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This paper studies the so-called strict subcategorization rules, and the theory associated with them, in the transformational grammar of. Erigl·ish as proposed by Noarn Chomsky in his Aspects. The syntactic component of English transformational grammar consists of two mutually ordered parts, viz., the base and the transformational subcomponents. The initial part of the base are the so-called categorial rules, which are of almost exclusive interest to us here. Their primary task is to generate what are usually called basic sentence patterns, and will here, with Chomsky (Aspects, p.ll3), be designated with the expression, frames of category symbols.- The rules of the transformational subcomponent modify, in various ways, the frames generated by the base. For several reasons - one of them being that the correct work of the transformational subcomponent quite often depends on the kind of lexical items with which the syntactic positions in the frames of category symbols have been filled, the lexical items must be introduced from the lexicon into the empty positions in the frames before the rules of the transformational subcomponent can be allowed to modify the frames.

The fiften years of archaeological excavations in Sirmium have already given significant information concerning various spheres of the life in the ancient town. The present paper calls the reader’s attention to what is so far a unique example in our territory: to the existence of three glass melting furnaces within the town. Furnace No 1 has been discovered in the north part of the town (Sector VIII) in a complex of several walls dated to be from the second half of the fourth century. The furnace had been built by the side of wall No III, which wall is older. At a depth of 1.95 m there is first a semi-circular surface of unrefined glass substance in the form of a plate. All around it waste glass particles or bigger pieces, all of irregular shapes, are to be found as well as lumps of raw materials for the production of glass. By the side of the glass plate a fuel-chamber has been discovered, it is made bricks cemented by some muddy substance. The fragments of the Roman bricks used, the cementing by means of mud, and probably also the earthen skull forming the upper part of the furnace indicate a time after the fourth century. This seems to be supported also by a number of various objects from the fifth and from the first half of the sixth century found nearby. The other two glass melting furnaces, which are essentially identical and possibly also simultaneous with the first glass melting furnace, have been discovered in Locality No 28, also in an architectonical complex from the fourth century. These two furnaces are built to the east of wall No XXV, on the premises 15 of the building No V. Both of them are considerably damaged, as they have been discovered in a layer of soil much affected by fire. Furnace No 2 consists of two parts, one of which was probably of a square shape. The floor is covered by fragments of bricks, over which lie thick layers of melted glass. Furnace No 3 is of a rectangular shape, and has only a partly preserved north and south-west wall. On the north wall was probably the opening. The wall No XXV is in its lower part built of bricks cemented by lime mortar and represents the dividing wall of the premise 15 on the Roman locality. Later on, a younger wall was built upon this construction, apparently at the time of building the furnaces with which it is connected. It is built of cracked bricks, cemented by mud or firmly packed earth. Concerning the date of the younger, simpler wall and the date of the glass melting furnaces one can simply say that they are from after the fourth century, and that the upper limit might be posited in the second half of the sixth century — or at the time when the Avars reached the territory of Sirmium.

The present paper is a list of Modern Icelandic nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, analysed into their respective stems and endings; the declension of the suffixed definite article is also included. Under each item it is stated which rules, if any, apply in the derivation of its grammatical forms. The following items of the list should be consulted for new phonological rules: (3), (11), (12), and (133). A grammatical innovation has been implemented in the list, namely the so-called REPLACING ENDINGS. These are not added after the last segment of the stem, as endings usually are, but replace the last segment(s) of the stem. More is said on replacing endings in the Introduction.

The paper deals with the phonology of modern Icelandic preaspiration. The rule that produces the non-lexicalised cases of preaspiration before what is written as p, t, k + l, n is different for hardmadi and linmeli. The hard medi role generates preaspiration before an aspirated plosive + /1, n/. (The aspiration of the plosive is obliterated by a later deaspiration rule.) The linmaeli rule generates preaspiration before plosive + /l, n/ just in case there is at least one such form in the inflexional paradigm of the word-form to which the rule is to apply containing a long vowel immediately followed by a plosive (where the vowel and the plosive are those mentioned in the structural description of the preaspiration rule).

Before the book under review, Magnús Pétursson (=MP) had published his doctoral dissertation about the articulatory phonetics of Icelandic (1974, in French) , a book on general and Icelandic phonetics, and another on general and Icelandic phonology (1976, 1978, both in Icelandic) in addition to a number of papers connected with phonetics and phonology: MP has now to be commended for having tackled a broader subject: Isländisch is an attempt at presenting an overall view of Iceland and Icelandic, especially the latter, to the German-reading public.

The present paper is a list of modern Icelandic verbs and pronouns analysed into their respective stems and endings. Under each item it is stated which phonological rules, if any, apply in the derivations of its grammatical forms. The following items of the list should be consulted for new phonological rules: (3), (6), (31), (37), and (49); see also the Appendix. A grammatical innovation has been implemented in the list, namely the socalled replacing endings; see the Introduction.

This paper addresses the problem of defining the notion of mixture in languages and dialects as used by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845 - 1929). Focussing on the types of interference which were formulated on the basis of observations of the dialects of the Slovene language (5) , the paper deals primarily with those Baudouin's theoretical positions (4), observations and deductions (5.1) which are today part of a theory of linguistic interference. The article is an English version of a paper, presented at the Eighth International Congress of Slavists which was held in Zagreb from the 3rd to the 9th September 1978.

It has long been suggested that the Hittite verb da-ah-hi 'I take' is to be connected with the Indo-European root *dō- ' to give'. (See Friedrich, 1952, 201; Kronasser, 1966, 533-534; Kammenhuber, 1969, 235-236). The pur­pose of this paper is to support this suggestion but in a slightly different way than it has been supported in the past.

In this paper we shall focus our attention. on several aspects of the ongm and nature of homonymy, drawing examples from Russian and Serbo-Croatian and other Slavic languages. We shall first view this from a diachronic perspective noting some of the reasons for the appearance of homonyms. Then we shall examine the phenomenon at the synchronic level employing a variant of Serbo-Croatian in which important phonetic changes now in pro­ cess have given rise to new homophones. We may begin by turning to the ancestor of both Russian and Serbo-Croatian, Common Slavic. Homonymy appears to be a linguistically universal phenomenon, and it is safe to assu­ me that there were homonyms in Common Slavic. One pair of such words was undoubtedly the infinitive pasti 'to graze' (pasq) and ' to fall' (padq) which has its reflexes in most of the modern Slavic languages, e. g. Serbo-Croatian pásti and pȁsti or Russian pastí and past' and Ukrainian pásty.

From the cemeitery at Zgornji Duplek we received for anthropological examination eight skeletons. Skeletons No. 2. to 4. were dug through and were in paper bags, skeletons No. 5. to 9. were exeminated in situ. All skeletons were cleaned, glued and partially reconstructed in the laboratory of Anthropological department of Biotehnical faculty in Ljubljana. At our work we used standard instruments and methods for measuring, age and sex determination and estimation of stature. The following skeletons were determined: skeleton No. 2 — female, adultus (25—30 years) skeleton No. 3 — male, maturus (40—50 years) skeleton No. 4 — female, adultus skeleton No. 5 — female, adultus (30—40 years) skeleton No. 6 — child, infans II (7—8 years) skeleton No. 7 — child, infans I (6—7 years) skeleton No. 8 — child, infans I (4—5 years) skeleton No. 9 — child, infans II (7—8 years) All measurements in cranium and postcranium are shown in tables No. 1 and No. 2. Of all eight skeletons four were children (No. 6 to 9) one was male (No. 3) and three were female (No. 2, 4 and 5). According to the results we can see that among female skeletons there is a large homogenity in some measures in cranium and postcranium. Both female (No. 2 and 5) and also the male cranium are of medium length (mesocranic) and hight with regard to breadth and lenght of cranium. All the three are ovoid with bomb forming occipital part. Postcranial part of female skeletons was gracile and of male medium strong with higer value of pilastric and platymeric index. Most of other mesaures and indices have higher value in male skeleton. We didn’t find any special pathological changes or anomalies except a small exostosis in left tibia in male skeleton. Teeth condition is medium except the case of paredentosis in skeleton No. 2, strong abrasion conected with athrophy in maxille and mandible in skeleton No. 5 and some cases of caries. Because of bad preserved skeletons we could not describe all epigenetical traits which a in some cases important in studies of connections between populations and within a pot)lc lation. In spite of a small number of such traits there is a possibility that some person in jv' small cemetery were in relation. Indication to such connection are non matrical traits 'S female skull No. 5 and child skull No. 9 and in child skull No. 6 and No. 7. ln The most corresponding skeletal material for comparison is the material from the sit Turnišče near Ptuj which is in the same region of Slovenia. When looking over the result which can be compared we established some analogy between the material from Turnišče and our small series from Zgornji Duplek. At Turnišče in most cases skulls are also meso cranic and acrocranic (Hypsicranic). These traits distinguish Turnišče from all other Slo vene cemeteries from the same period (for ex. Bled and Ptuj). Body stature corresponds onlv in male and female skeleton No. 5. Average bodystature in Turnišče for female was 153.0 cm and for male 168.0 cm. Other female skeletons (No. 2 and No. 4) have a higher body stature of 159 cm. Our series of four child and four adult skeletons is too small for extensive conclusions but all the same shows very interesting inner homogenity as well as analogy with skeletal material from Turnišče.

He who reads carefully Cicero'sDe Legibus and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Stride Toward Freedom is surprised to find, mutatis mutandis, on how many points these two great men agree. The historical circumstances are different, but the essential ideas are very similar. The purpose of this paper is to show on what precisely they agree and on what they differ.

In this paper is presented a new hypothesis regarding the development of the so-called "endingless locative" construction of Indo-European. It is argued that locative formations in -ē, and * ī came to appear in the , o-stem nouns through the monophthongization of word-final *-oi and *-ei before word-initial consonants. These formations were analogically extended to the other stem-classes, with the suffix*-ē, frequently hypercharacterized by the locative particles *-i or *-u, becoming the primary marker of the locative function in the i- and u-stems. On the basis of such apparently "endingless" locative constructions, old consonant-stem nominative (-accusative) formations in were reinterpreted as locatives as well.

This paper discusses the velar pronunciation of the root final segments in the plural of the Icelandic nominalized present participles, e.g. in leikend-, the plural of leikandi "actor". Since k(k)and g(g) are pronounced palatal before e in other old words(e.g. in akkeri "anchor"), the velar pronunciation of leikend- and similar words requires an expla­ nation. I see in the non-application of the palatalisation rule (while that rule operated before e; it is by no means certain that it still does) to leikend- and similar words the effect of Kiparsky's phonological universal ("Neutralization processes apply only to derived inputs") as modified in Orešnik 1979 (substrings crucially involving word-derivational morpheme boundaries are not derived inputs). Thus the /k+e/ of leikend- is not a derived input, and the palatal1sation rule, a neutralisation process, does not apply to it.

The paper deals with sigillata finds which were discovered in Ptuj, mostly between 1965 and 1972. Among this material is a grave find from the great western necropolis2 (figs. 1, 2) and dwelling finds from the western town section, called vicus Fortunae (figs. 3—5). The greatest number of finds come from the central part of the town quarter on the lower southern Drava terrace where the large dwelling insulae stood 8,17 (figs. 6—37) and from the eastern part of the same quarter of the town 22,26 (figs. 38—59). Fewer finds from the northern bank of the Drava are discussed (figs. 61—79). As these fragments are determined according to their time and place of creation, we can establish that the quantity curve completely corresponds to the quantity curve already drawn up for sigillata previously found in Ptuj. Flavian sigillata is present in the greatest quantity, followed by sigillata the end of the second century. In general it can be observed that relief sigillata is only seldom a grave good. We also see that a significant number of objects represent the work of potters from Italy, from the town of Lezoux and from Rheinzabern. The large percentage of Flavian Italic sigillata is instructive. It aids the study of the end of the Italic sigillata industry. New finds do not contradict old observations that the town expanded in the first century, mostly along the east-west road axis. Sigillata itself helped to underline the significance of several building insulae on the southern Drava terrace. Besides this, in the final strata from middle of the third century,26 we can distinguish some Rheinzabern sigillata which is certainly not from the final phases of the activity of the Rheinzabern workshops (fig. 56, several examples), which suggests the theory that this great industry did not cease working until the middle of the third century.

Since 1976 systematic archaeological excavations have been carried out on the late classical refuge of Ajdna above Potoki near Žirovnica. The excavations are conducted by the Gorenjski museum of Kranj and the Institute of Archaeology of the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences (SAZU). Because of its dominant position and the many popular stories surrounding it, Ajdna awoke the interest of experts, amateurs and treasure seekers even as early as Valvasor’s time (17th century). The present paper deals with a group of chance finds, unsystematically obtained, which were found in dwelling no. XIV and which are now in the private possession of the finder. This is a group of 31 objects, characteristic of the village culture of Romanised inhabitants of the 5th and 6th centuries. The most important pieces among this material are the locally produced domestic cooking ware; pots with everted lip and flat base (T. 2: 4—6, 8) and conical cups (T. 1: 2—3). Further, there are the fragments of a biconical bowl of Langobardic origin (T. 1: 1). The decoration on these pottery pieces is a combination of motifs of incised, inaccurately executed waves in conjunction with horizontal lines (ribbon ornamentation), a brushed network motif and a fishbone motif. Among other pottery material, pieces of roof tiles are also worth mentioning (T. 2: 11; T. 3: 1, 5). Glassware is represented by fragments of a pale yellow cup with a fin rib (T. 3: 2), a green-yellow glass with thickened rim (T. 3: 3) and part of the base of a round bottle (T. 3: 6) made of green-yellow glass. Other domestic finds include objects made of iron, a stiletto (T. 3: 10; Fig. 1), the hinge of a chest, a ribbon clasp; of bone (a pipe, pierced at one end, with an octagonal external profile) and the lower part of a hand mill.

In this paper it is suggested that the original form of the Indo­ European third person plural verbal suffix was *-(e/o)N and that the nasal element which appears in this suffix was or ginally a deictic particle with 'there and then' signification.

1. *qamA "dry, warm" In my earlier paper I reconstructed the Nostratic word *qamA "dry, warm"; this etymological nest can be enlarged with some new examples: AA: Sem. *hmm "to be warm": Hebr. hām "warm", Ugar. hm, Syr. hammīmā, Akkad. emmu, Arab. hāmm; Eg. bmm "to be warm, to be hot" , Kopt. (Saĭd.) hmom "to become warm”;

The present paper is mainly concerned with the definite ar­ ticle of Beowulf. The literature about the West Germanic definite article has always allotted a prime place among the old Germanic texts to this poem: it is undisputably archaic (Kuhn 1933: 105, D. Hofmann 1959:189), and suitable for statistical genera­lisations. Its more than 6,000 hemistichs contain about 300 in­stances of the. definite article (Lichtenheld 1872:332).

L'Università Autonoma di Barcellona ha inserito fra le sue Publicacions del Departament de Filologia Hispànica il volume che reca il titolo citato e che è desti­ nato ad avere carattere periodico (p. 6). Nel Prologo (pp. 5-6) i curatori affermano che fino agli anni 70 la linguistica «en aquest nostre país» non era arrivata al grado di maturità che permettesse la formazione di una scuola né di un sufficiente numero di ricercatori. Dall'inizio della scorsa decade le cose sono cominciate ad andare me­ glio: nel giugno del 1983 è stato spedito un invito a collaborare al volume miscella­ neo (qui recensito) e a Sitges è stato o ganizzato un colloquio internazionale dedica­ to ai problemi di linguistica teorica e agli aspetti (sincronici e diacronici) della lingui­ stica romanza che presentano interesse teorico. Il volume recensito raccoglie tredici contributi, di cui sei sono stati presentati al colloquio citato. Con le parole dei cura­ tori (collaboratori dell'Università Autonoma di Barcelona /U. A. B./: Joan Masca­ ró, Anna Bartra, Josep M. Brucart, Josep M. Nadal e Gemma Rigau): «d'aquesta manera volem fer plataforma que contribueixi a la consolidació, al nostre país, d'aquella pràctica científica "normal" que esmentàvem abans» (p. 6). Insomma, si cerca, e si riesce, a portare la linguistica catalana ed ispanica ad un livello internazionale e nel contempo si presentano i suoi risultati al pubblico linguistico mondiale.

Recensiones de: ONEGA LOPEZ, José Ramón: Odoario de Africano. La colonización de Galicia en el siglo VIII. Ediciones Do Castro, 317 páginas. La Coruña, 1986. DIAZ MARTINEZ, Pablo de la Cruz: Formas económicas y sociales en el monacato visigodo. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca 1987; 190 pags R. Corzo Sánchez, San Pedro de la Nave. Estudio históko y arqueológico de la iglesia visigoda, Instituto de Estudios Zarnoranos Florián de Ocampo/Diputación de Zamora, Zamora 1986 ARIANISM. HISTORICAL AND THEOLOGICAL REASSESSMENTS. Papers from the Ninth International Conference on Patristic Studies. September 520-1983, Oxford, England, Editor: Robert C. Gregg, The Philadelphia Patristic Foundation 1985, VI1 + 380 pp. ANONIMO: El libro d'Eneas. Introducción, traducción y notas por E. BER- MEJO. Colección Textos medievales, vol. 4. 226 páginas. Promociones y Pu- blicaciones Universitarias, S.A. Barcelona, 1986. ISBN: 84-7665-038-8. GEOFFREY DE MONMOUTH: Historia de los reyes de Britania. Edición de L.A. de CUENCA. XIX y 223 páginas, y 3 ilustraciones. Serie "Selección de lec- turas medievales", n'? 8. Ediciones Siruela. Madrid, 1984. ISBN: 84-85876-14-8 ALCOCK, Leslie: Arthur's Britain. History and Archaeology. XVIII y 415 pá- ginas, 11 mapas, 33 ilustraciones y 32 láminas. Penguin Books Ltd. Harmonds- worth (Middlesex), 1980 (reimpr.). ELLIS DAVIDSON, H.R.: Scandinavian Mythology. 144 páginas. Newnes Books. Colección "Library of the World's Myths and Legends". The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. Reimpresión de la 2: edición de 1982. Feltham (Middlesex) , 1983. MOMIGLIANO , Arnaldo: Probkmes d 'historiographie ancienne et moderne, traducción francesa de A. TACHET, E. COHEN, L. EVRARD y A. MALA- MOUD. Colección "Bibliotheaue des Histoires". 482 páginas. "Editions Galli- mard". París, 1983. HARTMAN, S.A.: Parsism. The Religion ofZoroaster. Serie "Iconography of Religions", editada por Th. P. VAN BAAREN, L.P. VAN DEN BOSCH, L. LEERTOUWER, F. LEEMHUIS y H. BUNING, Sección XIV: Irán, Fas- cículo cuarto. XII y 30 páginas, y 48 láminas. Edit. E. J. Brill. Leiden, 1980. DODD, C.H.: The Founder of Christianity. 1-92 páginas. William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. Fount Paperbacks. Glasgow, 1979 (reimpr.) EGINHARDO: Vida de Carlomagno. Introducción, traducción castellana y notas por A. DE RIQUER PERMANYER. 121 páginas. Colección Textos Medievales, n? 2. Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias, S.A. Barcelona, 1986. ISBN: 84-7665-000-0

The purpose of this paper is to review several terms spread over a quite large area in South-East Europe. The starting point of our investigation is the Romanian language understood as inheriting an important Thracian vocabulary, specifically referring to the social and political structure of the Early Middle Ages. The terms discussed are not exlusively Romanian. In fact, they reflect - roughly speaking - the ancient extension of the Thracian speakers, i.e. the present-day territories of Romania, Bulgaria, Soviet Moldavia and parts of South- and South-West ·ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia.

Quasi l'única manera que tenen les administracions d'arribar al gran públic (els seus clients) és mitjançant els impresos administratius. Aquests, però, no saben reconèixer les necessitats dels destinataris als quals demanen informació i això esdevé un dels principals motius de la manca de comunicació entre l'Administració i el públic. A l'hora de crear un bon imprès són necessaris dos aspectes: el llenguatge (per comunicar-nos) i la composició (per motivar). Hi ha certs elements d'estil a tenir en compte per no complicar un missatge: emprar un llenguatge planer, frases curtes i en veu activa, paraules que el lector conegui, evitar un excés d'informació, seguir una seqüència lògica i destacar els títols informatius. Un imprès l'haurien de dissenyar diferents especialistes que prenguessin en compte els fets, la lògica, el llenguatge, l'estructura i els elements de l'estil gràfic: el format, el tipus de lletra, l'extensió i l'espai entre les línies, el color i la qualitat del paper. Moltes administracions d'arreu del món s'han adonat d'aquesta necessitat de comunicació total amb el públic i han comprovat que val la pena d'invertir més temps, esforç i diners a l'hora de fer un imprès correctament perquè tant l'Administració com el públic se'n beneficiïn.

This paper offers as material to analyse the echo that the religious elements, especially those of Biblical character, have in the formal langage of the legal documents by means of a brief rewiew of the Visigothic, Toronensic (etc.) collections of formulas. From the mere mention of God or Christ in the heading of the documents, or their invocation, to the quotation of Biblical passages, cited literally or in adapted form, includying the references to the Holy Texts although erroneous, are used as a note of distinction in the documents.

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize one of the most peculiar elements which charcterized the Late Latin Roman world. It was perfectly described by Ausonnius who, with his circle of friends, participated fully in the secessus in uillam . This was based on three elements: A) the taste for a good table; B) the common bond of literary activities; and C) the need of good friends eager to share A) and B).

The object of this paper has been to set limits to the traditional relation between the hagiography and prosopographical method. Here the used documents are the so-called ACTA MARTYRUM, which naturally contain some doubtful facts such as names of persons and cities, dates, etc. But this does not mean that all the data should be rejected just because not all of the persons or events mentioned are not historically accurate. The results are based on twenty of these documents, which seem to present less historical errors.

Al Canadà, país dividit en 10 províncies i 2 territoris, només 6 dels seus 25 milions d'habitants són francòfons (residents a la província de Quebec). Segons el dret constitucional canadenc, la llengua és competència legislativa, i el poder legislatiu està dividit entre el Parlament canadenc i les legislatures de les províncies. D'aquesta manera, malgrat ser un país amb dues llengües oficials, el Canadà és bilingüe només en el nivell de les institucions federals, i no provincials. El text constitucional canadenc conté algunes disposicions que con- cedeixen drets lingüístics a les dues minories de llengua oficial: la minoria anglòfona de Quebec, i la minoria francòfona de la resta del Canadà. Aquest article cita i analitza les disposicions que tracten sobre els drets i obligacions aplicables en matèria de bilingüisme legislatiu (per equiparar l’accés de tots els habitants a la llei en la seva llengua), de drets judicials (encara que manca definir els organismes governamentals que han de respectar les garanties lingüístiques), de drets escolars (s'analitza l'article que dóna dret a pares amb certs requisits de fer educar els seus fills en la llengua oficial de la minoria lingüística), i de la llengua de treball i de serveis governamentals (es comenten dos articles que reflecteixen el compromís de l'Estat federal canadenc davant dels grups lingüístics minoritaris). En tots aquests camps, l'ambigüitat de les disposicions ha requerit sovint dels tribunals per tal de definir-ne l'abast i el sentit real i de sancionar-ne la violació. Els tribunals han tingut també un paper decisiu quant a l'aplicació d'aquestes garanties lingüístiques.

La Carta de la Llengua Francesa declara el francès idioma oficial a Quebec i estableix que els objectius de la política lingüística d'aquesta província canadenca són els següents: utilització més gran del francès a la feina, gestió dels negocis en francès, escola francesa obligatòria per a tothom, tret dels membres de la comunitat històricament anglo-parlant, accés de franco-parlants als llocs directius de les empreses i reconeixement del dret de tots els habitants del Quebec a utilitzar el francès a la vida pública. També conté unes disposicions que fan referència a la utilització del francès en el món mercantil: l'article 5 sobre drets dels consumidors i l'article 58 sobre el llenguatge de la retolació i dels anuncis públics. L'article 5 de la Carta de la Llengua Francesa diu que «els consumidors de béns o serveis tenen dret a ser informats i atesos en francès». Pel que fa a l'article 58, la Carta estableix que la retolació comercial només es pot fer en francès i que la no comercial podia, donat el cas, ser bilingüe o unilingüe en un altre idioma sense que l'idioma oficial fos obligatori. L'ús del francès en la retolació no té un paper simbòlic i hi ha fets que ens permeten afirmar que aquest ús està molt relacionat amb l'ús que els dependents dels establiments comercials fan de l'idioma.

The letter of Marcus Antonius Kappus which we publish in our present - the fifth - continuation of his letters from Colonial America is the last of his letters in the Erberg Collection that is preserved in the Archives of Slovenia. The text is preserved on a single sheaf of paper, 25.5 X 20.3 cm, written on both sides. The preserved text is a copy of a now lost original. The copy was made at the latest in the beginning of the XIXth century. The text is now published for the first time.

The subsequent three papers in the present volume (viz. Snedec', Teržan's, and Trobevšek-Drobnak's) have arisen from the research in historical syritax conducted since 1986 by us in the Department for Germanic Languages and Literatures of the University of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, under the advisorship of J. Orešnik.

The followmg paper reports on the results of 'the investigation into some aspects of the usage of the Old English preverbal ge- from the point of view of the theory of language changes as strengthenings or weakenings. The investigation served as 'the basis for the author's Ph. D. dissertation (1990).

While extensive philological research work has made clear the usage and the semantics of the words £UO'E£tcx. (also 0£ocre£tcx.), 0p11crKEta and religio in Greek andl Roman literature, their prehistoric meaning, whence the later sense of these terms has developed, is not transparent at all.1 This is due to the fact that one has not paid too much attention to their etymologies, and thus the problems attached have not yet been definitely solved. By renewing these highly disputed questions the following paper hopes to contribute to a more appropriate understanding of the original sense of the Greek and Latin words for religion, which beyond any doubt belonged to the most important concepts of ancient Hellas and Rome.

In the field of Hittite linguistic studies, recent scholarship has been especially interested in the nature and origin of the particles so frequently attested in this language. Among the most intriguing of these morphemes is -z( a), about which H.A. Hoffner (1969, 1973) has made important observations. He points out that, although the use of this particle in verbal sentences has long been correctly identified as "Reflexivum [ ... ], das [ ... ] fiir alle Personen verwendet wird" (Kronasser 1956: 145), "little is known today of the rules governing the occurrence or non-occurrence of -za in the nominal sentence" (1969: 225). His research has led him to conclude that "the first and second person pronouns, when they constitute the subject of the nominal sentence, demand -za or its oblique enclitic pronoun stand-in. Stated differently, when the subject of the nominal sentence is either the speaker or his addressee(s) or both ('inclusive "we"'), the reflexive pronoun is required. When the subject of the nominal sentence is a person or object not involved in the discourse as either addressor or addressee, no need is felt for the reflexive" (1969: 230); instead, "the enclitic -aš may appear for the 3rct person" (Hamp 1984: 58), cf. 11-an-za-wa-za e-eš 'be alive!' and ku-is-wa-ra-aš a-ši DUMU-aš 'who is he, this child?' In this paper 1 want to attempt an explanation of this distribution of -z( a) in nominal sentences by exploring the possible Indo-European etyma of the particle.

Tesnierè's work "Les formes du duel en Slovène" and his "Atlas linguistique pour servir à l'étude du duel en slovène" has remained the basic work to consult in dealing with the category of the dual in Slovene and has been used as well by linguists researching this category in other Slavic languages. Tesnieère himself explained the reason for doing his research: the dual greatly interested his teacher A. Meillet and Tesniere wanted to study this category and the way it was disappearing in a modern European language, the choice being very limited (he mentioned certain speakers of Lithuanian, and three Slavic languages: Slovene, Slovincian 1 and Lower Sorbian; Tesnière 1925a: VIII; all references in this paper are to Tesnière 1925a).

The Problem of lexical variation is frequently addressed within the linguistic community. Its complexity and the broad implications of any possible solution have considerable appeal among theoretical linguists. Lexicographers, in their turn, have been forced to address it in order to provide dictionary usage information, which is normally done by means of dictionary labels such as: American English, obsolete, slang , etc. An insightful overview of the relevant lexicological approaches, as well as some lexicographis projects is provided in Lipka (1990). The most exhaustive sociolinguistic classification, however, can be found in Preston (1986). Lexicographis treatments of lexical variation have been addressed in numerous papers listed in Zgusta (1988).

Knowledge of the past is a mental processing of data, and as such it is not different from knowledge of «normal» things. Things (objects) and words are interconnected by concepts (notions); in the historical knowledge things (events) and words (texts) are interconnected by the sense (meaning) in which the knowing subject digest (ananges) the past. This arrangement is a product of the historical competence of the subject, and is here called History. In this paper History is asserted to be a strictly Linguistic discipline.

The educative process, according to the more traditional point of view, is simply the transmission of a series of data of an intelectual character. In this paper a study is made of History as Knowledge and how it is the result of a series of institutional, social and ideological events, which vary according to the historical circumstances. These events contribute to the formation of the social reality, the development of which shows us the fundamental importante of the transmission of the knowlege of History, essencial for the definition of the social and national entities from the nineteenth century on.

The roads, one of the first and most transcendental activities which man carries out on his surroundings, often are an authentic historical document which provides valuable information on a variety of aspects: political, social, economical, ideologic al... The object of this paper is to make Known some of the keys to obtain such information.

El paper que juguen les llengües minoritàries dins el marc jurídic de l'Estat grec modern està estretament lligat a la política exterior d'aquest país i a la influència que els parlants d'aquelles llengües puguin exercir en la política interna. Hi ha, en la Grècia moderna, dos grups minoritaris que cal destacar: els musulmans (tres grups ètnics i lingüístics clarament diferenciats: els turcs, els pomaks i els gitanos) i els eslavo-macedonis (tot i que a causa dels conflictes territorials amb la Macedònia ex-iugoslava, Grècia no ha reconegut mai l'existència d'aquesta població). Hi ha, a més, grups etno-lingüístics menys nombrosos i més assimilats a la majoria grega que Grècia no ha reconegut mai com a minories ètniques. Aquest és el cas dels valacs, els arvanites i els cristians de parla turca. Finalment, trobem tres grups minoritaris que, per motius diversos, van haver de fugir dels seus països i es troben escampats arreu del món: els gitanos (aquells que no viuen a Tràcia i que, per tant, no estan protegits per la seva pertinença a la religió musulmana), els jueus, que van ser gairebé tots exterminats durant l'ocupació nazi, i els armenis. En conclusió, cal que la Grècia moderna no solament reconegui l'existència de grups i de llengües minoritàries dins el seu territori estatal, sinó que també els protegeixi, L'aportació d'aquest valuós conjunt multicultural grec comporta una riquesa immensa per al patrimoni cultural europeu.

Consuetes del Bisbat de Girona, recopilades i redactades per Tomàs Mieres l'any 1439 i transcrites el segle xviii en paper de la segona meitat d'aquell mateix segle, amb un total de 107 pàgines numerades, que recullen el text llatí. A més, hi ha 26 pàgines sense numerar que corresponen a l'índex de les Consuetes i a un glossari final en castellà, que complementa aquesta obra. El text llatí presenta unes notes marginals de la mateixa època i fins i tot amb la mateixa lletra. Aquestes regles, que es trobaven als llibres dels Perits de Girona de manera desordenada, són reorganitzades per l'autor, amb l'ajuda d'una sèrie d'honorables barons i mestres de la diòcesi, en una compilació coherent i de consulta assequible. El text llatí reuneix, en 71 epígrafs, la legislació referent als drets personals, usos i costums pel que fa a les diferents classes de llauradors que pertanyien a les Esglésies Parroquials de la Diòcesi de Girona. Les notes marginals aclareixen i amplien alguns conceptes remetent, generalment, a les fonts. La part castellana, als 30 apartats, dóna una explicació de diferents termes antics, recollits de manuscrits anteriors relatius a Homes propis [...] i als drets i obligacions de cada un d'ells, amb informació bibliogràfica abundant. Segons l'informe del Dr. Sanchez Mariana, director de la Secció de Manuscrits de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid, es tracta d'un manuscrit anònim, l'edició del qual es va preparar el segle xviii.

In the view of many ESP practitioners and thinkers, the year 1962 has increasingly been considered the year which marks the birth of ESP, the son of ELT (see.for example, Swales 1985: 1-3). The year 1992 could mark the thirtieth birthday of ESP which is a good opportunity to reconsider the sttus of ESP, which is arquably now. The article of Barber (1962) 'Some measurable characteristics of modern scientific prose? indicated clearly the birth of ESP. On the basis of these considerations, the principal aim of this paper is to take a fresh look at ESP and its status in terms of its current issues and recent drawbacks. Although there has been a common agreement among ESP practitioners, applied linguists, etc. that ESP should not be separated from ELT (Mackay and Mountford 1978 and Widdonwson 1983: 83, for instance), the real and actual conditions of ESP demonstrate that it has started to distant itself from ELT. In fact, the recent circum­ stances of ESP show celarly that there have been some general trends which are ESP bound and perhaps have nothing to do with ELT.

This paper casts doubt on the psychological relevance of many phonological analyses. There are four reasons for this: 1) theoretical adequacy does not necessarily imply psychological significance; 2) most approaches are nonempirical in that they are not subject to potential spatiotemporal falsification; 3) phonological analyses are estab­ lished with little or no recourse to the speakers of the language via experimental psy­ chology; 4) the limited base of evidence which most analyses are founded on is further cause for skepticism.

The present paper represents the eighth part of a series of contributions to com­ parative Afroasiatic lexicology primarily from the viewpoint of Egyptian. This series is the first fruit of the work on a newly begun greater project for the Comparative-Etymo­ logical Vocabulary of Egyptian pursued by the author at the Egyptological Department of Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.

This paper reports ongoing work on the construction of a computer based simulation environment designed to enable the investigation of cooperative problem solving between actors with differing strategies. The model is based on the use of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) programming techniques and has been developed to examine the application of evolutionary analogies to social, organisational and economic issues. The first part of the paper describes the background to the research and emphasises the model's role as an application of DAI techniques to policy level issues of interest to economists, geographers and sociologists. A technical description of the model's structure and central features is then provided and some preliminary results from the application of the model to a specific issue are reported.

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This paper is an answer to N. Mathieu´s paper published in the same issue. In the first place, the very notion of exclusion and its origins are examined. Then the relations between urban territory and exclusion are put under question, in particular in the works of the Chicago school of sociology. Finally a research agenda is set up, regarding factors and processes of social exclusion in post-industrial metropoles.

The relations between poverty, ethnicity and territory have been analysed in famous theoretical publications coming from sociologist as well as geographers. But are these theories able to help us understand and resolve what we call “ exclusion ” today ? This paper focuses on the answer, investigating the various ways to identify and schematize the links between exclusion and spatial analysis.