In this passage Aristotle deals with whether the soul could be separate from the body and presents an analogy with geometrical entities. This passage is highly obscure and it presents many textual difficulties. The interpretation I offer resolves the textual problems without requiring emendations to the text as many commentators suggest.

In the Symposium of Plato, Socrates reports that Diotima once described to him a process of initiation by which a lover rises from desiring one beautiful body to catching sight of what seems to be the Platonic form of beauty. Scholars have debated whether the lover is to make this ascent by a rational process or a non-rational one, or by both working either in concert or independently. This paper argues that love leads and guides a process in this initiation that necessarily involves rational activity. No teaching is necessary or appropriate, so that the process is an example of learning without being taught. The philosophical insight that results is life-changing, but it does not amount to the kind of knowledge that would fully satisfy a Socratic seeker after knowledge.

Deaths caused by drug overdoses have increased significantly over the past 2 decades in the U.S, becoming a public health concern. Existing empirical evidence examining the spatial association between the contextual correlates and drug overdose death rates, however, remains limited and ambiguous. Additionally, death caused by drug overdose is a multi-disciplinary issue and requires a correspondingly multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach, but there has been little research to date in the U.S. focusing on risk factors of drug overdose deaths from a crime perspective. This paper uses geographically weighted regression to examine the relationship between drug overdose death rates and contextual characteristics at the county subdivision level in the State of Connecticut. The results show that explanatory variables, such as gender, education, poverty, housing, and racial/ethnic diversity, are associated with drug overdose death rates in the state. Most importantly, the association between drug overdose death rates and all explanatory variables in our analysis significantly varied over space, highlighting the need for local and context-specific drug overdose prevention and intervention programs. In addition, this research enables health practitioners, policy makers, and police to gain a better understanding of the geography of drug overdose victimization and efficiently allocate resources to battle drug overdose deaths.

This paper aims to document the mapping of environmental objects, such as wetlands functions and landscape, with digital geography tools. Even though these maps are used to support public policies on water management and climate change anticipation, their political dimension is not explicitly discussed. We focus on the methodological issues involved in the processes of describing, recognizing and locating these environmental objects. We undid the illusion of a quick and automatic digital mapping, allowing addressing of any issue in an objective way: methodological choices must be discussed according to the purpose of the map. In an interdisciplinary context, it is necessary to get the measure of the polysemy of terms to reach an agreement on a common definition of objects to be represented. Digital tools challenge expertise: scientists standing between practice and research must consider the political underpinnings of maps produced with data and algorithms with issues that are not made explicit. This is why we question the purpose of the maps based on observations and interviews with their sponsors and end users. This provides key elements to renew the mapping process by examining a plurality of technical solutions, in particular the choice of relevant databases and spatial resolution.

The paper is based on a study, from a social science point of view, of a book of Blaise Cendrars (L’Homme foudroyé) in which this writer develops a theory of the human experience of space. This is also to argue that this method is, in general, fruitful ; it implies considering seriously that writers do take part in theoretical debates and that their œuvre is also a tool for transmission of knowledge. After presenting the book which is here the « field » for research, the author of the paper analyses more specifically the Rhapsodies gitanes (last part of the book). The originality of Cendrars as a writer is that he creates a space which is a network of places while he destructures the chronology and continuity of time, he defines this method as a « prochronie ».

This paper proposes an investigation into the language of the satiric poem "Atta Troll - ein Sommernachtstraum" (Atta Troll - sonho de uma noite de verão), composed by Heinrich Heine in 1841. Two deeply woven aspects stand out in the poem and motivate this literary research: first the poet’s requirement, which runs throughout the lengthy poem as a Leitmotiv, asking for an art without moral, religious or political influences, based on its own laws, emerging from the notion of beauty, and whose reasons are inherent in themselves. The second perspective that the poem reveals is the metaphoric relationship of poetry and dance, the art form in its various manifestations both formal and informal, which are observed with strict scrutiny throughout the poem. From both aspects, taken from translated parts in Portuguese, the paper indicates important affinities of this literature that lean towards both romanticism and the transition to modernity, and whose transformations it points at, with respect to aesthetics and the role of the poet

Tourism has witnessed continued expansion and deepening diversification over the decades. Tourist discourse can be seen as a pivotal tool of propaganda. The language use in tourist discourse, with the purpose of promoting consumption, is deliberately designed to build a positive image and exert an unconscious impact on the targeted audience. The paper provides a systematic analysis of the manipulative means in British tourist discourse from the perspective of language structure: phonological, lexical, semantic, and syntactic levels.

ABSTRACT This paper reconstructs the discussion about biopolitics in the thoughts of Foucault and of Negri and Hardt, in order to emphasize the importance that can be acquired, in this context, by the notion of agonistics. At first, we approach Foucault’s concepts of biopower and governmentality in an introductory way, as well as their relationship with liberalism and neoliberalism. We also examine the ambiguities that mark the practices of freedom and the possibilities of resistance in a world governed by biopower. Then, we explain the meaning of the concepts of cognitive capitalism, Empire and multitude in the works of Negri and Hardt. In this point, we seek to fill a gap in their analysis, which is not found in Foucault, regarding the question of agonistics: the multitude’s willingness to fight intensifies itself when we realize that life as such is agon. Finally, we argue that, in principle, in the neoliberal work environment, it is possible to convert self-entrepreneurship processes into micro-experiments of resistance and non-alienated freedom.

ABSTRACT This paper is an attempt at connecting the emergence of second order observation in critical philosophy with the theory of aesthetic autonomy as developed by Early German Romanticism. In outlining the genesis of an autonomous art system from the reception of critical philosophy, my intention is to show how those apparently overly hermeneutical philosophical developments relate to the birth of a system of production and reproduction of artworks, which – as I will argue – are the very materialization of the system’s code.

ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue that Hume’s commitment to mind-independent objects is based on two types of realism or system of realities: (a) a naïve realism based on an unjustified vulgar belief which identifies perceptions and objects, and (b) a representational realism or philosophical system of double-existence. Firstly, I emphasize that the philosophical question “Whether there be body or not” cannot be considered a full case of unmitigated skepticism, because Hume accepts a mitigated skepticism compatible with both vulgar and representational realism. Furthermore, I argue that, while the vulgar belief in bodies is based on an unjustified assent, the double-existence theory is based on both an unjustified assent and a rationally justified assent (that corrects the former). Considering all these points, I conclude that Hume’s mitigated skepticism allows and requires a belief in or supposition of continued and distinct existences, and that this must, as a practical matter, take vulgar and philosophical forms at different times.

Federico Pendasio was a highly esteemed professor at the universities of Padua (1564–1571) and Bologna (1571–1603). His contemporaries as well as modern scholars have recognized his commitment both to Aristotle and Plato. The aim of this paper is to provide a contribution to the study of the dissemination of Platonism in sixteenth-century university teaching by examining Pendasio’s Platonic sources, in particular Olympiodorus’s and Damascius’s commentaries on Plato’s Phaedo, Damascius’s commentary on the Philebus and Hermias Alexandrinus’s Scholia on the Phaedrus. These works are used in two of Pendasio’s most representative works: his De animae immortalitate (1570) and Lectiones dictatae in librum De anima (1577). In order to assess Pendasio’s interests in Platonism, a general survey of most of his university lectures and quaestiones will also be provided.

This paper focuses on the early sixteenth-century epistemic logic developed by John Mair’s circle and discusses iterated epistemic modalities, epistemic closure and Bradwardinian semantics related to the logic of epistemic statements. These topics are addressed as part of setting up and solving epistemic sophisms based on traditional scenarios which can be traced back to fourteenth-century British epistemic logic. While the ultimate source for the debate appears to be the second chapter of William Heytesbury’s Regule solvendi sophismata, the immediate source is the Italian editorial, commentarial and philosophical tradition, notably Paul of Venice and Cajetan of Thiene.

UN EPISODIO DEL PENSAMIENTO FRANCÉS DE LA AUTONOMÍA Benjamin Constant y las idées très ingénieuses Francisco Gelman Constantin Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires Abstract – This paper attempts a consideration of the significance of Benjamin Constant’s aesthetic thoughts within the context of the history of the concept of “aesthetic autonomy”. With that in mind it reevaluates his transformation of the German tradition, by way of its binding to the social theory corresponding to the cultural and historical analysis of early French Romanticism. Taking the coinage of the expression “art for art’s sake” as a starting point, this paper reconstructs the whole of Constant’s thought-system, as well as its exchanges with some of his contemporaries –namely Mme. de Staël and Henry Crabb Robinson– in the means of understanding the proper reach of the conceptual novelties brought in by him, as can be seen from the standing point of Begriffsgeschichte. The paper deals not only with his postulates referring specifically to a negative relationship towards the mercantile society, but also with the analogies he establishes between art, love, religion and morality, while it furthermore examines his theory of social autonomy. The reflexive setting together of this different elements, assembled from his political essays, his journals, the novel Adolphe and other writings, brings to the light a general form of a thought of the autonomous, which explains the manner in which Constant understands aesthetic autonomy in particular, by way of his collaboration and dissent with his European colleagues. Keywords: autonomy; Constant; art for art’s sake; Begriffsgeschichte; religion Resumen – Este trabajo se propone reconsiderar la importancia de las reflexiones estéticas de Benjamin Constant en el contexto de la historia del concepto de autonomía estética. Para ello reevalúa las transformaciones efectuadas sobre la tradición alemana en correlato con una teoría social marcada por el análisis cultural e histórico propio del primer Romanticismo francés. Partiendo de la acuñación de la expresión “arte por el arte”, reconstruye el conjunto del pensamiento de Constant, así como sus diálogos con algunos de sus contemporáneos –especialmente Mme. de Staël y Henry Crabb Robinson– en vistas a la comprensión de la alcance preciso de sus innovaciones conceptuales, desde el punto de vista de la Begriffsgeschichte. En este sentido, el trabajo no sólo considera los postulados referidos específicamente a la relación negativa del arte respecto de la sociedad mercantil, sino que también investiga las analogías establecidas en el interior del pensamiento de Constant entre arte, amor, religión y moralidad, así como examina su teoría de la autonomía de lo social. A partir de todos elementos, sobre la base del análisis de sus ensayos políticos, diarios, la novela Adolphe y otros de sus textos, se infiere una forma del pensamiento de lo autónomo que explica el modo en que Constant concibe en particular la autonomía estética, en conversación y disputa con sus interlocutores europeos. Palabras claves: autonomía; Constant; arte por el arte; Begriffsgeschichte; religión

This paper is the written version of my contribution to the International Conference «30 years Logica modernorum» held in Amsterdam in November 1997 in honor of the late prof. Lambertus M. de Rijk . Research on Oresme’s modi rerum theory was in the first stage, while now we can read the critical edition of Oresme’s Physics commentary, where modi are introduced and widely used. In this paper I shall consider Oresme’s polemical use of modi rerum, trying to set it in the larger context of both his ontology and his epistemology. Oresme’s challenge to either a realist or terminist ontology by means of modi rerum conceals probably an attack to William of Ockham; Oresme refers explicitly to Ockham concerning exclusive propositions, but I think that on many other occasions the polemical target of Oresme’s criticism can be reasonably identified in William of Ockham or in some unnamed followers of the Venerabilis Inceptor. Some hints are reserved also to the possible sources of Oresme’s modi rerum.

This paper doesn’t attempt to situate the figure of Paulo Freire in the context of Latin America or international pedagogy. In this paper, the author presents a synthesis of the Angicos (Braisl) political literacy experience, asking what Freire learned from the Angiços experience. The following questions are developed in the paper: How Freire consolidated his pedagogical model through a social science based on a critical hermeneutics? How his thinking evolved into a theory of social and cultural reproduction, looking particularly to the role o education? And, how then Freire moved into a critical social psychology focusing on domination and the developmental pedagogical subject? Freire was inspired by the profound political and pedagogical experience of Angicos and his political pedagogical practice, understood praxis as collective learning. At the conclusion, the author discusses the two obsessions of Freire, already present in the Angicos experience and that stay with him throughout his life: the relationship between democracy, citizenship and education, and education as a postcolonial ethical act of social transformation. Received: 30/04/2013 / Accepted: 18/09/2013How to reference this articleGadotti, M. (2014). Alfabetizar e Politizar. Angicos, 50 anos depois. Foro de Educación, 12(16), pp. 51-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.2014.012.016.002

This paper presents the PixScape software dedicated to landscape visibility modeling based on digital spatial data. PixScape is an integrated software combining all existing functions in standard GIS tools in this field, and proposing ‘other original functions. It facilitates the overall processing chain of visibility analyses, and offers a wide range of commonly used metrics. Its originality is to offer a choice between two specific methods of visibility computations, and the possibility of advanced analysis of landscape visible configuration. The paper presents an overview of all the visibility analysis parameters offered by PixScape, all the available visibility metrics, and the parallelization methods for reducing computation time.

The paper examines closer the notion expressed by the word amēkhaníē in DK 6. 5. In his analysis of problematic of knowledge Parmenides alerts about amekhaníē of mortals, a word generally translated with `lack of resources` or ‘perplexity’, a kind of problem that drives the thinking astray. Scholars point out in many passages of the poem the opposition between imperfect mortals and the eidóta phōta of DK 1. 3, the wise man. However, as much as I know, nobody noticed that, if mortals have a lack of resources, the goddess is teaching exactly how to fix it with a kind of method given through her precepts, which are an authentic mēchané. The paper shows that this is the genuine didactic aim of Parmenides, as he says in 1.28-30, i.e., to point out where is the error of mortals and how the wise man fixes it. Starting from a reinterpretation of 1.29 and following with the analysis of fr. 6, the paper shows that the method of fr. 2 is indeed the mēchané that can do that. Although the word is not present in the poem, it is one of its main topics. It seems (by the extant fragments) Parmenides had no clear word to call his mēchané, a psychological cognitive tool we call today principle of non-contradiction.

Indefinite nominals can typically be modified by pre- or postnominal adjectives in Romance languages. With the exception of a small group of adjectives concerning physical or moral characteristics whose meaning changes according to their pre- or postnominal use, the position of an attributive adjective does not alter its meaning. However, prenominal adjectives in a Spanish indefinite trigger its specific interpretation, thus preventing its variable reading; the same phenomenon obtains also in Catalan. The aim of this paper is to discuss specific cases in some Sicilian dialects – mainly in the dialect of Delia (province of Caltanissetta) – in order to provide further evidence of the fact that prenominal evaluative adjectives force the specific interpretation of indefinites in Romance. Since Sicilian dialects do not typically display prenominal adjectives, this paper will therefore draw on elatives to check whether Sicilian shows a parallel restriction in the postnominal position.

This paper is an introduction of the monographic section about The collapse of the early medieval European kingdoms (8th-9th centuries). Firstly, the different interpretations of collapse in human societies are reviewed. Against the views which highlight the catastrophic meaning of collapses, the paper argues that the negative consequences of those deep socio-political changes were more evident for elites than for the rest of population. They were multiple-caused processes, but the key was the stress of socio-political structures. Secondly, the paper argues that the theoretical framework about the study of collapse is useful to understand the end of early medieval kingdoms during 8th and 9th centuries. However, there are a lot of possibilities. In some cases, the collapse was clear and involved a decline of socio-political complexity, like in the Visigothic kingdom or the Great Moravia. But in other cases, the collapse was not so deep and it could work as a legitimizing narration of the new order.

Indefinite nominals can typically be modified by pre- or postnominal adjectives in Romance languages. With the exception of a small group of adjectives concerning physical or moral characteristics whose meaning changes according to their pre- or postnominal use, the position of an attributive adjective does not alter its meaning. However, prenominal adjectives in a Spanish indefinite trigger its specific interpretation, thus preventing its variable reading; the same phenomenon obtains also in Catalan. The aim of this paper is to discuss specific cases in some Sicilian dialects – mainly in the dialect of Delia (province of Caltanissetta) – in order to provide further evidence of the fact that prenominal evaluative adjectives force the specific interpretation of indefinites in Romance. Since Sicilian dialects do not typically display prenominal adjectives, this paper will therefore draw on elatives to check whether Sicilian shows a parallel restriction in the postnominal position.

This paper is based on the following field research conducted in 2010: (i) a tourist accommodation experience in Chora, capital of the Greek island of Skyros, in a house that in all likelihood was never originally intended for tourists; and (ii) a visit of the Estonian city of Paldiski, an important military port under Soviet rule. These two cases, a priori very different, generated intense feelings of uneasiness similar to both guilt and voyeurism in the two groups of tourists involved, which included the author of this paper. For both of these experiences, the tourists we were had the impression of “breaking and entering”, of unlawfully accessing areas that were not intended for us and which should have remained well off the standard tourist trails. And yet, in both cases we experienced something of this fantasy of tourism authenticity: entering totally uncharted territory, without mediator or staging, with a view to understanding what life there was really like and discovering this “behind-the-scenes” that is supposed to systematically guarantee “enchantment” with tourists. In this paper, we shall attempt to understand why the enchantment gave way to dysphoria in both of these cases, which we consider to have been “borderline”.

This paper is based on the following field research conducted in 2010: (i) a tourist accommodation experience in Chora, capital of the Greek island of Skyros, in a house that in all likelihood was never originally intended for tourists; and (ii) a visit of the Estonian city of Paldiski, an important military port under Soviet rule. These two cases, a priori very different, generated intense feelings of uneasiness similar to both guilt and voyeurism in the two groups of tourists involved, which included the author of this paper. For both of these experiences, the tourists we were had the impression of “breaking and entering”, of unlawfully accessing areas that were not intended for us and which should have remained well off the standard tourist trails. And yet, in both cases we experienced something of this fantasy of tourism authenticity: entering totally uncharted territory, without mediator or staging, with a view to understanding what life there was really like and discovering this “behind-the-scenes” that is supposed to systematically guarantee “enchantment” with tourists. In this paper, we shall attempt to understand why the enchantment gave way to dysphoria in both of these cases, which we consider to have been “borderline”.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the phenomenon of underspecification in early child grammar with respect to the syntactic consequences it has in the child language system. The paper addresses the phenomena of verb placement and optionality and how they are accounted for by first language acquisition theories assuming identity between child and adult grammatical systems. These phenomena are discussed within the weak and strong continuity frameworks which account for L1A by incorporating the notion of underspecification among their basic assumptions. Continuity approaches to L1A find underspecification to be of crucial importance in the early grammar. It seems that underspecification of functional categories and their features is what makes the child and adult systems different by provoking a number of syntactic consequences evident in the child system, while absent in the adult one

Teachers of EFL often claim that reading, writing and grammar are emphasized more than listening and speaking. However, when one looks in detail at high school student’s writing experience in Jordan, we find that it has been mainly at the sentence level. Students enter universities with little or no experience in producing paragraphs or essays. The university task is to take students through the tedious process of paragraph and essay writing (Markline &Issacson 1987, Reid & Lidstorm 1985, Silva 1990, Fawset & Sandberg 1996, etc). Cognitive maturity is, yet, a metalinguistic problem that teachers have to take into consideration in teaching writing (Flavell 1985, Devine &Boshoff 1993, Kasper 1998). This paper aims at investigating some problems at both the micro and the macro levels of texts produced by Arab EFL learners. At the micro level the study will be limited to the problem of lexis and lexical choice. At the macro level the study will high light problems related to run-on sentences, reference relations, tense sequencing and logical organization. This study attempts to shed light on a more serious problem pertaining to discourse and cognitive development posed by the texts produces. The paper concludes with pedagogical implications, suggestions and recommendations for the teaching of writing to EFL learners.

The purpose of our paper is to demonstrate that toponymy is a science that studies place names both by considering the relationship they maintain with the geographic objects they individualize by naming, and by researching their significance, etymology and changes (phonetic, semantic, morphosyntactic and onomasiological) that occured along their history within the process of denomination. The approach of the place names we quote (e. g. ‘Obcina Bătrână’) include the synchronic and the diachronic criteria, that complement each other. This assertion is supported by the fact that synchronic toponymy describes the situation at a certain point in time, i. e. in the present stage of functionning and existence of place names, whereas diachronic toponymy researches the evolution of facts and phenomena. We have analyzed the toponyms that we quote in our paper according to a series of concepts that were proposed and theorized by Dragoş Moldovanu (1972: 73-100) (such as ‘toponymic field’, ‘polarization’ and ‘differentiation’), concepts that aim both at emphasizing the relationship between the name and the extralinguistic object it designates, and at presenting the significance, etymology and changes the toponyms underwent in time within the denomination process. We have also intended to prove that common names and place names do not exclude each other, but develop a relationship of reciprocity in spite of certain semantic, derivational and grammatical peculiarities that separates them. Some place names are entopic (descriptive toponyms), while there are other that come from anthroponyms (personal toponyms). The linguistic material (toponyms we quote in the paper) was obtained from field surveys (in the upper basin of the river Bistriţa), from the investigation conducted on historical and geographic documents, and also from the information we received from the surveyed individuals that mostly concerns the way certain place names appeared and changed in time.

This paper investigates the mechanism of argument movement in the derivation of grammatical Tiv construction. It examines Tiv as a syntactically ergative language and how ergative case is valued as well as the feature computation of T in ergative constructions. Raising constructions in Tiv is defined as hy­per-raising and this paper also provides insight on how features in such constructions are valued so as to avoid a situation which this paper also identifies as feature roaming. The paper also considers the effects of phase heads: whether strong phase heads block movement or not; it also seeks to account for the features re­sponsible for copy movement where it is operational in Tiv especially in subject to object movement. Using the framework of the Minimalist program, this work submits that DPs ergative constructions value their case in relationship with the verb before movement which makes the movement not for greed but to value the edge feature of T; therefore, T in ergative constructions is identified as mere Ts. In raising constructions, the mechanism of case delay has to be employed so as to avoid “feature roaming”. In this case copies left at the extraction sites, overt or covert are still useful in valuation of case in raising constructions in Tiv. In cases of copy movement, the paper accounts for such instances in terms of strong structural features such as Edge feature and complementation. The paper recommends that narrow syntax condition such as Earliness condi­tion is too strict for Tiv syntax and the syntax of other related languages and therefore should be relaxed.

Este artigo se dedica a levantar hipóteses sobre a responsabilidade social empresarial no Brasil. Para tanto, vale-se de duas vertentes distintas da literatura sobre comportamento das empresas, uma que procura definir os fatores, não apenas estratégicos, mas também institucionais, da responsabilidade social empresarial, e outra, conhecida como abordagem das “variedades de capitalismo”, que se empenha em descrever o impacto das diferentes instituições (normas e práticas) características do capitalismo de cada país sobre a atuação das empresas. Foram elaboradas, como resultado, seis hipóteses sobre a conduta socialmente responsável das empresas no Brasil.Abstract: The paper raises hypotheses regarding corporate social responsibility in Brazil. It draws on two distinct branches of the literature concerning the behavior of firms, one that seeks to determine both the strategic and institutional factors conditioning firms’ social performance and other, known as the “varieties of capitalism” approach, describing the impact of different institutions (norms and practices) featured by national capitalisms on firms’ strategies. As a result, six hypotheses about the social performance of enterprises in Brasil are formulated. Abstract: The paper raises hypotheses regarding corporate social responsibility in Brazil. It draws on two distinct branches of the literature concerning the behavior of firms, one that seeks to determine both the strategic and institutional factors conditioning firms’ social performance and other, known as the “varieties of capitalism” approach, describing the impact of different institutions (norms and practices) featured by national capitalisms on firms’ strategies. As a result, six hypotheses about the social performance of enterprises in Brasil are formulated.

The current paper presents the results of a qualitative analysis of speech errors made during the L2 picture-naming task in the context of two mutually intelligible languages. The task was performed by native speakers of Slovak and its target language was Czech. The errors demonstrate that production is partly based on the so-called interlanguage analogies and interiorized rules derived from them. Such issues have been rather overlooked in the previous literature. Our qualitative findings offer a viable starting point for formulating novel hypotheses for quantitative studies on lexical access in bilinguals. The evidence discussed here shows that examining less commonly studied languages in their specific contexts can substantially enrich the research that has traditionally focused on better studied languages, such as English, French, German or Dutch.

The paper focuses on the ability of Czech speakers to explicitly imitate native English realizations of the phoneme /t/ as [ʔ] (t-glottaling). In Czech, glottalization occurs as a boundary signal of wordinitial vocalic onsets. We hypothesize that this allows for a better imitative performance in the intervocalic context as compared to non-prevocalic contexts. However, an alternative hypothesis based on language-external facts (frequency in the learners’ English input) predicts the opposite pattern. Our experiment involves 30 participants in a shadowing task. In addition to words with /t/, words with /k/ are examined to establish if speakers can generalize to a phonologically similar category to which they have not been exposed. Speakers adapted their pronunciation after exposure to t-glottaling to some degree. Our hypothesis was confirmed for the shadowing task, while the alternative language-external hypothesis was confirmed for the post-test task, suggesting a different pattern of performance in terms of imitation versus learning.

In this paper, we first review the existing evidence of gesture-prosody alignment in information structure marking, focusing on specific gestural patterns that were observed to co-occur with various information structure constructions. Then we complement the evidence with the results of a corpus-based study of gesture-speech alignment in Czech. Analyzing a sample of 80 minutes of personal narratives by 16 speakers collected from a Czech multimodal corpus, we observed that by far the most frequent information structure units accompanied by gestures were foci. In line with previous research, we observed that pitch and intensity peaks lag behind the gesture stroke onset (on average by 300 ms). We also provide new evidence for a systematic variation in the duration of the temporal shift related to the marking of discourse contrast.

Since at least the mid twentieth century, countability has been a lively topic in many fields of linguistics as well as an important subject in the field of teaching English as a second/foreign language. Yet the development of this category in the history of English has been little researched and never comprehensively described. This paper looks at the current state of the descriptions of the emergence of this category in the history of English. It notes a possible connection between its prominent status in the descriptions of Present-Day English and of English as a global language (studied by many non-native learners as well as linguists). It maps the history of the description of the category in grammars and dictionaries from the fourteenth until the early twentieth century, and prepares the ground for a follow-up corpus-based research of the development of countability in English.

This paper aims to examine Wolfgang Herrndorf's novel Sand (2011), taking into consideration its concatenation of errors, accidents and the logic of the absurd. The first part of this investigation regards the different connotations of the desert motif and their associated traditions. Secondly, it will be shown how these thematic expressions of the anti-logic can be applied to the level of reception, regarding formal categories, such as narrative position, time structure and plot patterns. Finally, with the example of the homonym Mine and its homophone Miene the paper will demonstrate how the novel plays with (semantic) misunderstandings and misinterpretations, becoming a "repository of the false."

Este texto procura descrever experiências realizadas em uma escola da periferia de Campinas, tendo como inspiração a pedagogia libertária, ou anarquista. Com a consciência de que a implantação da própria pedagogia libertária em escolas sob o comando do Estado e, portanto imersas em uma ideologia capitalista, é praticamente impossível sugerir práticas de aula que busquem "anarquismos": movimentos, pensares, amores, batalhas que movimentem o pensamento e abram linhas de fuga, tocando as pretensões libertárias. No caso das experiências descritas neste texto, utilizamos, como possíveis anarquismos, fotografias de pichações que sofreram manipulação digital, tornando-se uma "hiper-realidade".This paper seeks to describe experiences in a school on the outskirts of Campinas, taking as inspiration the anarchist pedagogy. With the awareness that the implementation of anarchist pedagogy in public schools (immersed in a capitalist ideology) is virtually impossible, we suggest classroom practices that seek for "anarchisms": movements, thoughts, love affairs, battles that move thought and open escape routes, touching the libertarian claims. In the case of the experiments described in this paper we use as possible anarchism photographs of "graffiti", which have undergone digital manipulation, making it a "hyperreality."

Migrating from Greek mythology to scripture and ecclesiastical writing, sirens are best known for the perils they put on the road of Odysseus, and conversely, on that of the crucified Christ and on that of the pilgrim, two significations that Odysseus, the eternal voyageur tied to the mast, came to symbolize in the Middle Ages. Long acknowledged in past scholarship, the siren motif was perceived of as a multi-layered image, whose negative Homeric connotations suited an even vaster range of destructive meanings, moral, social and political. More than sheer misogyny, the hybrid sirens represent violation of social order, mainly that of the manly world. It is therefore no coincidence to find them dwelling in the biblical debauched town of Babylon, and in the land of Edom, destined to be destroyed, alongside hybrid centaurs, both in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate. These beasts gained much popularity throughout the Middle Ages, and embody the ultimate significance of evil in the medieval bestiary, as well as in a wide-ranging exegetical literature. This development may stand for the immense dispersion of the siren motif in Romanesque sculpture. Meant at an edifying purpose, sirens associated with urban destruction, lust, and avarice, signify the menace of sin they seduce humanity to fall into. The virtuous Christian, recognizing the long-enduring classical motif in its new Christian context should take the paradigm of Odysseus in his Christological typology, and restrain from evil. Though constituting a rather popular motif of Romanesque sculpture in general, sirens seem to inhabit many of the churches of the Auvergne and the Velay regions of France, along pilgrimage shrines, located lengthwise the Via Podiensis and crosswise routes, thus forming a marked feature of the local imagery. More than sheer enthusiasm for the antique, as past scholarship would have it, sirens seem to have chanted a very specific local chant in Auvergne-Velay. Constituting a major motif, which testifies to a profound understanding of their contextual implications, they represent a multifaceted image, denoting didactic, apotropaic, liturgical, social, and political messages. The context of pilgrimage and pilgrimage roads seems to have constituted a perfect setting for this multitude of sirens. The Via Podiensis was known as particularly uninviting. The mountainous topography, infested with thieves and brigands, provided lucrative opportunities of ambushing pilgrims on their way. It is the purpose of this paper to uncover the versatile imports of the siren antique motif in Romanesque Auvergne-Velay, by pointing out their meticulous perplexing delineation in the context of actual hardships pilgrims and congregants endured within pilgrimage shrines and roads. The first part of this paper will survey the range of allegorical significances of sirens from Homer to Jerome and to medieval exegeses, followed by a description of sirens in Auvergne-Velay. Then, I would like to suggest a new reading of the particular rendering of sirens in the small church of Pont-du-Château and in the pilgrimage church of Notre-Dame of Orcival, which may bear a local historical significance, resulting from the conflicting situations of pilgrims, on their way to worship the celestial realm.

The term Enlightened Absolutism reflects a certain tension between its two components. This tension is in a way a continuation of the dichotomy between power on one hand and law on the other. The present paper shall provide an analysis of these two concepts from the perspective of Carl Gottlieb Svarez, who, in his position as a high-ranking Prussian civil servant and legal reformist, had unparalleled influence on the legislative history of the Prussian states towards the end of the 18th century. Working side-by-side with Johann Heinrich Casimir von Carmer, who held the post of Prussian minister of justice from 1779 to 1798, Svarez was able to make use of his talent for reforming and legislating. From 1780 to 1794 he was primarily responsible for the elaboration of the codification of the Prussian private law – the »Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten« in 1794. In the present paper, Svarez’ approach to the relation between law and power shall be analysed on two different levels. Firstly, on a theoretical level, the reformist’s thoughts and reflections as laid down in his numerous works, papers and memorandums, shall be discussed. Secondly, on a practical level, the question of the extent to which he implemented his ideas in Prussian legal reality shall be explored.