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The paper concerns the contribution given by Calamandrei with the Mexican conferences to the transformative constitutionalism that spread in Latin America. In particular, it dwells on the role of the judge as an engine of social transformation. After a brief introduction on the role of the judge in pre-1944 works, the Author emphasizes the liberal-socialist culture as the matrix of the social justice promised in the Republican Constitution. Secondly, the Author focuses on the inaugural conference of the 1950 International Congress, in which Calamandrei invites us to read the trial in the light of the constitutional principles of the welfare state. The Mexican conferences, in which the judge becomes an engine of social transformation, are then analysed. The paper concludes with an analysis of the legacy of the Mexican conferences in Latin America: the ‘transformative constitutionalism’.

The focus of the paper is on the fate of a special police unit and its members. Before World War II, the civilian response work in the present sense took place within the framework of the police in Hungary. Within the framework of the Budapest Metropolitan Police Commissariat, the task of the Political Police Department was to carry out the prevention work. By the end of the 1930s, it was clear that Germany, an ally on paper, was active in Hungary. Thus, when the Wehrmacht occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944, one of the first steps the invading SS and SD units have taken was to arrest the police officers working against the Germans. At the same time, many police officers have anticipated the continuation of their careers, moreover, a progress in it after the German occupation. The State Security Police, established at that time, served the occupiers and participated in the Holocaust. Typically, they continued to work in 1945 to wrap up an anti-state conspiracy. The mentioned German-arrested police officers were detained for weeks and then deported. In 1945, they were liberated by US troops and then entered the CIC to find the Hungarian war criminals. Finally, the study dealt with the post-war fate and career of the policemen featured in the article.

Yugoslav and German “questions” emerged in the early 1950s as specific issues in international politics marked by the Cold War. Through them, the strengths of the opposing blocs led by the superpowers, the USA and the USSR, were measured in various ways and with different intensities. This paper attempts to reconstruct and analyze the initial phase of the relationship between Yugoslav Communists and German Social Democrats, from the establishment of closer contacts to the change in the foreign policy situation after Stalin’s death. The paper is mainly based on research using unpublished archived materials from domestic sources and relevant domestic and foreign literature.

Renewable energy infrastructures, such as wind and solar farms, require land on which they can be deployed. While politics and conflicts over accessing land for renewables are well documented, the role, conditions and potential agency of landownership have been often overlooked or oversimplified as a powerful terrain in the field of renewables development. In this paper, we explore the relationship between landed property and community renewable energy projects. In particular, we focus on how landed property variously influences the development modes of renewables by acting as a mediator, barrier and enabler for different types of wind energy projects. We show how this takes place through appropriation of rents in processes of assetisation and value grabbing by landowners. In this way, value grabbing acts as a vital intermediary process to understand green grabbing and wider processes of capital accumulation through renewables. We draw on insights from the Netherlands and Scotland to illuminate different mechanisms, social and historical conditions, and policies through which landed property constrains or enables community wind energy projects. The paper finishes by sketching out some alternative ways of allocating land for the deployment of renewable energy projects, which could help shift the balance of power in favour of community energy developments.

The paper describes the state of legal interpreting training in the Czech Republic, which, as it currently stands, focuses on legal terminology rather than specific interpreting techniques. Against this background of the existing training opportunities, the paper presents a pilot course on legal interpreting, including court interpreting, for BA and MA students of English for Translators and Interpreters at Palacký University Olomouc. It describes the design of the course, its content and the methodology applied. Specifically, it describes the different settings addressed in the courses and the materials and activities used to train interpreters for these settings, including a mock trial. Finally, the paper also discusses the challenges and potential room for further development.

Healthcare interpreting has been a topic of interest for various fields of study around the world for over 60 years; however, it has not yet been discussed comprehensively in the Czech Republic. This paper aims to lay the groundwork for future research in the country by providing a basic overview of the research findings abroad. Drawing on the summary article by Pöchhacker (2021), the contribution first examines studies and other works on interpreting in healthcare by researchers in fields other than translation studies, such as nursing, psychiatry, linguistics, and social sciences from the 1960s to the early 1990s. Afterwards, the paper compiles the findings of more recent studies from Africa; Asia and Australia; the United States, Canada and Mexico; and Northern, Southern, and Central Europe, concluding with remarks on the few works on healthcare interpreting that have been produced in the Czech Republic.

The paper focuses on the first volume of Emanuele Cutinelli-Rendina’s biography of Benedetto Croce, entitled Benedetto Croce. Una vita per la nuova Italia and published by Aragno in 2022. More specifically, the paper is divided into three main sections. The first section sheds light on the methodological choices and assumptions underlying the volume, entitled Genesi di una vocazione civile (1866- 1918). The second section concerns Cutinelli-Rendina’s remarks on both Croce’s relationship to Italian socialism and his interpretation of historical materialism and Marxist theory. The third section is about Cutinelli-Rendina’s view of Croce’s neutralist position toward World War One.

Archaeological excavations in the Levant have provided a significant number of marble finds dated to the early Byzantine period (4th – mid-7th century CE). Information on these objects is, however, scattered over numerous publications, hindering synthetic studies of marble imports that reached this part of the Mediterranean world. A way to address this problem was to create a database facilitating access to the dataset of marble finds from the southern Levant. This paper presents the Marmora Bizantina database, describes its content and interface, and discusses the geographic and chronological scope of the dataset. Some uses of the database are discussed, remarking on the limitations that need to be taken into account. The paper also provides information on the analytical tools available on the database website.

AI-based chat agents within educational settings present a promising pathway for bolstering collaborative learning (CL), especially in the sphere of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This paper investigates the evolving role of chat agents based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Large Language Models (LLM), notably ChatGPT, in the landscape of CL specific to EFL. The primary aim is twofold: firstly, to discern the productive and unproductive applications of ChatGPT in a CL environment, and secondly, to investigate approaches for harnessing ChatGPT to amplify productive CL experiences in EFL contexts. We present a literature review addressing the main objective of this paper, i.e., the exploration of the productive and unproductive uses of ChatGPT for CL in the EFL context. The findings aim to provide insights into the capabilities and limitations of ChatGPT in fostering language skills, enhancing communication competence, and encouraging cooperative learning strategies among EFL learners. This present paper delineates approaches and possible pitfalls when employing AI chat agents in language learning, attempting to bridge the divide between AI technology and instructional design, aiming to facilitate a more informed and efficacious utilisation of AI within collaborative EFL learning environments.

Despite extensive research on the functions and meanings of ritual, the question of ritual efficacy remains a topic of debate. This paper explores how the concept of worlding can contribute to the study of ritual efficacy. Based on theoretical literature and qualitative research into cremation and perinatal loss, it proposes that rituals can be understood as worlding practices characterized by an entanglement of virtuality and actuality. In rituals, individuals frame a subjunctive time-space, playfully speculating with multiple experiential realities (what could be) while being anchored in the present (what is). The paper demonstrates that this intricate entanglement is key to the self-and-world-making quality of rituals and is crucial to understanding their efficacy. Furthermore, it shows that the value of the concept of worlding lies in its emphasis on embodied experiences, the active nature of our being in the world, and the recognition of power dynamics. Ritual worlding enables individuals to navigate the ambiguities that accompany life and death.

Social mobilisation theory (SMT) remains an underutilised lens in examining how religion can be central to radicalisation processes. This paper provides a novel application of SMT to better appreciate the role played by religious ideologues in mobilising individuals to Salafi-jihadist violence through appeals to group and individual benefits. It also considers the implications for preventing and countering violent extremist efforts. The paper conducts a comprehensive thematic analysis of the messaging of the Salafi-jihadist preacher Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, who was highly influential in the mobilisation of mujahideen foreign fighters to Afghanistan following the 1979 Soviet invasion. Through the structured thematic analysis of 38 of his texts in English translation, a set of key religious themes are identified and mapped. The application of SMT to these themes demonstrates that while Azzam clearly employed religious views in his highly successful propaganda, he also drew on stories of the miraculous, a concept difficult to analyse using SMT. An appreciation of the role that religious ideologues can play in influencing violent extremism has implications for preventing and countering violent extremism practitioners. These include the need for a more nuanced understanding of the specific narratives used by ideologues in appealing to group benefits, and a greater appreciation of the irrational aspects of violent extremist narratives.

In the paper, the author presents the theoretical starting point of the discussion on cyborgization. The phenomenon of cyborgization can be regarded from different angles of view – technical, medical, legal, ethical, etc. In the article, the author approaches the phenomenon of cyborgization from a philosophical point of view. Cyborgization means the process of connection artificial systems with the human body. In the article, the author displays the origin of the term cyborg, the areas of development and different interpretations of the term. The term cyborg originated in astronautics in the 1960s, soon entered American popular culture through comics, novels, and film, and underwent a theoretical transformation. The term entered philosophy at the end of the 20th century, and today it attracts attention due to the modern possibilities of connecting artificial systems with the human body. In the paper, author suggest clarification of cyborgization and cyborg and points to the existing transhumanist interpretation of the terms.

The paper calls into question the development of the digital competence of future philologists, taking into account the Turkish and Ukrainian experiences. The study of digital competence development is attracting increasing interest due to a growing need for experts capable of processing the enormous streams of continuously transmitted information and experts willing to improve their digital skills for professional growth. The purpose of the study is to broaden the current knowledge about the ways of developing digital competence. In this respect, the paper investigates two systems of future philologists' training in Ukraine and Turkey in the Digital Tools for Translation course. The authors analyze the experience of the Turkish and Ukrainian higher education institutions regarding the use of appropriate ICT tools using theoretical and empirical methods. Fifty-two future philologists from Turkey and Ukraine took part in the research. The study presents the results from observing the training and interviews with Ukrainian and Turkish students. The Shapiro-Wilcoxon method (non-parametric criterion) was used to verify the results. An analysis has highlighted the positive experience of Turkish universities, which can be implemented in future philologists training in Ukrainian universities. The findings of this study support the idea that the insufficient level of digital competence development lengthens and complicates the period of adaptation of graduates to modern working conditions. The authors found that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the European higher education area occurs in times of globalization and the digitalization of society, which radically changes the nature of many activities. This research has clearly shown that digital competence development is more effective with the implementation of a holistic approach when students enhance digital competence while acquiring all other competencies. Our research suggests that the digitalization of education reduces the gap between graduates' digital competence level and modern society's expectations.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of testimony and to promote reflections that support the understanding of this linguistic act through the lens of the concept of Zeitzeuge/Zeitzeugenschaft. Our analyses aim to observe how the value of the witness is constructed in the paratext of Ruth Klüger’s work weiter leben, from the German original and its paperback version (1992; 1997) to the later versions in French (1997), English (2001) and Portuguese (2005). In addition to drawing on the work of various scholars on the notion of testimony, this paper is based on the principles of dialogic discourse theory in conjunction with the category of paratext proposed by Genette (2009). Among other things, this study shows how discourse in the testimony is directly influenced by the valorisation of the role of the witness, which in the case analysed leads to different ways of reading the “same work”.

The paper deals with the criminal act provided for in Article 303 of the Criminal Code of Georgia for unlawful felling of trees and bushes, the amount of damage caused to the environment, the procedure for its calculation and the significance of the damage. It will be discussed what constitutes and how the essential component of the disposition of the Article – substantial damage is calculated. Where is the line drawn between criminal and administrative responsibility? What kind of damage can be caused by the illegal cutting of trees and shrubs, and what are their implications for investigations, prosecutions, and courts? The paper is novel since other scientific works do not identify the subject of our study, and there are few studies of damage in textbooks or comments to the private part of the Criminal Code. The damage caused to the environment differs from the damage imposed for crimes with other material components provided by the criminal law code; its amount decides the basis of administrative or criminal law in a specific case. Therefore, the scientific study of the issue has practical significance. The scientific paper aims to clarify the essential component for the composition of Article 303 of the Civil Code – the study of the issue of compensation for damage and to create a correct understanding of the problematic issues raised around it.

International organisations play a vital role in shaping and implementing international norms and standards, contributing to the development of international law. This paper focuses on the United Nations (UN) as a prominent international organisation and examines its role in developing and implementing international law. Specialized entities within the UN, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and the International Law Commission (ILC), have played significant roles in the development, codification, and implementation of international law. The UN serves as a platform for ongoing dialogue, identifies emerging challenges, formulates international legal and policy instruments, provides mechanisms for peaceful settlement of disputes, and collaborates with other international and regional organisations. However, this paper also acknowledges the inherent challenges and shortcomings of the UN and explores proposals for UN reform to address these issues, enhance its influence, and better fulfil its overarching purpose. Through an analytical assessment of the UN’s role and influence on international law, this paper aims to provide insights into the functioning of international organisations and their impact on shaping global legal norms.

In this article, we focus on Biblical stories and, within them, on the connection between emotions and bodily sensations. We use a cognitive theory of emotions, which understands emotions as based on value judgments. The focus is on stories involving conflict in which emotions, including bodily sensations, are key to conflict resolution and to the orientation toward moral action. In the Bible, emotions play a multifaceted role. They are a natural and essential part of the human experience and of the relationship between man and God. This paper argues that bodily sensations are the building blocks of emotions or play an important role in the formation of emotions. A theology of emotions contributes to an understanding of this aspect of the body that is related to our emotions. The paper shows the hermeneutical potential of these stories for understanding emotions as embodied cognition and their relevance for morality.

The author examines how the Oberammergau Passion Play, which the Slovenian writer Ksaver Meško (1874–1964) attended in 1910, influenced his 1936 drama The Passion Play. In the first part of the paper, the author introduces the genre of the Passion play, places Meško’s Passion Play in his literary oeuvre, explains the broader cultural-historical background of its creation, and presents the centuries-old tradition of the Oberammergau Passion Play. In the second part of the paper, the author analyses and compares Meško’s Passion Play with the so-called official text of the Oberammergau Passion Play, which was published especially for the performances in 1910. The author identifies possible influences that manifest themselves throughout Meško’s text both on a formal level and on a content level: in the prologue, in the prefiguration scenes, in the central plot and also at the end of his Passion Play.

Pope Francis focuses on essential topics for the Church and society in his pontificate. To describe the relationships between different social subjects, he often uses the metaphor of the polyhedron to highlight the importance of each individual and each social group for the equitable development of the entire society. Nowhere does it systematically describe this metaphor, but it uses it in different contexts: societal, ecclesial, ecumenical, and theological. The literature also lacks papers that systematically and critically question this metaphor, presenting possible consequences for the Church’s life, i.e., pastoral care, liturgical practices, morality, doctrine, etc. This paper aims to describe this metaphor of the Church as a polyhedron. The metaphor of the polyhedron that he uses in his documents will be described first. Then, the key features, advantages, and disadvantages of the metaphor of the Church as a polyhedron will be brought out. According to this metaphor, the Church can be understood through her main characteristics: as synodal Church, unity in diversity, missionary Church, and charity.

In a world increasingly marked by ideological and theological divisions, this paper aims to foster intercultural and interfaith dialogue by examining the resonances and dissonances between Charles Taylor’s communitarianism and Confucian philosophy. Focusing particularly on their theological and spiritual dimensions, the paper explores how both traditions conceptualize selfhood in terms of authenticity, community, and transcendence. Employing a multi-disciplinary approach, the study incorporates Warren G. Frisina’s critique of Taylor, shedding light on the interconnections among value, identity, and theological beliefs. Ultimately, this paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of selfhood across different cultural and theological contexts and offers constructive insights for bridging the existing epistemological and ethical divides that separate Eastern and Western religious and philosophical thought.

Although Anglicisms1 have been the subject of research for quite some time now, their definition in the literature sometimes tends to be somewhat inexplicit, and there are points of disagreement, especially regarding their classification and the distinction between their types. This paper advocates a uniform, consistent approach to defining loans (Anglicisms) and their typology in terms of an interplay between three criterial features which are transferred in, and thereby constitute, (lexical) borrowing: concept, model, and form. Their combination results in seven feature patterns or loan types (both mono- and bilingual), which the paper correlates and compares with standard categories of Anglicisms found in the literature and illustrates using examples from Czech

The paper examines the guidelines dedicated to Italian teaching and, above all, to the ideal thematic, language and stylistic features of school reading books in the programmes for primary school and in the related instructions for teachers issued by the Ministry of Education from 1860 to 1905: a decisive period for the arrangement of the Italian school system, the literacy processes and the spread of the national language. It can be seen how these official documents significantly shaped the writing of school books. The paper also explores the complex relationship between the institutional attempts to regulate textbook production, as evidenced by relevant ministerial documentation parallel to the programmes, and the rich publishing activity in this field. To complete the overview of the dialectic between school-educational publishing and the regulatory will of the Ministry and of the boards connected to it, responsible for the evaluation of textbooks, the witnesses of two prominent school female authors of the 2nd half of the 19th century are commented on: Ida Baccini and Felicita Morandi.

Prior to the advent of digital film technology, analogue film was not analogue, it was simply film. The introduction of digital, thus also marks the introduction of the analogue version. The idea of old media persisting – is dependent on celluloid film being transformed into “analogue” and being classed as an old form of media. In this paper, using the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia and Wake in Fright as case studies, I introduce the concept of the film-version. Moreover, my paper challenges the relegation of celluloid film as old media, and instead argues that the creation of a distinction between digital and analogue versions gives rise to a new kind of mediatised coexistence. I argue that rather than forming a hierarchy, the analogue and digital form a parallel and dialogical relationship allowing both the new restored version, and the older celluloid version to not only persist, but evolve into the present.

This paper aims to analyze former Iranian President Hassan Rouhani’s thirty speeches on COVID-19 delivered between February 2, 2020 and April 27, 2020. We apply Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of discourse analysis to investigate and analyze Rouhani’s rhetorical and discursive strategies in making meaning of COVID-19. Findings showed that COVID-19 discourse in Rouhani’s speeches has mainly revolved around three nodal points: “the country”, “the enemy”, and “the state of exception”. Thus, the structural articulation of COVID-19 discourse resembles the hegemonic discourse in Iran. Our results also explain how Rouhani used COVID-19 as an empty signifier to reinforce the hegemonic discourse in Iran while trying to redefine his relations with the state-leaning organizations. Furthermore, we analyzed the rhetorical practices that Rouhani employed to articulate the COVID-19 discourse. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature into discursive aspects and implications of a global pandemic by providing empirical evidence form an understudied context: Iran.

This paper intends to analyze how the crisis produced by the Covid-19 infection has influenced the employees, respectively the employers. Thus, we try to see if they still approach the workplace, working hours, etc. in the same way or if their perception has been decisively influenced by this crisis. Certainly, there is an impact on the business environment around the world, respectively in Romania. Thus, employers and employees, like the whole world, had to adapt and reorganize in the given conditions. Some views support the theory that, for employers and employees respectively, nothing will be the same, and the approach and expectations of both parties will be different. Other views argue that this crisis will not cause major changes in perception on the subject. Be that as it may, through this paper we try to analyze in what way and above all, what changes this crisis has produced on the employees, respectively the employers. For the most part, for the employee, the workplace is the place from where he procures an important part or even all of his financial resources. Besides, the workplace is also the place where he can prove his skills acquired in school, the place where he socialises, the place where he develops professionally and not only that. The employer, in general, wants a competent and efficient employee. Both regarding employees and employers, the crisis caused by the Covid-19 infection has produced important changes that we will study in the analysis below. The business environment around the world has seen changes with the situation caused by this crisis that has faced all of humanity. Also, before analyzing, in broad terms, the impact on the business environment, we must observe how people saw the involvement, from a diplomatic point of view, in Romania’s economic development. Economic development must also be supported at the diplomatic level, not only through the other available levers.

Inflationary pressures, but also the uncertainty regarding the duration and severity of the Covid-19 pandemic, have significantly increased in the last year. Moreover, the start of Russia’s war against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, further called into question the upward trend in the inflation rate. In this sense, the sudden and continuous increase in energy, fuel, and food prices constitute new challenges for decision-makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the evolution of inflation in Romania from the period 1990-2022 because this constitutes a topical macroeconomic challenge. Compared to the way of presenting the information from the bibliography used and found at the end of the paper, in this paper only the essential aspects, the particularities of the chosen research topic, which finally provide an overview, can be found.

The paper focuses on a reexamination and reassessment of the textual evidence of Enoch’s Vision of the Heavenly Temple and of its classical interpretation as a heavenly temple complex. In line with the common scholarly opinion, 1 En. 14:8–25 has so far been interpreted in the sense of a bipartite or even tripartite temple which resembles the earthly temple in Jerusalem not only in structure but also in appearance. In contrast, this paper claims that this passage of the Book of the Watchers provides a twofold vision of two different temples, namely the inferior earthly temple and the ideal heavenly sanctuary. In this way, it articulates one of the most radical temple critiques of ancient Judaism. This interpretation is based on a careful textual analysis and a meticulous discussion of the individual elements of, in particular, the first house, taking into account other ancient Jewish sources such as Ezekiel, Haggai and the Animal Apocalypse which partially have been ignored so far but provide a helpful and illuminating background for the interpretation of Enoch’s Heavenly Vision.

This paper looks at Library publishing in the wider context of institutional and mission driven publishing, in particular traditional University Presses, and in the context of Open Scholarship and Diamond Open Access. It draws from an earlier study of New University Presses in the Netherlands, to explore opportunities for collaboration. It argues that Library publishers must collaborate with each other to increase impact, gain relevance and achieve recognition. The paper presents several models for collaboration based on existing examples and ends with a brief SWOT analysis as a way to think about the future of Library publishing.

Casualties of nuclear technologies are not immediate, and the populations that bear the most significant burden are too sparse to be noteworthy, especially in the case of uranium mining industries. Shaped by forms of settler colonialism – the US and Canada mine on Indigenous and First Nation reservations – effects of radioactive exposure produce slow, recursive forms of nuclear suffering as illness may take up to thirty years to manifest. This article zooms in on the case of uranium mining and the violence of the temporal lag between uranium exposure and the appearance of symptoms. It explores how this lag is critically interrogated by two contemporary artists that approach uranium mining histories as unresolved; as a series of situations whose unfolding goes on, thus going against the closure of narratives of uranium mining. Two artworks that critically engage with the slow temporality of uranium and its violent effects, and that this paper closely reads, are Bonnie Devine’s drawing series The Book of Radiance (1999) and video Rooster Rock, the Story of Serpent River and Eve Andrée Laramée’s installation Halfway to Invisible (2009). Both artists lay bare the temporal possibilities of turning our gaze away from obvious nuclear symbols, such as bombs and reactors, or what technology historian Gabrielle Hecht calls our fetishes of nuclear histories (Being Nuclear. Africans and the Global Uranium Trade), to rather engage with less obvious nuclear histories. Drawing on theoretical insights from recent scholarship in science and technology studies and art history around time, the paper emphasizes the affordances of contemporary art in redressing uranium mining as a slow and latent modality of the nuclear complex.

How did the exhibition in the Chinese pavilion at the 57th Venice Biennale entitled Continuum – Generation by Generation (buxi 不息) mobilize the concept of buxi, which translates literally as “endlessness” or “never ceasing”? What does it mean to conceive of art, the world, and oneself through the lens of buxi, as endlessly intrarelated? This paper delves into this question from a multi-pronged perspective. First, it explains the meaning of buxi and analyzes how the show engages with aesthetic, epistemological, social and political implications of art and the world conceived through a contemporary perspective on the concept of “endlessness”. Second, the paper explores how a reading of the show and the artworks – their adopted aesthetic strategies, media, techniques, and materialities – through the lens of buxi complicates the critical and aesthetic framework for contemporary art in the global context. Finally, the paper evaluates the engagement with buxi – and the respective alternative processual ontology and temporality of art and world – as a useful mode of decolonizing the discipline of art history, even as it emphasizes the importance of adopting a dynamic pluriversal approach that attends to the transcultural relations that shape and reshape the multiplicity of meanings of art in a global framework, its multiple and entangled critical and aesthetic discourses, and the complexity of power structures, and avoids obscuring significant contexts and experiences.

This paper aims to present observations on the pragmaticalized use as well as the concomitant functions of the demonstrative este in Mexican Spanish. Este seems to serve an additional range of functions in Mexican Spanish in particular, but also in other Hispanic American varieties, as it has turned into a quite productive discourse marker that can be considered, among other things, as a hesitation element, an outline signal, and probably also as an evidentiality marker. The specific functional domains (especially with regard to possible evidential functions) will be illustrated in more detail in the paper using oral language data from the speaker community of the southern Mexican city of Oaxaca de Juárez. The study also includes a sociolinguistically oriented quantitative analysis, the results of which will also be discussed in the context of language ideological attitudes towards este.

Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom bread moulds belong to the type of vessels on which potmarks appear the most often, which is a phenomenon recorded during works conducted at different sites. Excavations carried out at the Tell el-Murra between 2011 and 2019 produced a significant number of vessels of this type with various marks. This paper is devoted to the 118 pre-firing marks from Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom bread moulds from the settlement layers at the Tell el-Murra. The paper comparatively analyses marks from two subsequent chronological periods, with the aim to test the validity of theories regarding their function and meaning, based on examples from Tell el-Murra. The study concludes that the high frequency of potmarks on bread forms was not accidental, but related to certain economic processes and changes, as also indicated in this paper.

While reflecting upon the intrinsically multilingual and translational history of philosophy, philosophers and philosophy scholars frequently argue metaphorically in terms of a tradition. The perspectives vary in emphasizing either the tradition’s continuance or its transition, whereas translation is perceived of as the central or an auxiliary force in both processes. Four approaches where a philosophical tradition is differently poeticized are discussed in the paper. They reveal specific operations of transfer and transformation which are claimed to be supported or accelerated by/in translation. Such tradition-related operations appear to qualify for being traced and pinned down in a given philosophical translation. The paper seeks to work out this heuristic potential within the selected poetics of tradition and draws upon the paratextual comments on the first Russian translation of Heidegger’s “Being and Time” to eventually illustrate the translation-induced shifts of whatever might be called a philosophical tradition.

Exploring Framework Bias: The Case of Minimalism Vs Parallel Architecture in Studies on Language Evolution. The present paper explores the issue of framework bias through the analysis of two lines of study concerning language evolution, one framed by the Minimalist program and one by the proposal of Parallel Architecture of language. Framework bias, as proposed in this study, raises the question of the degree to which the theoretical framework chosen for a certain line of research will influence the design of an experiment, the selection of data, and therefore the analysis and final results. The studies presented in this paper tackle the same topic (language evolution) using the same parameters for research (gradual versus saltational evolution; continuation versus exaptation; and unique versus shared property) but reach significantly different conclusions because of their respective theoretical framework. O explorare a influenței cadrului teoretic asupra rezultatelor cercetării: Programul Minimalist vs Arhitectura paralelă a limbajului în studii despre evoluția limbajului. Lucrarea de față explorează problema bias-ului creat de cadrul teoretic prin analiza a două linii de cercetare asupra evoluției limbajului, una centrată pe programul minimalist, iar cealaltă pe teoria arhitecturii paralele a limbajului. Bias-ul de cadru teoretic, astfel definit în lucrarea de față, ridică problema măsurii în care cadrul teoretic ales pentru o cercetare influențează design-ul unui experiment, alegerea corpusului de analiză, și implicit analiza în sine și rezultatele aferente. Studiile prezentate în această lucrare abordează aceeași temă (evoluția limbajului) folosind aceiași parametri de cercetare (evoluție graduală vs saltațională; continuare vs exaptare; și proprietate unică sau comună) dar ajung la concluzii semnificativ diferite din cauza cadrului teoretic ales de fiecare studiu în parte. Cuvinte-cheie. bias de cadru teoretic, programul minimalist, arhitectura paralelă, evoluția limbajului Article history: Received 19 January 2024; Revised 08 February 2024; Accepted 08 March 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024.

Challenging the Palate and the Mind. Introducing Western Baking Vocabulary into Chinese. Starting from the first Western recipe book published in China in 1866, the paper analyzes the attempts to translate Western bakery vocabulary into Chinese. Although the Chinese cuisine was already very rich and refined, with a complex vocabulary, dessert had never been an integral part of a traditional meal, and, in fact, there was no specific word for it. After China’s defeat in the two Opium Wars, in the mid-19th century, the increasing foreign presence on Chinese soil meant both an increase in demand for cooks able to satisfy the dietary needs of the Westerners, and of restaurants serving Western food, especially in cities with foreign concessions, like Shanghai, where dining in such a place had become very “modern”. Zao yang fan shu (Foreign Cookery in Chinese) compiled and translated by Martha Foster Crawford, and published at The American Presbyterian Mission Press, in Shanghai, in 1866, was the first Western recipe book to be translated into Chinese. Out of the 271 recipes, 139 are desserts. Considering the resistance of the Chinese language to loanwords, especially phonetic loans, the paper looks at the solutions employed by Crawford to translate the new vocabulary, find out when were the phonetic loans used and how were they transcribed, if it was possible to identify equivalents in Chinese for the new terms, which terms were translated as semantic loans, and which are still in use today. Provocarea gustului și a minții. Pătrunderea vocabularului de patiserie occidentală în China. Pornind de la prima carte de bucate occidentale publicată în China în 1866, lucrarea de față propune o analiză a transpunerii vocabularului patiseriei occidentale în limba chineză. Deși în momentul publicării cărții, bucătăria chineză era deja extrem de bogată și rafinată, cu un vocabular complex, desertul nu era parte dintr-o masă tradițională și nu exista un termen care să definească acest fel. După înfrângerea Chinei în cele două Războaie ale opiului, prezența tot mai numeroasă a occidentalilor pe teritoriul chinez a făcut ca cererea de bucătari capabili să satisfacă cerințele culinare ale străinilor și numărul restaurantelor care serveau mâncare occidentală să crească, mai ales în orașele cu concesiuni străine, precum Shanghai, unde servitul mesei în restaurante occidentalizate devenise o modă. Prima carte de bucate occidentale în limba chineză, Zao yang fan shu (Rețete occidentale în chineză), a fost tradusă și editată de Martha Foster Crawford, în 1866, publicată la Editura Misiunii Prezbiteriene Americane, din Shanghai. Dintre cele 271 de rețete, 139 sunt deserturi. Luând în considerare rezistența limbii chineze la împrumuturi, mai ales la cele fonetice, lucrarea de față analizează soluțiile folosite de Crawford pentru a reda în chineză vocabularul de patiserie, când și de ce au fost preferate calcurile fonetice, cum au fost ele transcrise, dacă a fost posibilă identificarea unor termeni echivalenți din vocabularul culinar chinez pentru felurile de desert incluse în carte, când s-a folosit calcul semantic și care dintre termenii propuși de autoare mai sunt încă în uz. Cuvinte-cheie: Zao yang fan shu, traducere, carte de bucate, patiserie, împrumuturi fonetice/semantice Article history: Received 22 August 2023; Revised 03 January 2024; Accepted 17 January 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024

Tourism communication, especially since the digital turn, has registered several attempts to open to new forms of multilingualism. For instance, the traditional multilingual experience offered by guided tours and audio guides has now been enhanced by social networking tools. Recent research points to the need of interdisciplinary work at the crossroads of linguistics, media sciences and museum studies to investigate communication strategies and linguistic devices by means of which an international audience of tourists can be addressed and get involved in museums in the digital age. The present paper illustrates the first findings of the project “Museo poliglotta”, a project run by two universities in the Italian towns of Bergamo and Brescia in cooperation with local museums with the goal of producing digital multilingual contents for international museum visitors. The empirical part of the paper describes a workshop activity in which students developed Instagram reels in Italian, German and English on the figure of the well-known Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti. A number of observations lead to the conclusion that synergies between language research and foreign language teaching on the one hand and museum institutions on the other can bring about important benefits for all parties involved, in particular the possibility to offer professionalising training in the academic world and stimuli to innovate and improve multilingual communication in the museum sector.

Abstract: The paper investigates complex nominal expressions in Tagbana a language spoken in the central-north part of Côte d´Ivoire. Complex nominal or compounds are the relation between two lexical categories, producing another by an implicit relationship between the constituents, Chappell & McGregor (1989) and Guevara & Scalise (2009) and it has been highly attentive in the linguistics literatures but none of them exist on Tagbana. Three kinds of complex nouns are explored in this paper: complex nouns consisting of two or more nominal roots (n +n); compounds consisting of a nominal and a verbal root (n + v) and the third kind consisting of a nominal and an adjectival root (n + a). The question arises as to the nature of the hierarchy of the structure of these complex constituents. It is shown that the rightmost element of a compound, or the final one in case there is more than two, is always the head of the compound and the entire complex noun acquires the class of the last element. If, however, the second element is an adjective, which does not have a class by itself, in this case, the complex noun acquires the class of the leftmost element. I propose an account of how morphological structures interact in these kinds of constructions and I look at the extent to which distributed morphology can account for these complex nominal constructions in Tagbana. Keywords: Complex nominals, Tagbana, Morphology, Distributed Morphology

Abstract: This paper examines the portrayal of trauma and collective memory in The Baghdad Eucharist, a remarkable novel set in Iraq. It argues that our memory often repeats itself when we fail to grasp its true significance. The aftermath of the postwar period in Iraq, particularly after 2003, was characterized by profound psychological traumas experienced both individually and collectively. Youssef and Maha, the main characters, bear the psychological scars of a tragic event deeply rooted in the sensitive aspects of Iraq's history and culture. In his novel, Sinan Antoon focuses on depicting Iraq's transformation and the invasion of sectarian war that engulfs the nation. In The Baghdad Eucharist, he chooses to write about the 2010 bombing of a church, a devastating incident resulting in numerous deaths. Drawing from the theory of trauma, this paper analyzes the presentation of trauma through the lens of Youssef and Maha, two characters profoundly affected by the traumatic memory. Youssef and Maha's experiences reflect the enduring impact of the witnessed event. The paper seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics of collective memory following significant historical events by exploring their psychological wounds and the subsequent manifestations of trauma. By examining the complexities of trauma and collective memory, this analysis of The Baghdad Eucharist contributes to a deeper understanding of the lasting consequences of war and violence on individuals and societies. It sheds light on the interplay between personal trauma and the broader cultural and historical contexts. Ultimately, this paper underscores the significance of acknowledging and comprehending traumatic experiences, as they shape our collective memory and influence our perception of the world. Keywords: The Baghdad Eucharist, Sinan Antoon, Iraq Trauma, Sectarian war, Arab American Literature, violence.

In the introductory article to this special issue, the two editors first provide a brief insight into how it arose and then give an overview of the contents of the individual papers, all of which are dedicated to phraseography or metaphraseography. These two fields of linguistic research belong to both phraseology and (meta-)lexicography and deal with the inclusion of phrasemes in dictionaries and the corresponding practical and theoretical issues. The articles also have in common that they focus on various diatopic Romance varieties spoken in Italy (Genoese, Trentino, Piedmontese, Tuscan, regional Italian of Rome, Sardinian, Catalan of Alghero), Croatia (Istriot), Spain and Latin America (regional varieties of Spanish). Since the term phraseme is used in a broad sense in this publication, numerous different phraseological categories are discussed in the papers, including, for example, syntagmatic verbs and partially lexically filled constructions, in addition to more classical categories such as idioms, proverbs and collocations. Finally, it will be briefly argued why this special issue, which is inspired by the two research projects GEPHRAS and GEPHRAS2, can be regarded as particularly innovative.

Abstract: Thanks to stylistics and narratology, this paper examines the aesthetics of jazz music in Jazz before shedding light on the function of this musical genre in Toni Morrison’s novel. From Jazz stylistic devices that invade the novel, the paper sets a parallel between Jazz, the literary text and Jazz, the musical genre. It also shows the role of Jazz music in the lives of the characters by analyzing it as a racial therapy that enables Blacks to heal their American racial disease, which is racism. Jazz music not only enables oppressed characters to protest, resist and transcend their racial oppression, but it also helps them to construct and assert their African American identity. From the similarity between the novel and the musical genre in terms of aesthetics and philosophy, the paper concludes that Morrison’s text can be read and listened to as well as jazz music. Keywords: aesthetics, identity, jazz music, oppression, race.

Abstract: This paper explores the multifaceted aspects of digital communication, emphasizing its evolution from analog to digital realms. It delves into the definition, factors shaping digital communication, its constituents, tiers, and advantages. The discussion extends to the roles digital communication plays in various domains such as social interaction, media, and advertising. The paper synthesizes key research findings and theories to provide a holistic view of digital communication's impact on contemporary society, highlighting its advantages over traditional communication methods and its role in bridging cultural and geographical divides. Keywords: Virtual Currency, Digital Money, Media and Communication, Cybersecurity.

The paper presents four fragmentary anthropomorphic vessels discovered ca. 60 years ago on the territory of Botoșani County, at Cervicești – La Morișcă (Mihai Eminescu commune) and Drăgușeni – Ostrov (Drăgușeni commune), left unpublished in the collections of the Botoșani County Museum. Starting from the presentation of these artefacts and integrating similar discoveries from the Gumelnița, Stoicani‑Aldeni and Cucuteni cultural areas, the work analyses the metamorphoses of a particular type of anthropomorphic vessel in the area of the Cucuteni civilization. More precisely, the paper follows typologically the transformation of the base of the vessels from the anthropomorphic silhouette naturalistically figured, with the anatomical profile correctly rendered, with the soles and feet clearly indicated, to the intermediate rhomboidal sole and then to the ovoid or circular base. Confirming the hypothesis of Gumelnița influences penetrating the Cucuteni environment, the analysis of the new materials and the typological connections illustrate and highlight the role of a transmission vector and intermediary between the North and the South that the Stoicani‑Aldeni cultural environment played for contemporary or immediately subsequent Eneolithic communities during the second half of the 5th millennium BC

This paper has been composed as the second in a series on the archaeological research undertaken in 2008 and 2018– 2020 at the large (Reformed) church of Aiud Fortress. The first study of the series has consisted of a brief presentation of the main data collected inside the monument. This second study presents even more briefly the main data collected outside the monument, as they appeared in more convoluted and fragmentary contexts. These excavations have established the main stratigraphic sequence of this area of Aiud Fortress as consisting of Roman age habitation in mortarless structures, followed by a hiatus, then by an early‑second‑millennium settlement, with at least two phases, which similarly made use only of mortarless structures. Despite its long existence, and even though sources infer the existence of local priests in the 13th century, there is no solid ground to contest, based on archaeological data, the traditional ascription of the small church (erected 1333– 1334, demolished and rebuilt 1865– 1866) as the beginning of religious masonry building at Aiud – and likely of the present‑day religious site. Nevertheless, the development of the large church of the fortress remains uncertain. Research conducted inside the current building has revealed that it was preceded by a smaller, yet still Gothic, church. Research conducted outside the building helped establish that the eastern part of the church was build first, in several phases, and only afterward was the body of the church also expanded. However, the western parts of the current structure show obvious signs of rebuilding, and dismantled structures indicate that the tower was not initially part of the extended planimetry. Due to the partial nature of the investigation, archaeology cannot yet establish the succession of the construction phases involved, or what they exactly involved, nor can it help in solving the questions raised by the varied modifications noticeable in the aboveground structure. While most late‑ and post‑medieval results presented below relate to the large church, they also include data about the small one, about a series of built structures identified in the area between the two churches and west of the large one, and about the overall development of the site, severely marked by arson and destruction in the early 18th century. The graveyard and materials are only mentioned, and not discussed, as they’ll be the subject of following papers

This paper presents and discusses Henri Poincaré’s view on the logical non-derivability of imperatives from indicatives. Firstly, his point of view is compared with David Hume’s. Then Poincaré’s thesis is shown to have been implicitly or explicitly essential to attempts to build a logic of imperatives (norms) as a special linguistic category as well as a deontic logic. The paper shows deontic logic enables us to formulate general principles concerning the logical separability of deonticals (sentences with deontic operators) and non-deontic sentences. Finally, the paper includes remarks on the reception of Poincaré’s discussed ideas in later logical and philosophical literature with the second issue illustrated by legal philosophy.

In the second half of the 1980s, Tine Hribar developed a distinctive interpretation of Sophocles’s Antigone, which he presented in 1991 in the monograph Tragična etika svetosti (The tragical ethics of sacredness). Here he developed an original concept of the sacred, on which he built an ethical system that has become – particularly through its determined defense of the so-called sanctity of the dead – a cornerstone of the Slovene reconciliation project. This paper deals with some of the fundamental problems that stem from Hribar’s enigmatic definition of the sacred as “the world itself in itself,” showing that, in the conclusions Hribar draws from that definition, the clear distinction between being and life is lost. The central aporia of the Tragična etika svetosti is also closely intertwined with other problematic dimensions of the work that are analysed in the paper: the unfounded appropriation of the ethical characteristics of traditions from which he distances himself in principle; the unreflecting distinction between being and action in relation to the sacred; and not least, the unexplained oscillation between vitalism and Antigone’s ideal of self sacrifice.

The paper introduces a close reading of Eco’s article “Generazione di messaggi estetici in una lingua edenica” (1971), in which he fictionalized the biblical story from Gen 2 to show that the aesthetic use of language generates internal contradictions (self-contradictions), as well as that any such contradiction at the level of expression/form also entails a contradiction at the level of content. Furthermore, the basic postulates of Eco’s semiotic theory revolving around the sign-function are discussed, followed by outlining certain theological-semiotics of language based on the text from the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles (descent of the Spirit). It is based on an original sign – which is not, as with Eco, a sign associated with another sign (interpretant) within a sign system (code) nor a “dynamic object,” but it is the Mystical Body. The paper concludes by arguing that it is this very Body, and not the poetic invention, that generates “other languages” (ἑτέραις γλώσσαις) and consequently a communion, which is not multiethnic nor multilingual, but a Catholic community.

Radiocarbon dating by AMS accelerated ion mass spectrometry method, used from 2012 at IFIN-HH-Măgurele, offered recently the scientific frame for an interdisciplinary approach, from archaeologic and archaeometric perspectives, applied to wood samples. The first AMS results, issued in 2021 on six samples from Măguricea Branului archaeological site, have suggested a chronology around the 13th century AD, the differences being explained on terms detailed in this paper. The latter four samples, collected in the next archaeological campaign, gave very different dates. The difficulties experienced with these four samples driven us to develop new lab treatment, aiming carbonization of wood. Even so, the samples from 2022 could not be dated in a helpful manner, with parameters as terminus post quem, time-width, apparent ages. The paper could be of interest to archaeologists taking wood samples for AMS dating.

The paper focuses on the development of the concept of education for sustainable development in the regions where the research is conducted; with the presentation of respondents' opinions for all three observed areas. The author's contribution to this work is reflected in pointing out the basic factors and essential problems that arise when reforming the educational system in order to apply the concept of education for sustainable development. The paper offers solutions to these problems, providing established guidelines on how to reform the education system. In this case, it is about the perception of students of three regional centers - Niš and Kosovska Mitrovica in Serbia, and East Sarajevo - Pala in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of our research show that a very small number of students are familiar with the emergence of the idea of OR, which confirms the fact that awareness and especially knowledge of citizens about OR, both at the level of the EU and especially at the level of Serbia, is far from desirable and necessary. The results of the research can be useful for decision makers who participate in the creation of the educational system; and they would be particularly significant for the reform of the education system in Serbia, where education for sustainable development is still viewed as a theoretical rather than a practical issue.