Search

Neste traballo estúdase o labor fraseolóxico de Luis Montoto y Rautenstrauch, erudito sevillano da segunda metade do século XIX que participou activamente no movemento do Folklore en España. Este autor ocupouse especificamente dos chamados modismos, que diferenciou dos refráns. Puxo, por tanto, as bases da fraseoloxía, entendida como disciplina distinta da paremioloxía. Catro son os obxectivos que se perseguen: a) expoñe-lo contexto histórico e intelectual no que se xestou a obra de Montoto; b) describir e analiza-la achega fraseolóxica deste autor, composta fundamentalmente por tres obras (Un paquete de cartas, De Modismos, Locuciones, Frases Hechas, Frases proverbiales y Frases familiares, 1888; Tiquis miquis. Al licenciado Don José Gestoso y Pérez. Carta en la cual se trata de más de doscientos personajes proverbiales, 1890; e Personajes, personas y personillas que corren por las tierras de ambas Castillas, 1911-1912); c) sistematiza-las ideas teóricas de Montoto sobre a fraseoloxía; d) contribuír a un mellor coñecemento da tradición fraseolóxica española. // This paper examines the academic work of Luis Montoto y Rautenstrauch, a Spanish scholar born in Seville (1851-1929) who actively participated in the well-known “Folklore” movement. His study focused on idioms, and he laid the foundations of Phraseology as opposed to Paremiology. The objectives of our essay are four-fold: a) to explain the historical and intellectual context in which Montoto developed his work; b) to describe and analyze his phraseological contribution by focusing on three of his main works (Un paquete de cartas, De Modismos, Locuciones, Frases Hechas, Frases proverbiales y Frases familiares, 1888; Tiquis miquis. Al licenciado Don José Gestoso y Pérez. Carta en la cual se trata de más de doscientos personajes proverbiales, 1890; and Personajes, personas y personillas que corren por las tierras de ambas Castillas, 1911-1912); c) to systematize Montoto’s theoretical ideas on phraseology; and finally, d) to contribute to a better understanding of the Spanish phraseological tradition.

O obxecto deste artigo é a inserción lexicográfica dos enunciados paremiolóxicos no dicionario bilingüe bidireccional portugués - neerlandés - portugués. Ao poñer en paralelo un repertorio de datos extraídos deste dicionario, constatamos que por mor dunha operación de “desproverbialización” (Schapira 2000) algunhas paremias non se incluíron coa súa forma canónica senón como secuencias pluriverbais fixas. Estes fraseoloxismos, que se volveron máis coñecidos e frecuentes, están localizados nos dicionarios de lingua e de expresións. O noso propósito é amosar que a mensaxe semántica, ben sexa un consello, unha opinión ou unha lección non se deteriorou, e que se mantén no novo segmento: como segue sendo recoñecible, o falante acéptao e emprégao nos contextos que o esixen. // This paper addresses lexicographic placement of paremiological statements in the Portuguese - Dutch - Portuguese bilingual bidirectional dictionary. Drawing parallels between entries in this dictionary, we verify that owing to a “deproverbalisation” action (Schapira 2000) some proverbs were not included in their canonical form but as multi-verbal stereotyped sequences. These phraseologisms, which have become more well-known and common, are included in dictionaries. Our intention is to show that the semantic message, either advice, an opinion or a lesson, still exists in the new version, because the speaker can still identify it, accept and use it in suitable contexts.

O artigo continúa a presentación do proxecto de redacción dun Diccionari fraseològic de Jesús Moncada. O primeiro volume, practicamente rematado e que se atopa en fase de revisión, contén unhas 500 expresións non documentadas polos dicionarios cataláns. O material fraseolóxico completo, recollido nunha base de datos informatizada, está formado por 2395 combinacións de palabras de diferente tipo documentadas por 1073 lemas. Segundo o reconto manual o uso destas unidades está ilustrado cun total de 6449 exemplos que proveñen de tódalas obras do autor. Este material ademais de facilita-la comprensión e a tradución dos textos do autor ha de servir tamén para a caracterización da fraseoloxía moncadiana. Aquí preséntanse uns primeiros datos estatísticos que poden servir para esta finalidade. Os datos confirman a impresión subxectiva de que as obras de Moncada son moi ricas en fraseoloxía. Esta riqueza maniféstase non só no feito de que nos textos abunden os fraseoloxismos, senón tamén na acumulación de varias expresións dentro dunha mesma frase. Outro trazo característico da prosa de Moncada consiste na presenza do territorio –en determinados topónimos ou elementos característicos da topografía e/ou do clima da zona- e as referencias ó traballo dos llaüters 2 no léxico e a fraseoloxía das obras. A análise da fraseoloxía moncadianacomplétase cun primeiro intento de adaptación dun dos criterios do exame da idiomática de autor: o da categoría chamada unidades autoriais propiamente ditas, proposto por Baránov e Dobrovol’skij (2009). // The paper is part of the ongoing Diccionari fraseològic de Jesús Moncada project.. The first volume, almost finished and now in verification, contains about 500 expressions not registered in Catalan dictionaries. The complete phraseological material, saved in a computer database, contains 2395 different word combinations with 1073 keywords. According to manual counts, these combinations are augmented by 6449 examples, taken from all the author’s works. This material, apart from facilitating understanding and translation, is also useful for describing Moncadian phraseology. In this article, we focus on the latter aim and present our first statistical information, which supports the subjective impression of the phraseological wealth in Moncada’s works. This is evident not only in the large number of phraseologisms but also in the accumulation of expressions in the same sentence. Other features of Moncada’s prose are the presence of territory—in names for places, topographical elements, and climactic details—and the lexical and phraseological references to boatmen’s labour. Our analysis of Moncadian phraseology concludes with a first attempt at adaptation of the so-called “authorial units” category proposed by Baránov and Dobrovol’skij (2009).

Recuperación da fraseoloxía e paremioloxía galega usada ou comentada polo ilustrado benedictino galego Frei Martín Sarmiento (1695-1772) nas súas obras escritas en castelán e análise do seu contido e da súa pervivencia posterior ata o cambio de milenio. Os refráns son, para Sarmiento, unha reserva de vocabulario puro en cada lingua (protexido de préstamos innecesarios), unha guía de pensamento e unha fonte de pensamento novo e orixinal mediante a manipulación fraseolóxica. A partir da análise da supervivencia das unidades que cita parece intuirse que son máis duradeiras as paremias do que as locucións e outras unidades menores. // This paper examines Galician phraseology and paremiology retrieval in the work of the Benedictine Martín Sarmiento (1695-1772), analyzing its content and assessing how the proverbs have survived to this day. Proverbs are, for Sarmiento a reserve of pure vocabulary in each language (protected from unnecessary loan words), a guide for thinking and a source of new and original thinking through phraseological manipulation. Analysis of the survival of the phrases quoted by him seems to show that proverbs endure longer and better than other types of locutions and other minor phraseological units.

O obxectivo deste traballo é describir os campos icónicos máis produtivos e rastrexar a ligazón cultural que ten a fraseoloxía do alemán e do galego no campo semántico da morte e buscar converxencias e diverxencias. A partir dunha clasificación flexible de bloques referenciais e dominios fonte, sinalamos diferentes tipos de motivación semántica, nomeadamente, modelos metafóricos, metonímicos e simbólicos. // The aim of this paper is to describe productive iconic fields and trace cultural-boundness in Galician and German phraseology within the semantic field DEATH, detecting convergences and divergences. From a flexible classification into referential complexes and source domains, different types of semantic motivation arise, specially, metaphorical, metonymycal and symbolic.

Neste traballo estúdanse os elementos únicos do alemán actual. Estas palabras tamén se coñecen como unikale Komponenten, Unikalia, phraseologisch gebundene Einheiten en alemán e palabras diacríticas, palabras idiomáticas, compoñentes ligados fraseoloxicamente en castelán. Son palabras sen autonomía sintáctica que unicamente aparecen dentro de unidades fraseolóxicas (UUFF). Forman un conxunto (relativamente) pechado de palabras. Con todo, trátase dun grupo bastante heteroxéneo e parece que non todas teñen as mesmas restricións das súas posibilidades combinatorias. Neste traballo demóstrase mediante a análise dun corpus lingüístico que, de feito, algunhas palabras deste grupo cumpren perfectamente o criterio de restrición de combinabilidade e, polo tanto, da estabilidade, mentres que outras amosan un comportamento menos restrinxido, algunhas até o punto de comportarse como palabras autónomas. // This paper is dedicated to words known as unikale Elemente (unikale Komponenten, Unikalia, phraseologisch gebundene Einheiten) in German, commonly referred to as hapax legomena, cranberry words, or bound words in English. Such words appear only within phraseological units, not in free syntactic constructions. Though they form a (relatively) restricted and closed group of words, they are also quite heterogeneous: not all of them, it turns out, are restricted to the same degree. This project examined the distribution of cranberry words in a large linguistic corpus. In our results, we show that only some of the words proved to be really “unique” and fixed in a phraseological unit, others enjoy more freedom of combination, and still others seem totally autonomous in their ability to be combined.

Este traballo representa unha primeira aproximación cualitativa a un grupo de locucións marcadoras de reformulación (LMRs) con compoñente metalingüístico do español, catalán e alemán, que se caracterizan por incluíren entre os seus membros léxicos o verbo de lingua primario decir, dir, sagen. As LMRs comparten, como denominador común, a capacidade de actuar fóra do marco predicativo da oración e para sinalizar un tipo de relación entre as partes do texto que consiste nunha volta atrás pola que o emisor reinterpreta unha formulación anterior mediante unha nova que a explica, modifica, substitúe ou resume. A través dunha análise paralela destas unidades e das súas funcións máis características, pretendemos demostrar a existencia de características comúns que afectan tanto á selección dos seus compoñentes léxicos coma á clase de significado que achegan –que é tanto conceptual coma procedimental–, á súa capacidade distributiva e ao tipo de instrución discursiva que expresan sobre como debe ser interpretada a conexión entre os segmentos que ligan. Observaremos que os vestixios do significado léxico orixinal das LMRs estudadas aínda están presentes nas súas funcións textuais máis características; por iso consideramos que o valor metadiscursivo (plano da comunicación) que hoxe teñen, non é máis ca un desenvolvemento lóxico do seu valor metalingüístico inicial (plano léxico). Ademais, a existencia de patróns repetidos nas tres linguas parece apuntar a unha conceptualización moi similar por parte dos falantes da actividade lingüística e dos mecanismos de construción do texto. // This paper presents a first qualitative approach to a group of marker phrases of reformulation (MPRs) in Spanish, Catalan and German that contain a related metalinguistic component, namely the primary verb for speech: decir, dir, sagen. MPRs share as a common denominator the capacity to be used outside of the predicative frame of a sentence, in order to indicate a semantic relation between the parts of a text; they are used by a speaker to reinterpret a previous formulation by way of a new formulation that explains, modifies, substitutes or summarizes the first one. Through parallel analysis of these units and their characteristic functions, we will demonstrate the existence of shared features, in terms of the selection of their lexical components as well as in terms of the kind of meaning that they convey (simultaneously conceptual and procedural). As well, we will explore the distribution of these units, and the type of discursive instructions they provide to the recipient of a text regarding interpretation of the relation between the elements linked by an MPR. We will observe that some traces of the original lexical meaning of MPRs are still present in their most characteristic textual functions, and for this reason we consider that their current metadiscursive value is a logic extension of their original metalinguistic meaning. Furthermore, the existence of common patterns in all three languages seems to hint at a similar conceptualization on the part of speakers about the use of language and the mechanisms of text construction.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the dynamics of price transmission between corn and poultry markets in Brazil from 2000 to 2010. The Dickey-Fuller Generalized Least Square (DF-GLS) unit root test, the Granger causality (1969), the Johansen cointegration test (1988), Vector Error Correction Model (VEC) and the weak exogenicity tests are applied. We can conclude that have a long run interaction between corn and poultry markets in Brazil (cointegration). The estimated elasticity price transmission shows that 40% of the variations in the corn prices are transmitted to the chicken prices. The exogenicity test indicated that price transmission between this markets are unidirectional, the corn price can consi- dered weak exogenous.

Last December 2010, the Galician government approved a five-year funding model for its three publicly funded universities. This new model has been designed in a context of heavily constrained public budgets. Some of its allocations mechanisms allow that a significant percentage of funds are distributed based either on a set of performance measures or on a project-by-project basis in order to foster better management. The aim of this paper is to analyze the extent to which old problems in the financing of the Galician University System can be overcome by the new funding model.

In this paper a quantitative analysis of social exclusion is carried out over the Spanish house-holds’ population. This analysis is developed from both national and regional points of view. In doing so, a set of qualitative and quantitative indicators related to social exclusion is chosen and then a synthetic composite indicator is built using them. This indicator will allow us to accomplish the proposed goal. Data used come from the Social Exclusion Module of the “Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida” (ECV) as the Spanish Survey included in the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) Survey, carried out by EUROSTAT. Last disposable data turns out 2004-2010 as the studied period.

The relationship between income inequality and economic growth has been widely studied, lea- ding to a controversial debate. Regarding the effect of economic growth on inequality, Kuznets’ inverted-U hypothesis (1955) suggests that inequality first rises with growth and then falls after a turning point. This model has been extended by Anand and Kanbur (1993), and its empirical applications have provided a wide variety of results, depending on the statistical information, the indicators and the estimation techniques. With regard to the effects of inequality on growth, on a theoretical basis the relationship could be of any sign and thus the initial works by Lewis (1954) and Kaldor (1956) defend the existence of positive effects while Alesina & Rodrick (1994), Persson & Tabellini (1994), and Deininger & Squire (1998) assume a negative relationship.The diversity of theoretical assumptions and empirical evidence has stimulated the debate without achieving a consensus about the existence of vicious or virtuous circles. In this context the present paper aims to provide new evidence about the growth-inequality relationship, paying attention to the income level in a double sense. First, we introduce a classification of countries according to their income le- vels, and second we distinguish between inequality relating to low and high incomes.

After passing the amendments to the Spanish Audit Law in 2010 and the promulgation of the subsequent By-law in 2011, access requirements to the audit profession, as well as auditors continuous professional development, incurred many changes. This paper analyses such changes by clarifying not only its causes but the future effects that it may induce in reaching the public interest that the profession is searching for. Some of the most relevant decisions have been the following: mandatory university master courses to learn the theoretical bases of accounting and auditing; detailed schedule of the three-year period of practical training, two of them with a professional auditor; and case studies reflecting near to real life situations, including ethical conflicts, in the final exam. Regarding the continuous professional development, it has been established for the first time that auditors must participate in an average of 40 hours professional development per year. Nevertheless, there are some doubts about the possibility of enforcing this obligation by the auditor’s bodies' in order to help the public oversight authorities in reaching this goal.

The goodness of the audit process depends on how it happen in auditor's mind who does it, how it happen its phases, its content and completion. Auditor independence becomes one of the fundamental pillars of the exercise of audit activity. The aim of this paper is to analyze how this concept has been developed, both at international and national lines and anticipate future developments in more or less close. This analyzes the main legal texts that have shaped the independence of the auditor, whose regulation has pivoted on three issues: the services cannot provide the auditor, perceived fees and duration of the audit contract. We conclude with some reflections on the importance of auditor independence and quality control system.

This paper presents a theoretical discussion from the approaches of institutional economics and the economics of energy, on the key elements of the fortress of renewable energy to achieve the welfare and sustainability in the medium and long term, in order to achieve a more equitable distribution of re- sources and to ensure the sustainability of the planet earth itself. From a largely descriptive methodology and analysis, it will present different positions adopted worldwide, and one of its objectives to achieve poverty reduction from renewable energy implementation. It will assess or at least explain which one is the cost of this development for poor countries, if supported by the minimum level of consumer income, and if the cost of this sustainable energy system is less than the traditional system fossil resources. In conclusion, the adoption of sustainable energy practices and renewable base is presented as development opportunity for the most disadvantaged regions, when they are considered from a comprehensive action strategy, and consider alternative ways of financing.

Galicia’s first sale markets play an important role in the distribution chain, and the European hake (merluccius merluccius) is one of the most representative species. Therefore, it would be especially interesting for the case in hand to analyse the trade relations between the agents that participate in the distribution chains and the mechanism for forming the prices of fish products. In this paper we aim to characterise price transmissions along the distribution chain of fresh European hake in the Spanish market, focusing on the link between the first-sale markets and wholesalers. The application of econometric methodology will enable us to obtain significant results and reveal long and short-term price transmissions.

Social exclusion may arise from a single cause, but there are some groups in a higher risk of get- ting it, because they are exposed to several different circumstances at once. Inclusion in the labor market is a key element to avoid it, since unemployment can drive to isolation and poverty. If this situation is combined with the lack of proper training, it hampers the possibilities of getting a job, and as consequence, going away of the spiral that leads to exclusion becomes more complex. For inmates it is common to find several potential reasons for exclusion, frequently related to the crime committed. This paper analyzes the situation of people serving sentences in both prisons and social insertion centers in Galicia (Spain), through a quantitative analysis focused on the possibilities of inclusion of the prison population, when they get back to society, by their attitudes and skills. We have found that this attitude is related to inmate’s educational level and training as well as their social networks or with their own awareness of their actual situation.

The CAPM has had a fundamental role in the price formation process. However, its empirical re- sults at the moment of valuing assets have not been completely satisfactory due to, among other ques- tions, the different investor’s behavior to up or down market movements or extreme market movements. This paper analyzes if this investor’s behavior has effects on the equilibrium CAPM valuation. Using a threshold regression model, the empirical evidence for the Spanish stock exchange market supported that asset prices are sensitive to both up and down market movements and extreme market movements. Ad- ditionally, our evidence also indicated no stability as a structural change was found in the equilibrium rela- tionship in the onset of the global financial crisis.

The aim of this paper is to show that the simple classification of the degree of urbanization published by the IGE explains well the demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics of Galicia. For this we calculate and analyze the indicators in the areas of urbanization to see their different behavior, allowing us to compare the need and general validity of this classification.

The aim of this paper is to analyze whether audit reports on annual accounts are issued in accordance with the Auditing Standards (NTA) on reports; for this we study whether the format and content of the reports comply with current Spanish standards and, their relationship to the type of opinion they contain and the auditor issuing them. In our study we start from a sample of 1,236 audit reports on unlisted Galician firms selected by the stratified random sampling method, for the period 2004-2007. The dependent variable was defined as the overall qualification assigned to a report according to the degree of implementation of the NTA and, the independent variables as type of auditor and type of opinion, we conducted a test of the hypotheses through regression analysis, in order to explain the changes in the probability of finding a report not compliant with the NTA based on the variables described. The results obtained permit us to conclude that reports are not always written in accordance with the NTA, as they contain errors. Reports with a qualified opinion contain the greatest deviations from the standards, and auditors exercising individually are higher propensity to have to issue reports not in accordance with NTA compared to companies or multinationals.

Health tourism is growing rapidly in recent years, positioning itself as an alternative to traditional tourism being health resorts the main representatives of this tourist segment. Health resorts like any other tourist services company should seek customer satisfaction in order to survive. In this sense, quality management becomes part of business strategy allowing health resorts to differentiate themselves and gain competitive advantages that allow them to be competitive. This paper presents the results of the empirical study conducted in 29 of the 33 health resorts nationally certified with the mark “Q for Quality Tourist”. The objective is to analyze the motivations that lead to health resorts to implement and certify the Quality Management System based on the UNE 186001:2009 (health resorts) of the mark Q for Quality Tourist. Conducted a thorough theoretical review, the methodology consists in performing a descriptive analysis of the motivations, a factor analysis in order to determine the structure of their motivations, and group health resorts in order to analyze these groups to establish the profile thereof by cluster analysis. The results show that the most important motivations that drive to the seaside health resorts to introduce a quality management system are internal motivations, differences detected in this study with findings in other academic research in industrial enterprises. The structure of motivation in this sector is made up of three groups: external market reasons, external demands reasons and internal reasons.

This paper aims to investigate how mimesis rules Brazilian colonial literary production, considering a tension between its understanding as an imitation of nature or human actions and as an emulation of canonical authors and rhetorical topics. We propose that the crossing of those two understandings causes a transformation of the classical topics, without thereby considering colonial literature as original or detached from European literary series.

Resumen: Objetivo: describir y analizar la actividad desarrollada en Galicia Clínica estos últimos 4 años Método: Estudio bibliométrico de los artículos publicados en la revista Galicia Clínica en su nueva etapa, desde octubre de 2008 hasta septiembre de 2012. Se extrajeron los siguientes datos: tipo de artículo (editorial, revisión original, caso clínico, otros), especialidad del primer autor, hospital en el que trabaja el primer autor, y subespecialidad/tema sobre el que trata el artículo. Se han excluido los resúmenes de comunicaciones a los respectivos congresos de la Sociedad Galega de Medicina Interna. Resultados: Se han publicado 16 números ordinarios, y tres suplementos. En total fueron 169 artículos, de los cuales 9,5% eran editoriales, 12,4% originales, 23.1% revisiones, 42.6% casos clínicos, y 12,4% otro tipo de artículos. Se publicaron una media de 1,3 originales y 4,5 casos clínicos por número. Los temas tratados con más frecuencia fueron gestión, 15,4% y enfermedades infecciosas 14,2%. La mayoría de los trabajos (76,9%) han sido realizados por médicos especialistas en Medicina Interna. El centro de trabajo fue un hospital gallego en el 78.1%. Entre 4 centros, se reunen el 51,5% de los artículos publicados. Los hospitales gallegos universitarios aportan menos trabajos que los no universitarios (56 vs 61), aunque de mayor valor intrínseco, ya que predominan los originales, mientras que en los no universitarios predominan los casos clínicos. Conclusión: Galicia clínica ha retomado su actividad en los últimos 4 años con una elevada participación de los internistas de Galicia. Sin embargo, nuestra producción científica y el impacto de la revista pueden mejorar. Sería aconsejable desarrollar estrategias que promuevan la actividad científica de calidad y su difusión, desde el inicio de la residencia de Medicina Interna, que cuenten con la participación de instituciones públicas, hospitales, nuestros propios servicios, tutores de residentes y de cada uno de nosotros Abstract Objective: to describe and analyze the activity developed in Galicia Clinica during the last 4 years. Methods: bibliometric study of the articles published in the journal Galicia Clínica in its new stage, from October 2008 until September 2012. The following data were extracted: type of article (editorial, original article, clinical record, others), first author specialty, first author affiliation hospital and article topic. Abstracts from the congresses of the Internal Medicine Galician Society were excluded Results: sixteen ordinary issues were published, and three supplements. There were 169 articles, of which 9,5 % were editorials, 12,4% original articles, 23.1 % review articles, 42.6 % clinical records, and 12,4 % other type of articles. In average, 1,3 original articles and 4,5 clinical records were published per issue. The more frequent topics were about management (15,4 %) and infectious diseases (14,2 %). The majority of the articles (76,9 %) were from internal medicine specialists. Articles came from Galician hospitals in 78.1 %; four hospitals accounted for 51,5 % of the articles. Galician University Hospitals contributed with less papers than not University Hospitals (56 vs 61%), although original articles predominated from University Hospitals. Conclusion: Galicia Clínica has restarted its activities with a high level of participation from the internists of Galicia. Nevertheless, both our scientific production and the impact of the journal can improve. It would be advisable to develop strategies that promote high quality scientific activity and its diffusion, from the beginning of the Internal Medicine training, which the implication of public institutions, hospitals, internal medicine services, resident tutors and all of us.

While gathering together both central and marginal authors, this paper intends to both redefine the importance of a possible feminine aesthetic in Portugal today, as well as to go back to discussions implied in concepts of identity and belonging. Finally, by enumerating the authors, their works and signalling clear-cut poetical references, we search for new perspectives on poetics and politics: contemporary, aesthetic poetics, inscribed in and through women.

This article examines the relationship between food and identity, taking as a case-study the gastronomic literature of the galeguista writer Álvaro Cunqueiro, mediator of Galician culture in the Spanish cultural field. This paper presents a reflection on the cross-pollination of ideas between Cunqueiro and a number of Catalan gourmets which focuses on the threat posed by the industrial revolution to the existence of a national cuisine.

Resumen: En el marco de los esquemas de intransitividad y transitividad indirecta (preposicional), este trabajo se limita a describir algunos ejemplos de verbos que alternan entre una construcción pronominal y otra no pronominal en portugués al contrario del uso pronominal único que presentan en español. Este tipo de alternancia diatética arranca del empleo de la voz media que en latín asumía distintos valores o acepciones y que explica el hecho de que una buena parte de verbos transitivos se construyan necesariamente como pronominales cuando se emplean como intransitivos.Palabras clave: Intransitividad; transitividad indirecta; voz media; portugués; español.Abstract: Under the sign of intransitivity and indirect transitivity (prepositional) models, this paper purposes only to describe a few examples of verbs that transit from a pronominal construction to a non-pronominal one in Portuguese, in opposition to that exclusive pronominal type, as it occurs in Spanish. This kind of diatectic alternation derives from the use of the middle voice which, in Latin, assumed distinct values or meanings, what explains why a number of transitive verbs are necessarily constructed as pronominal ones when they are applied as intransitive verbs.Keywords: Intransitivity; indirect transitivity; middle voice; Portuguese; Spanish.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, analisa-se a variação das vogais médias pretônicas na fala culta de Recife com base nos dados do Projeto NURC. Adotam-se os pressupostos de análise da teoria da variação laboviana, visando à depreensão dos contextos estruturais e sociais favorecedores à aplicação das regras variáveis de abaixamento e de elevação dos segmentos médios vocálicos. Na fala recifense, além de os resultados apontarem para a tendência de abertura das pretônicas médias, também evidenciam as mulheres jovens com uma maior produtividade da regra variável de elevação vocálica, assumindo um comportamento linguístico mais inovador.Palavras-chave: Vogais médias pretônicas; abaixamento vocálico; elevação vocálica; variação linguística.Abstract: This paper will analyze the variation in pretonic mid vowels in the standard speech of Recife, based on data from the NURC Project. The analysis will follow the assumptions of the Labovian variation theory, considering structural and social contexts that favor the use of the variable rules of lowering and raising vowels. In the speech of Recife, results point to both a tendency to open pretonic mid vowels as well as to young women producing higher vowels, suggesting a more innovative linguistic behavior.Keywords: Pretonic mid vowels; vowel lowering; vowel raising; linguistic variation.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar resultados de análise quantitativa por meio da qual se buscou identificar fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos que favoreçam a elevação da vogal /e/ nos clíticos pronominais me, te, se e lhe. Para tanto, foram analisadas 36 entrevistas retiradas do Banco de Dados VarX, que contém amostras de fala de habitantes da cidade de Pelotas (RS). Submetidos os dados à análise estatística, o programa selecionou as variáveis tipo de juntura, vogal da sílaba seguinte e tipo de clítico como fatores que influenciam o tipo de vogal – alta ou média – que irá se manifestar.Palavras-chave: Clíticos pronominais; vogal média; variação linguística; neutralização vocálica.Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present the results of a quantitative analysis which tried to identify both the linguistic and extralinguistic factors causing the raising of the vowel /e/ in the pronominal clitics me, te, se and lhe. 36 interviews taken from VarX Database, containing speech samples of Pelotas (RS) citizens, were analyzed. After submitting the data to statistics analysis, the variables selected as factors determining the type of vowel that will be produced – high or mid – were type of juncture, vowel of the following syllable and type of clitic.Keywords: Pronominal clitics; mid vowel; linguistic variation; vowel neutralization.

Decisions at the outset of compiling a comparable corpus are of crucial importance for how the corpus is to be built and analysed later on. Several variables and external criteria are usually followed when building a corpus but little is been said about textual distributional similarity in this context and the quality that it brings to research. In an attempt to fulfil this gap, this paper aims at presenting a simple but efficient methodology capable of measuring a corpus internal degree of relatedness. To do so, this methodology takes advantage of both available natural language processing technology and statistical methods in a successful attempt to access the relatedness degree between documents. Our findings prove that using a list of common entities and a set of distributional similarity measures is enough not only to describe and assess the degree of relatedness between the documents in a comparable corpus, but also to rank them according to their degree of relatedness within the corpus.

Northwestern Spain is one of the most productive forest areas in Europe, being Eucalyptus globulus Labill. the most important species in the area. Stands (pure and mixed) of the species cover more than 400,000 ha, and almost four million cubic metres of timber were produced annually between 2008 and 2012. In this paper we present estimations of total aboveground biomass and the corresponding carbon content in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in Galicia, as useful information for further analysis on carbon sequestration balance. We developed several easy-to-use biomass equations, using data collected from cut trees across Galicia, and these were applied to data from the Third (1997) and Fourth (2011) National Forest Inventories in the region. The fitted model with diameter and height as independent variables showed the best estimates (R2 Adj = 0.9965, RMSE = 6.28). Estimations of current (2011) total aboveground biomass was 34.8 Mt and for the carbon was 15.7 Mt.

Resumo: Nosso objetivo neste artigo consiste em analisar o espaço do absurdo no romance Caieira, do escritor matogrossense Ricardo Guilherme Dicke. Como suporte teóricometodológico, utilizamos as ideias sobre o absurdo de Camus. Durante a análise, percebemos que o espaço em que se desenvolvem as ações narradas em Caieira representa uma relação de dominação, em que os personagens são reduzidas a fantasmas ou objetos, presas num mundo de cal, árido de humanidade. Mesmo quando o personagem principal tenta reverter o quadro, acaba se transformando num reverso da mesma moeda, repetindo o modelo de dominação contra o qual se insurge, reeditando um ciclo de poder e dominação. Palavras-chave: Literatura brasileira; análise literária; absurdo; espaço.Abstract: Our aim in this paper is to analyze the space of the absurd at the novel Caieira, by Ricardo Guilherme Dicke, writer from Mato Grosso. As a theoretical-methodological support, we use the ideas of on the absurd presented by Camus. During the analysis, we find that the space in which the actions narrated in Caieira develop represents a relationship of domination, in which the characters are reduced to objects or ghosts, trapped in a world of lime, arid of humanity. Even when the main character tries to reverse the situation, eventually becoming a reverse of the same coin, repeating the pattern of domination against which it protests, reissuing a cycle of power and domination. Keywords: Brazilian literature; literary analysis; absurd; space.

Resumo: Com base nas reflexões da antropologia da vida cotidiana, de Nadia Seremetakis, este trabalho propõe uma análise das configurações do espaço cotidiano e das imagens da mulher no romance La Plaza del Diamante, da escritora catalã Mercè Rodoreda. Essa obra nos remete, por sua vez, a um período particularmente conflituoso da história espanhola contemporânea – a guerra civil e o primeiro franquismo – e a um espaço emblemático da resistência ao fascismo: a Barcelona dos anos 1930. A percepção que a protagonista do romance tem desse espaço-tempo tangencia os grandes fatos e concentra-se nos objetos que condensam a história e a memória da cidade. Palavras-chave: Espaço cotidiano; imagem feminina; Barcelona; Guerra Civil Espanhola; Mercè Rodoreda. Abstract: Based on the reflections of the anthropology of everyday life, by Nadia Seremetakis, this paper proposes an analysis of the everyday space settings and women’s images in the novel La Plaza del Diamante, by the Catalan writer Mercè Rodoreda. At the same time, this work takes us to a particularly contentious moment of the contemporary Spain history – the civil war and the first Francoism – and to an emblematic area of resistance to fascism: the Barcelona of the 1930s. The protagonist’s perception of this space-time touches the great facts and focuses on objects that encapsulate the history and memory of the city. Keywords: Everyday space; feminine image; Barcelona; Spanish Civil War; Mercè Rodoreda.

Resumo: Este trabalho visa à discussão da literatura na Amazônia a partir de questões relacionadas a lugar, fronteira e espaço, noções estas que permeiam os escritos da região e nos levam a uma reflexão do espaço amazônico entremeado por elementos forâneos. Os termos aqui listados nos auxiliarão a compreender melhor o conceito de identidade cultural na Amazônia e a produção literária regional contemporânea. Entendemos que é fundamental o estudo da produção literária local por considerála ainda indicativa do contexto histórico, social e político dessa parte do Brasil, pois nos ajudará a construir uma ideia do local, regional e nacional, uma vez que o relato constrói a história imediata e social, relacionada ao lugar, fortemente marcado enquanto lugar de cultura. Portanto, compreender a Amazônia como o lugar de cultura é compreender o homem amazônico em seu contexto. Palavras-chave: Amazônia; espaço; literatura.Abstract: This paper aims to discuss literature in the Amazon from issues related to place, border and space, notions that permeate the writings of the region and lead us to a reflection about the Amazon region permeated by outsider elements. The terms listed here will help us to understand better the concept of cultural identity in the Amazon and contemporary regional literary production. We believe that it is important to study the local literary production because we consider it indicative of the historical, social and political development of this part of Brazil, since it will help us to build an idea of local, regional and national, because the report builds the immediate and social history, related to the place of culture, strongly marked as a place of culture. Therefore, understanding the Amazon as a place of culture is to understand the man in the Amazon in his context. Keywords: Amazon; space; literature.

Resumo: O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é relatar algumas observações sobre o estatuto da gramaticalização da forma a gente em língua portuguesa, mais especificamente no dialeto mineiro do português brasileiro. O segundo é problematizar o que se convencionou chamar gramaticalização, tradicionalmente entendida como “o resultado de um processo que tem a solução do problema como alvo principal”, mostrando que é possível observar o processo por etapas. Palavras-chave: Gramaticalização; a gente; cliticização.Abstract: The first goal of this paper is to report on observations of the status of grammaticalization of a gente in the Portuguese Language, more specifically in the dialect from Minas of Brazilian Portuguese. The second is to problematize what is conventionally called grammaticalization, here understood as “the result of a process that has the solution of the problem as its main goal”, showing that it is possible to observe the process in stages.Keywords: Grammaticalization; a gente; cliticization.

Resumo: Neste trabalho investigamos o uso e regularização das formas relacionadas à expressão do valor semântico-discursivo de passado condicional no português falado em Itabaiana/SE. Adotamos os pressupostos de análise sociofuncionalista, que lida com a emergência de formas (via gramaticalização) e a regularização do uso (via mudança linguística). Os resultados apontam para a tendência de especialização de formas em contextos de uso/ funções, indiciando um processo de gramaticalização.Palavras-chave: Passado condicional; gramaticalização; especialização; sociofuncionalismo.Abstract: In this paper we investigate the use and regulation of forms associate at the expression of the semantic-discursive past conditional tense on spoken Portuguese in Itabaiana/SE. We follow the sociofuncionalist analysis that treats the emergence of forms (by grammaticalization) and regulating the use (by language change). The result points to the trend towards specialization of forms in certain contexts of use/function, indicating an incipience process of grammaticalization.Keywords: Conditional past tense; grammaticalization; specialization; sociofuncionalist approach.

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma investigação inicial de construções que se desenvolvem a partir de expressões formadas com o verbo passar, considerando sua diversificada utilização em um cline de gradiência, seguindo uma perspectiva de gramaticalização, que parte de um uso mais concreto até um uso mais abstrato. Este estudo se baseia em teorias do funcionalismo.Palavras-chave: Funcionalismo; gramaticalização; prototipicidade; construções; gradiência.Abstract: This paper aims to present an initial investigation of constructions that are developed from expressions formed with the verb passar, considering their diversified use in a cline of gradience, following the perspective of grammaticalization, which parts of a more concrete to a more abstract use. This study is based on the theories of functionalism.Keywords: Functionalism; grammaticalization; prototypes; constructions; gradience.

Neste artigo analízanse os fraseoloxismos orixinados pola metáfora “as persoas son obxectos/máquinas” en galego e castelán. Partindo de postulados próximos aos da lingüística cognitiva, en primeiro lugar estudamos os fundamentos semánticos e pragmáticos deste tipo de metáforas (e procesos relacionados como metonimias e comparacións). De seguido, analizamos as expresións que aparecen nun corpus formado polos principais dicionarios fraseolóxicos do galego e o castelán. No estudo propiamente dito, analizamos estas unidades tomando como base tanto o dominio meta (as persoas e as calidades súas resaltadas neste tipo de idiomatismos) como o dominio fonte (obxectos e máquinas que orixinan a metáfora). Por tratarse dun dominio en constante cambio, veremos como as novas tecnoloxías se van incorporando rapidamente a este proceso de metaforización. // In this paper the idiomatic expressions originated by metaphor “people are objects/machines” are analysed en Galician and Spanish. Taking as a starting point some principles or tenets which could be included within Cognitive Linguistics, I have decided to analyse first the semantic and pragmatic foundations of this sort of metaphors (and other related processes such as metonymies and comparisons). Next, these expressions will be examined according to the contents of the main Spanish and Galician phraseological dictionaries. In the study itself, these units will be analysed considering not only the target domain (people and qualities that are relevant in this kind of idioms) but also the source domain (objects and machines that bring about metaphors): Since this is a constantly changing domain, I will try to demonstrate how new technologies get quickly incorporated into this process of metaphorisation.

O tema deste ensaio son os ditos que existen nunha morea de linguas de Europa (e máis alá) cunha estrutura léxica similar e que viran arredor dun mesmo significado figurativo. Primeiro faremos un repaso polos ditos máis espallados (estendidos nuns 51-68 idiomas europeos) e falaremos das razóns desta expansión. Os seguintes ditos dos que se vai falar aquí pertencen ós substratos máis antigos e constitúen o chamado “Lexicon of Common Figurative Units” (léxico de unidades figurativas comúns), por exemplo, ditos coas orixes na antigüidade, na Biblia ou en numerosas fontes arcaicas. // The topic of this paper is idioms which exist in a large number of European languages (and beyond) in a similar lexical structure and in the same figurative core meaning. We first look at the most widespread idioms (spread across 55-65 European languages) and discuss the reasons for the wide spread. The next idioms discussed here belong to the oldest layers that constitute the “Lexicon of Common Figurative Units”, i.e. idioms originating in antiquity, in the Bible and various ancient sources.

O obxecto deste traballo é a análise e o estudo contrastivo alemán-español das imaxes conceptuais do campo cognitivo FALAR. O artigo pretende centrarse especialmente naqueles fraseoloxismos que están relacionados co principio colaborador de Grice (1975:45) e o seu cumprimento ou non dentro da comunicación. A fonte principal do material idiomático é o corpus cognitivo do proxecto de investigación do grupo FRASESPAL, que está clasificado en subcampos e, para elaboralo, seguiuse unha metodoloxía indutiva e unha análise no marco da teoría comunicativa dos actos de fala e da lingüística cognitiva. Convén destacar que son especialmente numerosos os fraseoloxismos que mostran que o principio colaborador foi transgredido, o que confirma a tendencia na fraseoloxía a destacar e dar maior expresividade ó negativo. Isto é observable en ámbalas dúas linguas. Tamén encontramos outras similitudes como imaxes conceptuais idénticas ou moi parecidas. Neste punto, non obstante, hai que considerar con máis vagar os fraseoloxismos de ámbalas dúas linguas, xa que existen varios falsos amigos. A presenza de imaxes conceptuais similares pode levar a pensar que ámbalas dúas unidades posúen un mesmo significado, cando non sempre é así. Por esta razón, o coñecemento destes falsos amigos será de grande importancia tanto para a tradución coma para o ensino de linguas estranxeiras. // The purpose of this paper is the analysis and contrastive study of the conceptual images in German and Spanish of the cognitive field TO TALK. The article aims to focus especially on those idioms that are related to Grice’s cooperative principle (1975:45). Some of these idioms show compliance to this principle whereas others do not. The main source of the linguistic material is the FRASESPAL corpus. This cognitive corpus is classified into different subfields. We followed the inductive methodology and analysis in the context of the communicative theory of speech acts and cognitive linguistics. It should be noted that there are many idioms showing the transgressions of the collaborative principle. This is observable in both languages and confirms the trend in phraseology to emphasize the negative. Although there are more similarities such as the same conceptual images, we have to be careful and watch for false friends. The fact that two or more idioms have/share a similar picture can lead us to assume that than the meaning is the same, but this is not always like that. Therefore it is important to know these false friends well, because this knowledge will be useful for the translation and the teaching of foreign languages.

As expresións idiomáticas, comprendidas e utilizadas sen recorrer a unha aprendizaxe escolar, instálanse co tempo na memoria popular e son compartidas polos membros dunha mesma comunidade lingüística. Non obstante, as pescudas en fraseoloxía demostran que non se traballan moito na clase de FLE xa que se consideran elementos lingüísticos complexos e difíciles de memorizar. Este artigo sitúase na perspectiva da pasaxe da lingua fonte ou L1 á lingua meta ou L2; trátase durante a tradución de analizar a imaxe literal e a súa descodificación metafórica. Este traballo que, evidentemente, vai máis alá da lingua, facilita a comprensión e a memorización das expresións estudadas. A imaxe referencial supera o sentido da suma dos constituíntes da expresión e conduce á abstracción da interpretación. // Idiomatic expressions, which are understood and used without a school learning, are set up in the popular memory. They are also shared by the members of a linguistic community. However, researchs in phraseology prove that they are not very studied in FLE courses, since they are considered as complex linguistic elements and difficult to memorise. This paper deals with the perspective of the translation from source language or L1 to target language or L2 and tries to analyse litteral images and their metaphorical decoding. This work, which goes beyond language, makes easier the understanding and memorisation of the studied expressions. The reference image will surpass the sense of the sum of the parts of the expression and will lead to abstraction and interpretation.

O artigo presenta un corpus de frases xeradas en distintos actos comunicativos onde intervén un rapaz. No corpus destaca a presenza do humor, a burla e a ironía. Iso fai que reflexionemos brevemente sobre a función lúdica da linguaxe. Tan importante como o propio corpus fraseolóxico é o contexto que orixina a frase, así como as inferencias conversacionais. Igualmente relevante é o acto de fala como punto de partida da interacción verbal entre adulto/rapaz ou rapaz/rapaz. A importancia do contexto e a existencia en moitas unidades fraseolóxicas de palabras baleiras de significado léxico obríganos a situar este corpus nos límites da fraseoloxía. // This paper aims at presenting a corpus of phrases uttered by a child in different speech acts. Humour, irony and joking are highly significant in the corpus. This makes us think briefly over the ludic function of language. Thus, the context in which the phrase is uttered as well as the conversational inferences are as important as the corpus of phrases itself. The speech act as the origin of the verbal interaction between adult and child or between children is equally relevant. The importance of the context and the existence of words empty of lexical meaning in many phraseological units make us place this corpus on the bordeline of phraseology.

Research about quality narrative reporting is very important for users, professionals and standards setters. The study of the content of recent disclosure, its utility and possible ways of increasing it is crucial to finding solutions to the lack of relevant traditional financial reporting. This paper deals with determining if Spanish companies' disclosure satisfies user demands and fulfills indications and recommendations of different regulating organizations with a view to achieving greater utility. The results are not optimistic. Narrative reporting is basically historic and is generally scarcely quantified. In addition, on many occasions it simply repeats insignificant data or what has already been seen in other documents which does not improve quality but does reduces its clarity.

In this paper we study the factors that explain the sustainability of current account im-balances in the Euro area and its relation with the economic crisis, addressing specifically the case of Spain. Estimation of foreign trade equations for Spain shows that a sustainable situation for trade imbalances could have been reached in two ways. Firstly, through an agreed actuation implemented in order to rise aggregated demand in central states over that in countries in the periphery. Secondly, controlling the pro cyclical movements promoted by monetary and credit variables.

The housing market structure displays remarkable differences across countries, es-pecially in terms of the relative size and the effi ciency of the rental sector. This heterogeneity can be due to several factors, such as cultural or preference, fiscal, and the institutional. In this paper, I propose a dynamic general equilibrium model with a housing market, both owner-occupied and rented, introducing collateral constraints for borrowers, in order to capture the wealth effects of the owner-occupied housing. Within this framework, I illustrate how the mone-tary policy is transmitted through the housing market. Besides, I assess the implications of changes in policies related with the housing market, as well as changes in the consumer relative preferences with respect to both types of housing.

Abstract: In recent months, the euro area has been under fire from the financial markets, spe-culators being blamed for the mounting of a kind of conspiracy whose ultimate goal would be the disintegration of the project's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). In this paper, we discuss the true reasons of this situation with reference to four issues which the debate remains open since the early 90s: nominal convergence versus real convergence; need -or not- for the coordination of fiscal policies; adjustment mechanisms to specific shocks and the theory of optimum currency areas; and need -or not- for further progress in political integra-tion. Using data on the Portuguese case, we argue that, on several of these topics, the present framework of the EMU still reveals many weaknesses, which would underpin the current unsta-ble situation. In this context, we present some suggestions for strengthening the euro area, par-ticularly in terms of its economic governance.

Air pollution and urban noise are major concerns in big cities. This paper aims at evaluating how they impact transaction prices in downtown Madrid. For that purpose, we incor-porate two subjective measures of air pollution and noise, joint with other variables available for individual characteristics, accessibility and socio-economic data, and we use spatial quantile models with a sample of 5,080 houses in downtown Madrid. Spatial quantile regressions are a good instrument to deal with common problems in hedonic models, such as non-linearity, non- -normality due to asymmetries and outliers, heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation. We find that noise and air-pollution have no clear significant effect except in the wealthier neighbor-hoods, where pollution is clearly a disamenity. Additionally, we find a counter-intuitive positive sign for the effect of noise only for the group of the most exclusive properties, possibly because of their owner high 'sense of place', joint to the existence of some other related positive associ-ated externalities, such as upscale shops and historical or cultural areas.

Within the philosophical-methodological context of analysis, this paper deals with central issues regarding economics as a science, where the focus of attention is on the viewpoint of complexity. In this regard, several steps are taken in the contents: first, the characteristic features of science and the case of economics (constitutive elements, thematic diversification and the place of this discipline within the system of knowledge); second, economics as an applied design science that faces the problem of complexity (from an ontological and epistemological perspectives, which are articulated in the structural side and the dynamic dimension); third, the scientific status of economics according to the epistemological and methodological criteria that have been dominant so far, and which have a direct connection to prediction; and, finally -as a coda- the role of mathematical models regarding economics, within the framework of a comparison between the different kinds of science. These steps look for relevant aspect of each issue analyzed, taking into account that the main aim is a contextualization of economics as a science rather than an exhaustive consideration of each topic.

This paper analyzes the victim profile of mobbing among a sample of Galician working population, with special attention to gender differences. The results show significant differences between men and women in relation to the mobbing incidence and the type and seriousness of the behaviours suffered. In particular, women are more affected by the processes of psychological harassment than men and they suffer a greater number of behaviours although less intense. In the case of women, the behaviors suffered are more related to the personal sphere, while men suffer work-related behaviours. In both cases, the victims indicate envy as a cause of mobbing, who choose to act passively to attack the aggressor, normally a superior.

The recent financial instability and its transmission to the productive economy, as well as revealing the bidirectional nature of the relationship between financial and real variables, pro-vides important questions about the ability of the European Central Bank to implement an effec-tive monetary policy in an area as heterogeneous as the Eurozone. This finding is especially re-levant when it comes to explaining the relationship between reference interest rates of monetary policy, the behavior of credit, the generation of price bubbles in the housing market and the evo-lution of real economic activity. Thereby, the main objective of this paper is to explore into the nature of the relationship between financial and real estate markets and the factors that deter-mine the possibilities of the ECB to contribute to the stability of the Eurozone through the imple-mentation of monetary policy. To do this we estimate a VAR model that allows to obtain eviden-ce about the relationship between housing prices, interest rate, credit, inflation and GDP for a sample of five countries that form part of the Eurozone (Spain, Ireland, Austria, France and Por-tugal).

Resumo: Os manuais de linguística ou filologia românica costumam incluir o reto-românico como uma das principais línguas neolatinas, ao lado do português, espanhol, francês, italiano e romeno. No entanto, tal denominação refere-se na verdade a um conjunto extremamente heterogêneo de línguas, com uma profunda fragmentação dialetal. Acresce-se a isso o recente problema da padronização da norma escrita. Este artigo pretende especificamente apresentar a situação linguística atual dos Grisões e o problema da convivência do romanche com os dialetos alemães e o italianos. Palavras-chave: Reto-românico; dialetologia; contato linguístico. Resumen: Los manuales de linguística o filología románica costumbran incluir el reto-románico como una de las principales lenguas neolatinas, al lado del portugués, español, francés, italiano y rumano. Pero tal denominación se refere en la realidad a un conjunto extremamente heterogéneo de lenguas, con una profunda fragmentación dialectal. Se añade a eso el reciente problema de la estandarización de la norma escrita. Este artículo pretende especificamente presentar la situación linguística actual de los Grisones y el problema de la convivencia del romanche con los dialectos alemanes e italianos.Palabras-clave: Reto-románico; dialectología; contacto linguístico. Abstract: Raeto-Romance is usually included, as well as Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and Rumanian, among the main Neolatin languages in the handbooks about Romance Philology or Linguistics. However, an extremely heterogeneous set of very different languages, with a huge dialect splitting is meant by such denomination. The problem is also increased with the recent standardization of the written language. The current linguistic situation of the Grisons is specifically dealt in this paper, as well as the coexistence of the Rumantsch language together with the German and the Italian dialects.Keywords: Rhaeto-Romance; dialetology; linguistic contact.

A gramática estuda as relacións estruturais entre os constituíntes clausais, mentres que a pragmática reivindica o estudo das relacións (non estruturais) entre as cláusulas nun texto coherente. Este artigo explora a hipótese dun cambio gramatical universal de constituíntes clausais que adquiren novas funcións pragmáticas ou gramaticais sen perder as funcións gramaticais orixinais. O conector vasco ere ‘tamén’ mostra que a gramática e a pragmática están moi relacionadas (estruturalmente). A diferenza de too / also e también / ere ten unha sintaxe libre non polar. En cambio, unidades gramaticalizadas con ere mostran unha polaridade negativa de presuposición de veracidade descendente. Describimos igualmente estes cambios en termos de adquisición ou perda de presuposicións aditivo-escalares e presuposicións focais. // Grammar analyzes the structural relationships between the constituents of a clause, whereas the task of pragmatics is to study (non-structural) relationships between clauses in a coherent text. This paper explores the hypothesis of a universal grammar change concerning clausal constituents that acquire new text-level pragmatic or grammatical functions without losing their original clausal functions. The Basque connector ere ‘too / also’ shows that grammar and pragmatics are closely related (structurally). Unlike too / also, ere has a non polarity-sensitive free syntax. However, grammaticalized units containing ere are involved in downward-entailing negative polarity. These grammar changes are further described as a process of (grammatical / pragmatic) acquisition or loss of additive / scalar and focal true presuppositions.