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La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

Abstract: In this article, we will attempt a broad exploration of new literary forms in order to gain an overview of how literary work has taken hold of new digital technologies. We will then attempt to identify the problematic relationship between electronic and digital literature and examine the definitional issues that arise. Finally, we present an overview of the different types of digital poetry, highlighting the relationship of continuity or rupture between traditional and digital literary forms. Keywords: Literature, Digital, Electronics, Hypertextuality, Interactivity

With all the literary and political differences between father and son, what is striking about their literary careers is the way they parallel each other: Kingsley was thirty-one when his first novel, Lucky Jim, was published (1953); Martin was twenty – four when he published The Rachel Papers (1973). Lucky Jim was a runaway best seller and a book that defined a generation. That was not quite true of Martin’s early books, but he had enough precocious reward. No other father-son tandem has produced a corpus as sizable and significant as that of Sir Kingsley Amis and his son. They have maintained not only a quality of writing, but also duration of productivity that other literary families have simply not matched.

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

Straipsnyje aptariama modelio negyvas subjektas + aktyvų veiksmą reiškiantis veiksmažodis realiza­cija lingvistiniuose straipsniuose anglų kalba. Nustatomas bendras modelio dažnumas bei dažniausiai pasikartojantys veiksmažodžiai bei subjektai, atskleidžiama jų reikšmė ir funkcijos. Rezultatai lygina­mi su lingvisto Master’io (2001) straipsnyje aprašomais tyrimo, grindžiamo moksliniais straipsniais tiksliųjų mokslų tematika, rezultatais. Abiejų tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad tiriamas modelis vyrauja aiškinamojo tipo kontekstuose.Kvantitatyvinis aspektas papildomas interpretaciniu, pasitelkiant konceptualiosios metaforos teo­riją. Nustatytos šios dažniausiai pasitaikančios metaforos: tyrimas yra žmogus, tyrimas yra kelionė, tyrimas yra statinys, tyrimas yra ekonominė veikla bei tyrimas yra paslapties atskleidimas. Pirmoji metafora iš dalies sutampa su metonimijomis.Šio tyrimo rezultatai galėtų pasitarnauti diskurso analizės tyrimams bei dėstant akademinį rašymą negimtakalbiams.

Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis pavyzdžiais, surinktais iš Anglų filologijos katedros studentų bakalaurinių ir magistrinių darbų, analizuojami tų darbų pavadinimai bei mokslinio darbo plano rašymo būdai. Pavadinimai nagrinėjami keliais aspektais – visų pirma, aptariama jų funkcijos, 153tiriama jų sintaksinės ir struktūrinės ypatybės. Be to, nemaža dėmesio skiriama sąšvelnių (hedging) ir intertekstualumo naudojimui mokslinių darbų pavadinimuose, t.p. paminimi nauji efektingi būdai kurti pavadinimus. Kita straipsnio dalis skirta aptarti problemoms, kylančioms rašant mokslinio dar­bo planą. Išskiriami dviejų tipų sunkumai – susiję su darbo turiniu, kai planas yra per daug bendras ir neatspindi darbo turinio, ir sunkumai, susiję su plano forma – kai nesilaikoma tos pačios sintaksinės formos. Išvadose teigiama, jog šios dvi įvadinės mokslinio darbo dalys, nors iš pirmo žvilgsnio ir galinčios atrodyti nelabai svarbios, iš tiesų atlieka rimtą informacinę bei reklaminę funkciją, todėl siūlant akademinio rašymo kursą, joms reikėtų skirti nemaža dėmesio.

The present paper discusses the ‘inanimate subject + active verb’ pattern in research papers in applied linguistics attempting to identify major differences between linguistic discourse as a discourse of human sciences and hard sciences (as represented in Master 2001) and account for the usage and meaning of the pattern under investigation in the framework of the CTM. The quantitative aspect of the investigation includes the overall frequency count of the pattern in the corpus and their distribution per 1000 words as well as the count of inanimate subjects and active verbs according to frequency, their semantic properties and functions. There is a comparative dimension involved in the investigation: the results of the present investigation into linguistic discourse roughly representing human sciences is compared to Master’s investigation into ‘hard’ sciences (2001). The tendency to use the pattern in the explanatory environment has been confirmed. The qualitative aspect of the analysis involves the interpretation of the results in the framework of conceptual theory of metaphor (CTM). The interpretation of the results in the framework of the CTM has yielded several major metaphorical extensions: research as a person, research as a journey, research as construction/building, research as economic activity, research as (uncovering) a secret. The personification type of metaphor (research as a person) seems to overlap with what is usually interpreted as metonymy. This research has some implications for teaching academic English to non-native speakers of English, especially speakers of languages which do not have any such patterns.

Currently the research paper (RP) is the central genre of many (perhaps all) disciplines at university level. Writing a research paper is no easy undertaking for L1 students and it goes without saying that it is one of the most demanding and time-consuming assignments for EFL students. Recent years have seen increased attention being given to RP writing, however, the focus is typically on what is called the body of the RP. For example, in his Genre Analysis Swales presents his famous IMRD pattern of an RP (1998, 133-7) and the CARS model of the introduction (ibid., 222-4) but the preliminaries (except abstracts) are not included there (by preliminaries I mean titles, abstracts, acknowledgements, and outlines). True, he did investigate titles in an appendix of the book, but not acknowledgements or outlines. Typically prelims receive scant attention during practical RP writing courses as well since many teachers consider investigation into their properties merely a waste of valuable time. The purpose of this article is to discover to what extent EFL students are familiar with different patterns of composing prelims and what problems they encounter. On the basis of the findings I expect to demonstrate that the preliminary sections of an RP (which are sometimes referred to as minor genres or subgenres) deserve attention and require considerable rhetorical expertise since there is more to them than meets the eye. The corpus of the investigation is drawn from the texts of BA and MA theses composed by students of the English Philology Department, Vilnius University, in the year 2003-2006 and consists of 136 titles. To illustrate new developments in the area of composing RP titles texts of expert writers were used (examples (9), (10), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19)). Due to the limited scope of the article the analysis will concern only titles and outlines. First I will investigate titles with a special focus on the following points: importance of RP titles; functions of RP titles; their syntactic and structural properties; language points; emerging trends and fashions in the area; frequency of occurence of specific title patterns in students’ texts. The next section will be devoted to problems concerning effective outlining including the rules to observe with reference to content and the rules to observe with reference to structure. Why are RP titles important? Even though they consist, at best, of two or three lines, they play a significant role in the reception of the text, since the audience bases their decisions whether to read further basically on the title, outline, and the abstract. According to Swales, ‘it comes as little surprise that composing the few words of a title can take up inordinate amount of time, discussion, and mental effort’ (1998, 223).

The present paper sets out to examine the efficiency of the Task Dependency Principle (TDP) in teaching research paper writing for BA students in English Philology. So far the TDP has been used in teaching practical language skills to non-native speakers. It consists in giving students tasks which are based on previously accomplished tasks. The TDP has turned out to be very effective in teaching research paper writing skills as well. Implemented throughout one full semester of the research-in-progress seminar, coupled with the peer review and fostered by the focus on individually selected linguistic topics, the TDP has contributed to increasing the motivation of students and shifting from teacherto student-centred teaching/learning.

This article explores the intersection of 19th-century philosophy with historical events, spotlighting Nietzsche, Bentham, Kierkegaard, and Schopenhauer and their distinct perspectives on suffering as a positive element, reflective of the era's cultural and historical nuances. The first part of the paper is a summary of the 19th century and its noteworthy events. The second part argues that suffering is a constant element of human existence by highlighting conceptual similarities between all four philosophers when they describe the challenges that humans must face. The third part of the paper analyzes the relationship between suffering and self-knowledge. The fourth and last part of the paper explores the mechanism of suffering as an epiphenomenon.

This paper constitutes an encompassing account of the Madonna of Orsanmichele in all its historical instances. As source of the first miracle ever recorded in the city-state of Florence, in 1292, the Orsanmichele Madonna generated a cult that lasted centuries. Considering the extravagant artistic commissions on the site of the granary-turned-church, Orsanmichele became a place of religious worship, and, more importantly, grown into being equated with the political and spiritual identity of Florence. The panel by Bernando Daddi and the tabernacle designed by Andrea Orcagna have generated, I argue, a parallel cult – one revering the exquisite artistic draughtsman ship of the painting and that of its monumental shrine. In this paper I aim to present the dialogue between the Marian cult located at Orsanmichele, starting in the thirteenth century, and the artistic patronage prompted by the popularity of the miracle-making image of the Virgin. My study represents a critical re-visitation of the prominent book by Megan Holmes, The Miraculous Image in Renaissance Florence, published in 2013.

AI-based chat agents within educational settings present a promising pathway for bolstering collaborative learning (CL), especially in the sphere of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This paper investigates the evolving role of chat agents based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Large Language Models (LLM), notably ChatGPT, in the landscape of CL specific to EFL. The primary aim is twofold: firstly, to discern the productive and unproductive applications of ChatGPT in a CL environment, and secondly, to investigate approaches for harnessing ChatGPT to amplify productive CL experiences in EFL contexts. We present a literature review addressing the main objective of this paper, i.e., the exploration of the productive and unproductive uses of ChatGPT for CL in the EFL context. The findings aim to provide insights into the capabilities and limitations of ChatGPT in fostering language skills, enhancing communication competence, and encouraging cooperative learning strategies among EFL learners. This present paper delineates approaches and possible pitfalls when employing AI chat agents in language learning, attempting to bridge the divide between AI technology and instructional design, aiming to facilitate a more informed and efficacious utilisation of AI within collaborative EFL learning environments.

While reflecting upon the intrinsically multilingual and translational history of philosophy, philosophers and philosophy scholars frequently argue metaphorically in terms of a tradition. The perspectives vary in emphasizing either the tradition’s continuance or its transition, whereas translation is perceived of as the central or an auxiliary force in both processes. Four approaches where a philosophical tradition is differently poeticized are discussed in the paper. They reveal specific operations of transfer and transformation which are claimed to be supported or accelerated by/in translation. Such tradition-related operations appear to qualify for being traced and pinned down in a given philosophical translation. The paper seeks to work out this heuristic potential within the selected poetics of tradition and draws upon the paratextual comments on the first Russian translation of Heidegger’s “Being and Time” to eventually illustrate the translation-induced shifts of whatever might be called a philosophical tradition.

Abstract: The paper investigates complex nominal expressions in Tagbana a language spoken in the central-north part of Côte d´Ivoire. Complex nominal or compounds are the relation between two lexical categories, producing another by an implicit relationship between the constituents, Chappell & McGregor (1989) and Guevara & Scalise (2009) and it has been highly attentive in the linguistics literatures but none of them exist on Tagbana. Three kinds of complex nouns are explored in this paper: complex nouns consisting of two or more nominal roots (n +n); compounds consisting of a nominal and a verbal root (n + v) and the third kind consisting of a nominal and an adjectival root (n + a). The question arises as to the nature of the hierarchy of the structure of these complex constituents. It is shown that the rightmost element of a compound, or the final one in case there is more than two, is always the head of the compound and the entire complex noun acquires the class of the last element. If, however, the second element is an adjective, which does not have a class by itself, in this case, the complex noun acquires the class of the leftmost element. I propose an account of how morphological structures interact in these kinds of constructions and I look at the extent to which distributed morphology can account for these complex nominal constructions in Tagbana. Keywords: Complex nominals, Tagbana, Morphology, Distributed Morphology

Abstract: This paper examines the portrayal of trauma and collective memory in The Baghdad Eucharist, a remarkable novel set in Iraq. It argues that our memory often repeats itself when we fail to grasp its true significance. The aftermath of the postwar period in Iraq, particularly after 2003, was characterized by profound psychological traumas experienced both individually and collectively. Youssef and Maha, the main characters, bear the psychological scars of a tragic event deeply rooted in the sensitive aspects of Iraq's history and culture. In his novel, Sinan Antoon focuses on depicting Iraq's transformation and the invasion of sectarian war that engulfs the nation. In The Baghdad Eucharist, he chooses to write about the 2010 bombing of a church, a devastating incident resulting in numerous deaths. Drawing from the theory of trauma, this paper analyzes the presentation of trauma through the lens of Youssef and Maha, two characters profoundly affected by the traumatic memory. Youssef and Maha's experiences reflect the enduring impact of the witnessed event. The paper seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics of collective memory following significant historical events by exploring their psychological wounds and the subsequent manifestations of trauma. By examining the complexities of trauma and collective memory, this analysis of The Baghdad Eucharist contributes to a deeper understanding of the lasting consequences of war and violence on individuals and societies. It sheds light on the interplay between personal trauma and the broader cultural and historical contexts. Ultimately, this paper underscores the significance of acknowledging and comprehending traumatic experiences, as they shape our collective memory and influence our perception of the world. Keywords: The Baghdad Eucharist, Sinan Antoon, Iraq Trauma, Sectarian war, Arab American Literature, violence.

Abstract: Thanks to stylistics and narratology, this paper examines the aesthetics of jazz music in Jazz before shedding light on the function of this musical genre in Toni Morrison’s novel. From Jazz stylistic devices that invade the novel, the paper sets a parallel between Jazz, the literary text and Jazz, the musical genre. It also shows the role of Jazz music in the lives of the characters by analyzing it as a racial therapy that enables Blacks to heal their American racial disease, which is racism. Jazz music not only enables oppressed characters to protest, resist and transcend their racial oppression, but it also helps them to construct and assert their African American identity. From the similarity between the novel and the musical genre in terms of aesthetics and philosophy, the paper concludes that Morrison’s text can be read and listened to as well as jazz music. Keywords: aesthetics, identity, jazz music, oppression, race.

Abstract: This paper explores the multifaceted aspects of digital communication, emphasizing its evolution from analog to digital realms. It delves into the definition, factors shaping digital communication, its constituents, tiers, and advantages. The discussion extends to the roles digital communication plays in various domains such as social interaction, media, and advertising. The paper synthesizes key research findings and theories to provide a holistic view of digital communication's impact on contemporary society, highlighting its advantages over traditional communication methods and its role in bridging cultural and geographical divides. Keywords: Virtual Currency, Digital Money, Media and Communication, Cybersecurity.

Abstract: The paper intends to show that the Rise from Despair to Hope in Shakespeare’s Hamlet emerges as a significant societal transformation of Elizabethan land. The paper maintains that this social change reflects the upward movement of the Elizabethan society engaged on the way to familial and brotherhood reconstruction. This shift represents a new direction and by the way, constitutes a rewarding phase for Shakespeare because it celebrates the break with the past. By a sociocritical analysis, the paper also accesses the Elizabethan social shift with a ray of expectations since a new Elsinore is born from the ashes of the chaotic situation in which Claudius is the lead-promoter. Keywords: fratricide, brotherhood, reconstruction, despair, hope.

Legal translation is a specialized area of translation that requires a deep understanding of legal ‎systems, legal terminology, and the cultural context in which the legal document was created. ‎In Algeria, legal translation plays a critical role in facilitating communication and ensuring the ‎accuracy and clarity of legal documents. This paper will explore the challenges and ‎considerations that legal translators in Algeria face, including linguistic, cultural, and legal ‎factors. Through a thorough analysis of legal translation in Algeria, this paper seeks to shed ‎light on the essential role that legal translation plays in promoting access to justice and ‎maintaining the integrity of legal systems in Algeria, where legal translation is particularly ‎important due to the country's unique, complex, and diverse legal system, which combines ‎elements of French civil law and Islamic law, in addition to the multiple official languages, ‎including Arabic, French, and Berber. Moreover, the legal documents that require translation ‎in Algeria range from contracts and agreements to court documents and legal judgments. ‎These documents often have significant legal consequences, making accuracy and precision in ‎legal translation critical. In this context, it is essential for legal translators in Algeria to have ‎specialized training and expertise in legal translation to ensure that legal documents are ‎accurately and effectively translated across different languages and legal systems using all ‎types of equivalence for terms and concepts dealt with and comparative law study for the text ‎to be translated. ‎

Given the gap noted in the Algerian official syllabus of the translation unit, and though both teachers and students are aware of the importance of translation errors, no lecture is dedicated to this concept. Hence, the present investigation attempts to testify the efficiency of collaborative work in teaching translation errors to M.A. students and thereby apply the theoretical background in real situations. It aims to train students to detect and correct errors, improve the final product, and minimise the different types of errors. The paper adopts a qualitative quantitative-mixed method to scrutinise the phenomenon under investigation. Whereas the theoretical part draws on Delisle's (1999) model of translation errors, the practical part relies on data collected via questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The paper's data were obtained from M.A. students' documents at Mascara University (Algeria) to examine the efficiency of collaborative work as a method of teaching translation errors. The study finds out that the error rate was reduced by 24% after adopting collaborative work, including the three types of texts (general, medical, and literary). The study also concludes that collaborative work enhances three central competencies competitiveness, autonomy, and motivation; hence, they acquire certain translation maturity and critical thinking.

The aim of this paper is to highlight an aspect of Mozart's production that has long been neglected by contemporary musicology: the strong influence of Orientalism in some of the composer's works. After a brief focus on musical antecedents related to Orientalism, mostly composed in France, Austria and Germany, we will then examine four of Mozart's most famous works in more detail: the Violin Concerto in A major K219, the Piano Sonata in A major K331 and the two renowned Singspiele: Die Entführung aus dem Serail K384 and Die Zauberflöte K620. For each of these works, all of them replete with Turqueries and exotic elements, different aspects will be examined with the aim of providing a multifaceted review of the main manifestations of Orientalism in European musical production of the 18th century. It is worth clarifying that what will be examined constitutes the original core of a series of elements that, in Art music production of the following centuries, will become a compositional norm with explicit reference to the Middle East, although derived from cultural and musical stereotypes. Furthermore, when discussing the East in a musical context, we do not refer to well-defined geographical and cultural boundaries. In this paper, we will also offer a brief analysis of this highly stereotyped and antithetical Eastern world, from a perspective strictly linked to the musical context, but one whose influences also partially extend to literature and visual arts.

The aim of this paper is to explore the presence of Cultural References in animated films and to investigate the approach adopted by Italian dubbing professionals to deal with such culture-specific elements. The analysis is based on a corpus of twelve American animated films released between 1955 and 2018 by companies such as Disney, Disney-Pixar, DreamWorks, 20th Century Fox, Illumination Entertainment, Universal Pictures. By analysing the transcriptions of the English and Italian dialogues and the films, the paper identifies food and drink Cultural References and examines the translation strategies used in Italian dubbing. A comparison of older and more recent films throws light on differences through time as well as on translation patterns. The linguistic analysis of the English and Italian dialogues is complemented with comments by two Italian dubbing professionals on dubbing practice in Italy.

Using W. J. Thomas Mitchell’s concept of the “pictorial turn” as a starting point, this paper assesses the impact of the digital world and new media on the body of current migration narratives within the field of anglophone postcolonial literature. In a culture dominated by images, new media, particularly the Internet, have increasingly complemented written language as the primary means of conveying storytelling. In regard to migration narratives, as it happened at the dawn of cinematography when the human face attained a multidimensional, visual and emotional focus, this shift in the messenger has conferred a digital life to the human face itself. Given this new media reality, the human face is now able to communicate simultaneously across distances, across time and to a wider audience. This quality, referred to as “facialization” by Thomas Macho, enables individuals to take a predominant role as real-life protagonists in their own real-life stories engendering in return an online community. Furthermore, as put forth by Hilde C. Stephansen, this online community also takes a stand against the mainstream narrative of present-day migrations and directs attention to marginalized human beings prevented from entering Western societies. In this paper, these real-life stories are explored in the visual-digital storytelling by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie of her experience as a migrant; by Reni Eddo-Lodge as a descendant of earlier migrants; by Lucy Popescu as an activist working for the publishing industry as well as by activists engaged in the Refugee Tales Statement. This visual-digital production of migration narratives and their consequent availability also render the human rights issues facing stateless persons pressing and immediate.

Abstract: During the last decades, with the increase of demography, urbanization, globalization and general commodification, the land value has increased and some social strata such as young people, women and the disabled become vulnerable and their control land remains almost non-existent. This situation has led to gender inequality in farmland accessibility and increase unemployed young people. With the aim to improve conditions of access to farmland, this analysis to shed light on land tenure problematic and problems related to young people and women's access to farmland. A total of 70 papers from Africa, Asia, America and Europe have been considered. In Africa, 8.1 to 15% of papers have been produced by researchers from Benin Republic and Senegal, and 6.1 to 8% from Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. 52.73% papers from international results, when 36.36% and 10.91% have respectively been collected form other national or local scales. The main research fields of these papers are rural land acquisition and accessibility, conflicts about land accessibility, land governance and institutions, and about actors and vulnerability. Inheritance was the most common regime of land tenure in the most of the countries in Africa while the smallest land tenure scheme was the borrowing regime with 23.67%. 85% of papers identified women as the most vulnerable actors in the acquisition and accessibility of rural lands. However, youth are almost excluded from access to land ownership. This study provides an analytical overview on the difficulties of women and young people to accede to farmland that are important to increase the agricultural productivity and to improve gender inequalities in rural land acquisition and accessibility. Keywords Land governance, access to land, rural development, land conflict. West Africa.

Whether visual representation can function in arguments is a controversial issue. Those who claim they cannot, claim that only propositions may function thus and that as visuals cannot represent propositions, they cannot function in arguments. The current paper, invoking recent developments in Relevance Theory, demonstrates that visuals, specifically photographs, can represent propositions and can therefore function as and in arguments. The paper demonstrates that visuals also communicate more than propositions in that they provide evidence for a range of ‘impressions’ that support a ‘credal attitude’ toward the document in which they occur.

This paper aims to analyze the effects on German literature of the renewed interest in Nazi past. In order to do that, it considers Adorno’s and Mitscherlichs’ studies, in which they try – from a psychoanalytic point of view – to understand the mechanisms which made Germans support the leader and then made them remove their guilt. Then, the article focuses on some author of the early Sixties, in order to verify how they try to begin the Germans’ Vergangenheitsbewältigung. As far as possible, the paper examines the reception of these texts, trying to understand how and to what extent they give a contribution to overcome this collective amnesia.

Abstract: Nature is viewed differently by men either in fiction or real-life situations. While some revere and adore nature, others are careless about their relationship with it. From the lenses of psychoanalysis and ecocriticism, this paper analyses the influence of nature and wilderness on the building of the main character, Calla in I Lock My Door Upon Myself by Joyce Carol Oates. In the process, the paper assesses the physical as well as psychological resources that can be drawn from nature for a balanced ecosystem and calls for the protection of the environment. Keywords: Psychoanalysis, ecocriticism, nature, characterization.

This paper deals with the so-called “Brothers poem”, fr. 10 Voigt = Neri, which is up to now the most recent papyrological discovery attributed to Sappho. In its first part, the paper investigates the identities, the actions, and the mutual relationships of the characters featuring in this new poem. In its second one, it will be discussed how the Sapphic lines deal with themes such as power relations, oppression, social hierarchy, and behavioral expectations in relation to genre.

This paper aims to show how a teleological model of reality and knowledge can be of aid in order to understand the connection between objective knowledge and subjective experience. The separation between them seems indeed to have been established by an opposite deterministic ontological and epistemological model within modern philosophy, which does not allow to explain the subjective relevance of objective knowledge and the objective relevance of subjective experience. In order to overcome this aporetic dichotomy, the paper will underline the actuality of the Aristotelian teleological conception of knowledge and experience and its heritage especially in contemporary philosophy.

Classroom observations are used in language teaching to provide teachers with constructive critical feedback aimed at improving classroom instructional techniques. This paper represents a comprehensive framework for class observation within business English learners at the Graduate School of Economy of Oran, Algeria, and English Occupational Trainees at the SONATRACH learning institution. This investigation aims to confer a practical and detailed insight into learners’ use of mother-tongue and French language while performing their English learning tasks and so forth in interacting between them and with their teacher of English. To generate useful data, we have selected two methods: a "classroom observation system" and a classroom assessment scoring system. The findings show that the relative frequency of language used by the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) learners was not regular or stable. Each time the use of English, the second foreign language (FL2) is low, the use of other languages, French as the first foreign language (FL1) and the Mother-tongue: Algerian Arabic dialect (MT) is high and vice versa. Accordingly, the informants fall into the category of unbalanced use of languages with a steady involvement in learning activities due to certain criteria that would be discussed and explicated in the paper in hands.

Teaching English as a foreign language is given a vital concern in the Algerian field of education due to the major role English plays in the modern world. Many research papers have been devoted to find ways to make the process of teaching/ learning English successful and evidently found that the educational beliefs or the conceptions teachers hold about teaching and learning have a direct influence on shaping teachers’ classroom practices and figuring their students’ learning experience. Many research papers have been devoted to find ways to make the process of teaching/ learning English successful and evidently found that the educational beliefs or the conceptions teachers hold about teaching and learning have a direct influence on shaping teachers’ classroom practices and figuring their students’ learning experience. This study is an attempt to investigate Algerian teachers’ conceptions of teaching and learning and the potential relationship existing between these conceptions and the teaching approaches. To reach this aim, ten (10) teachers of English have participated in the study. The data were collected through classroom observation, the Conceptions of Teaching and Learning Questionnaire (CTLQ) and the Approaches to Teaching Inventory (ATI). The results revealed teachers’ dominant conceptions and prevailing beliefs about teaching and learning and showed the salient impact these conceptions have on their teaching approaches. The study concludes with some pedagogical implications addressed to provide policymakers with insightful information about the current educational practices and the EFL contemporary learning setting aiming to inform and enhance pre-service teachers’ education program as well as in-service teachers’ professional training and development.

This paper revisits Walter Benjamin’s unpublished “Announcement of the Journal Angelus Novus,” one of relatively few texts Benjamin is known to have written in 1922, European modernism’s widely recognized annus mirabilis. The announcement followed numerous, transformative essays and fragments of 1921 and was written alongside his dissertation on The Concept of Criticism in German Romanticism, encompassing a pivotal moment in Benjamin’s philosophical maturation. Heralding the new, never realized journal, the announcement articulates what might be deemed “the task of the editor,” which it describes as a quest for “philosophical universality”. The Angelus Novus journal would proceed form the fact of modern social discontinuities toward the elaboration of universal philosophical truths through the criticism of literary works. This paper reconsiders Benjamin’s editorial ambitions as part of his individual philosophical development and within a broader context of “total modernism,” discussing the announcement’s continued relevance for our contemporary world.

Abstract: Mastering high level skills in linguistic competence like grammar, syntax, and phonology does not mean having an equal pragmatic competence. Indeed, misunderstandings are so often the case in intercultural communications among interlocutors from different speech communities, in which drawing the intended implicature in the target language becomes a difficult task, especially if there is a lack of knowledge concerning cross-cultural differences like taboos, traditions, attitudes, etiquettes, and politeness. In another word, meaning cannot be conveyed through words or sentences in isolation without considering the socio-cultural context of any communication. Thus, it is important to learn how native speakers tend to act and behave in different situations to avoid breakdowns in communications, though it is almost impossible to prepare learners for all the possible scenarios that they may encounter in cross-cultural communications. This paper stresses the importance of pragmatic competence in foreign language teaching through discussing the nature of pragmatic failure which can be either linguistic as “pragma-linguistic failure” when inappropriate linguistic means are used, leading to failure to express the intended pragmatic objective—especially due to pragmatic transfer, or it can be social as “socio-pragmatic failure” whenthe speaker fails to choose what to say under certain social circumstances. The paper suggests at the end some interesting effective means to avoid these two types of pragmatic failure. Keywords: Socio-pragmatic failure, pragma-linguistic failure, intercultural communication, pragmatic transfer, foreign language learning-teaching

Abstract: Building on discourse analysis, field notes, and archival research, this paper examines the interconnection between spectacles, monuments construction, and forced eviction through the study of the major urban renewal project ZACA which induced the displacement and resettlement of about 50,000 people in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The analysis delves into the state’s engagement in urban transformation for socio-economic development to achieve its esthetic, productive, and utilitarian vision of the city to meet local, regional, and global consumers’ needs. The paper highlights how the image of FESPACO (Pan-African Film Festival of Ouagadougou) and other major cultural events are used to portray the city of Ouagadougou as the capital of African cinema and how that image was subsequently associated with urban renewal and the forced displacement of residents of old inner neighborhoods in Ouagadougou. It demonstrates that spectacles and monuments’ socio-economic and political production feed each other to displace signs, symbols, and people who do not fit the official discourse of city esthetics that they generate, sustain, maintain, and reproduce. It concludes that while cinematographic spectacle can be used to marginalize and remove the urban poor from decrepit neighborhoods, it can also denounce social injustice inflicted upon the urban poor characterized as less desirable in building city esthetic for capital accumulation. Keywords: Spectacles, urban esthetics, forced eviction, marginalization, capital accumulation.

This contribution seeks to explore the potential of museum audio description (AD) – a sub-genre of general screen AD – as an instance of intersemiotic translation for non-sighted and sighted alike by drawing on a systematic review of museum AD guidelines and on extensive bibliography from Museum Studies (MS), Translation Studies (TS) and, within the latter, Audiovisual Translation (AVT) and Media Accessibility (MA). The paper will first discuss the social mission of museums and the intrinsic diversity characterising their communication and translation practices, with a special focus on museum AD. It will then move on to the wider value of screen AD; although the latter is primarily intended as an access tool to help blind and visually impaired individuals construct a mental image of what they cannot partially or totally see, its recognised benefits for other groups (Perego 2017) will be addressed. Similarly, the paper will discuss the potential of museum AD for a wider audience by presenting insights from museum-specific AD guidelines. Museum AD may arguably be revisited as a form of museum translation for everybody, which could truly foster social inclusion.

This paper analyses and edits two anonymous Latin letters that help to assess the political climate in the aftermath of the Great Schism: a Devil’s letter addressed to Clement VII and a literary polished invective against Urban VI. After a brief investigation of the events that led to the outbreak of the schism, the paper compares the two letters in light of the contemporary political framework, in order to demonstrate why they qualify as propagandistic documents that present each of the two popes as a threat for Christendom and to evaluate how they exploited their literary distinctiveness to increase the strength of their political accusations. In doing so the aim is to assess the outbreak of the Schism from a viewpoint based on some distinctive strategies of political communication employed after the double election.

This paper analyzes Scott Fitzgerald’s novels in light of Deleuze and Guattari’s critique of capitalism. While Deleuze and Guattari’s capitalist social machine is a break from Marxism, it decodes the traditions that define subjective desires or concepts like beauty and ethics. Under capitalism, subjective desire arises as a capitalist desire and reproduces the capitalist power. In his novels, Fitzgerald addresses the idea of the American dream in a similar way. His characters often embody the contradictions of American experience such as success and failure, dream and nightmare, illusion and disillusionment. This paper critically analyzes Deleuze and Guattari’s reading of desire within Marx’s work and the role of the American dream in a capitalist system as a sort of antiproduction. It seeks to illustrate how the concept of love in Fitzgerald’s novels is tied to the idea of money and how their connection delineates, in the same way, the commodification of the desire that Deleuze traces in his reading of Marx. Accordingly, this paper also argues that similar to philosophy, fiction can be employed to provide a better understanding of our represented world.

The present paper investigates variables affecting strategic learning of foreign languages. The theoretical approach starts from analyzing strategy classifications and evolves into highlighting the several factors that determine strategy use when learning foreign languages. Further on we investigate individual differences between learners, the learners’ personal experiences, situational and social factors, as well as affective factors and strategic competence. Having started from the theoretical premise that strategic learning is the superior approach to foreign language learning, the paper concludes that a successful learning experience is highly dependent on the language instructors’ understanding of the multitude of variables at play when it comes to learner strategy choice.

This paper discusses the use of African American Vernacular English as a literary dialect. The analysis is based on a corpus containing data collected from two 19th century American novels: ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ by Mark Twain and ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The speech of two characters of African American descent is under scrutiny: Jim and Aunt Chloe. The first part of the study provides an overview of the sociohistorical context in which AAVE originated and subsequently developed. The paper also highlights several morphosyntactic features attested in AAVE and the last part aims at identifying such features in the speech of the two African American characters aforementioned.

Teacher education programs have a long, perpetuated expectation for how to teach (Shulman, 1987). The overwhelming focus in teacher education programs on planning, instruction, and assessment obscures the ultimate goal of education; that is, to help every student become happy and lead a fulfilled life. This paper offers a perspective to cultivate preservice teachers who value humanity and therefore go beyond disciplinary knowledge and pedagogical practices. Humanity creates order in society, not arbitrary rules or authority. Yet, this aspect is often lost in higher education that focuses on professional skills over the cultivation of students’ humanity (Muscatine, 2009). We argue that teacher education needs to attend to humanity and pave the way for peace and happiness for human beings. Teachers’ roles are not just to deliver knowledge to students but to plant the seeds of hope and joy through education. To achieve this goal, we explored various humanistic approaches from Freire’s (1993) critical pedagogy, Valenzuelz’s (1999) subtractive schooling, Ginwright and Cammarota’s (2002) social justice approach, Comstock et al.’s (2008) relational-cultural theory, and Ikeda’s (2010) human education. This paper seeks to approach humanity as a theoretical and methodological basis for reclaiming the promise of teacher education.

The paper examines body parts idioms as politeness strategy in Nzema communication. Figurative devices such as proverbs and euphemisms have received quite an appreciable amount of study in connection with verbal politeness in Nzema. Little or no attention however has been given to idioms, particularly their communicative functions in the language. This paper seeks to discuss the communicative functions of some body parts related idioms in Nzema with special focus on idiomatic expressions involving the limbs, the body/skin, the heart/chest and the stomach that are used in daily discourse. The analysis is based on primary data obtained through participant and non-participant observation. The data comprise audio recordings of traditional arbitration and everyday conversations among the Nzema. The paper demonstrates that, these culturally constructed body parts related idioms are deliberately employed to avoid any straightforward language that seeks to undermine and threaten the face of an addressee and also serve as politeness device for the speaker. The paper draws on Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory.

Based on the analysis of the texts collected in the 1930s in Latvia and Estonia, this paper provides a description of the semantics of the verbal modifiers, i.e., prefixes (preverbs) and particles, in Latvian Romani. The system of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani is an innovation evolved under Slavic and Baltic influence. Most preverbs are instances of MAT-borrowing from Slavic and Baltic, whereas verb particles are a PATborrowing, modelled after the Latvian system. The paper argues that even preverbs of Slavic origin often copy the semantics and derivational patterns of Latvian prefixed verbs. It is also shown that, differently from Latvian, in Romani both preverbs and verb particles can affect the verb’s argument structure (e.g., by making it transitive) and change its aspectual value (e.g., by making it perfective). Finally, the distribution of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani (the development of verb particles as opposed to other closely related Northeastern Romani dialects which only have prefixes, and higher frequency of verb particles in Estonia than in Latvia) confirms the areal cline in the spread of verb particles.

Language maps, which reflect linguistic pluralism, multilingualism and the spread of languages across countries and empires were part of an evolving human history. Historically, language came under the impact of geography, political conflicts and colonization. Due to these factors, languages penetrate borders or ended up in isolation or even in extinction. In this context, the paper investigates selected language maps of many African, Asian, European and South American countries in order to underline the connections between language, politics, immigration, war and other related elements. The paper argues that current language maps in some geographical regions are similar to the political maps of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries because colonial languages continued to exist in these countries even after the departure of the colonizers. Further, the paper explores the spread of a variety of languages and their penetration in some countries, which constituted a great part of the European Union, in order to examine the impact of geo-politics on the changing status of language maps in Europe.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the efforts to renew an interest in the poetry of Weldon Kees, a more or less forgotten American poet of late modernism. The main argument of this paper is that Weldon Kees, while a belated poet of modernism, successfully swerved away from the earlier poetics of modernism and proved capable of constructing a unique poetics of despair and alienation. In many ways, an heir of Hart Crane’s tragic sense of life, Kees’ misreading of Hart Crane was highly fertile and crucially conducive to the creation of his own visionary poetics. In the first part of our discussion, a more generalized overview of Kees’ poetry is developed, while in the second part, we analyze the four Robinson poems which constitute the nucleus of Kees’ existential aesthetics. Notwithstanding the fact that despair is a ubiquitous presence in Kees’ poetry, it does not manifest itself as an inhibiting force; on the contrary, while despair is inextricably linked to his tragic fate, it also acts as a major creative impetus, which helped Kees express his relationship to the world and, consequently, his place in it.

Centred around six exceptional Danish linguists: Vilhelm Thomsen, Otto Jespersen, Kristian Sandfeld, Louis Hjelmslev, Knud Togeby and Eli Fischer-Jørgensen, this paper analyses the development of linguistics in Denmark from mid-19th century to the end of the 20th century. The paper makes evident that these linguists, through their scholarship, research area, choices and methodology, together with their reciprocal interactions and joint affiliations, had a strong influence on the evolution of Danish linguistics.

It is a well-known fact that J.R.R. Tolkien’s training as a philologist had a very strong impact on his work as a creator of languages. This paper aims to identify the influence of Tolkien’s academic background in the field of linguistic studies on the creation of his Elvish languages. Taking into account Tolkien’s earliest works on Qenya (the first of the Elvish languages to be conceived) and based on our knowledge of Tolkien’s readings in linguistics and philology, the paper analyses some peculiar uses by Tolkien in describing the language and traces them back to their likely sources. The aim of the paper is twofold: on the one side, it hopes to show that this kind of source criticism can lead us to a better understanding of Tolkien’s conception of his Elvish tongues. On the other side, the systematic comparison between Tolkien’s writings on his constructed languages and the scholarly sources that constituted his linguistic background may represent a step towards acknowledging Tolkien’s place in the history of linguistic thought.

Over time, graffiti has inspired art and poetry exhibits by marginalized youth, once excluded by elite museums, now is surging in popularity, and being curated in public spaces at airports, subways, parks, street corners, and even construction sites. This paper highlights Hope at Hand, Inc., an established North Florida nonprofit provider that uses therapeutic art and poetry exhibitions in public spaces to help incarcerated youth recognize and overcome circumstances that limit their successful participation in society. Also, the paper reviews similar international art exhibitions that re-envision the ways museums can decolonize and support more community engagement and inclusive language learning. The lessons learned will demonstrate the ways in which exhibiting poetry and visual art can engage youth and create spaces for promoting cultural awareness. This holistic intervention framework integrates poetry, museum best practices and the arts for bridging and empowering lives. It fills a critical void in knowledge and practice between the arts, museum studies, public health, and citizenship, by considering place-based research in creating a more kind and inclusive society with the arts.

Abstract: Proverbs, in general, are employed not only for their functionality but also for their aesthetic or literary reasons which render them effective in discourse (Yankah, 1989; Dipio, 2019). This paper sought to explore the aesthetic nature of proverbs and their effects on discourse. It also aimed to find out the extent to which the characteristics of written literature could be found in proverbs which are the product of oral literature. The questions which underpin this research are: What are the aesthetic qualities embedded in Akan proverbs? To what extent do they impact on proverbial discourse? To be able to find answers to these questions, we adopted the traditional library research approach to select sixteen (16) Akan proverbs from books and journal articles for our literary and pragmatic analyses. The findings show that literary devices present in novels, poems, and other documentary forms of literature are equally seen in Akan proverbs. They also reveal that the rhetoric figures in proverbs aid the proverbial message to appeal to the human senses for a better understanding by the interlocutor. The aim of this paper is to examine some literary devices in Akan proverbs and what they add to the proverbial message.