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L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

Este artigo presenta un estudo de diversos fraseoloxismos pragmáticos do español e do inglés que, en termos xerais, o falante emprega para expresa-lo seu compromiso respecto da verdade do que enuncia e isto intensifica a forza ilocutiva do seu acto de fala. Perséguese, deste xeito, caracteriza-lo status fraseolóxico destas expresións, o lugar que ocupan na periferia do sistema fraseolóxico e as funcións concretas que desempeñan no discurso, que van dende a expresión do compromiso epistémico ata a manifestación do acordo interactivo intensificado. A análise baséase, de xeito máis específico, na abundante presenza destas unidades nos córpora COLAm (español) e COLT (inglés) da linguaxe xuvenil, no que este tipo de expresións se empregan como fins de especial variedade e expresividade. // This article presents a study of several Spanish and English pragmatic idioms which, in broad terms, are used by speakers to convey their commitment towards what they express and thus serve to intensify the pragmatic/illocutionary value of a given speech act. We aim to define the phraseological status of this set of expressions and the place they occupy within the periphery of phraseology, and analyze their specific discursive functions, which range from the expression of the speaker’s epistemic commitment to the pragmatic intensification of agreement in interaction. Our analysis is based on the abundant presence of these idioms in the COLAm and COLT corpora of Spanish and English teenagers’ language, where they are used with particularly rich and varied expressive purposes.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

The growth of digital technologies in the economy has created new opportunities for entrepreneurs and organisations (Berman, 2012). The digital world environment, supported by technological devices (e.g., mobile computing) and social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Instagram), has opened new ways to create new digital business models and media channels (Vasconcelos & Rua, 2021; Ciasullo & Lim, 2022; Miháldinecz & Rua, 2022; Rodrigues et al., 2022). Multinational organisations, but also small companies, do all or most of their business on the web (e.g., Google, Amazon, Facebook) (Capatina & Rancati, 2017; Jeansson et al., 2017; Pinto & Silva, 2019). The unique characteristics of digital technologies have provided entrepreneurs and organisations with many tools that can be used to innovate and create new ventures (Berawi et al., 2020). For example, open innovation and crowdsourcing facilitate co-creation and customer feedback in the development of new products, services, websites or applications (Gassmann et al., 2010; Musiello-Neto et al., 2022; Rua et al., 2023). Similarly, crowdfunding platforms (e.g. Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Go Fund Me) have made it easier and faster to finance a social or business project (Bernardino & Freitas Santos, 2020). Because of the internet, new digital business models (e.g. freemium, subscription, on-demand, affiliate, drop shipping, consulting, advertising, blogging, digital media) exist and could be used to sell products and/or services. In addition, business models (features and value of offerings) would continue to evolve even after launch due to competition and environmental changes. Digital entrepreneurship is the practice of pursuing new venture opportunities offered by new media on internet technologies (Antonizzi & Smuts, 2020). Therefore, entrepreneurs and organisations in a digital economy need to be aware of market opportunities to develop new ideas and business models and communicate their value propositions to potential customers and investors (Nambisan, 2016). This special issue aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the digital economy, while addressing the question of how entrepreneurs and organisations are dealing with an increasingly digital world. The papers in this special issue present research findings from a variety of contexts. In the first article, Silva, Moutinho and Paço examine the relationships between entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship policies and e-commerce. In the article, the authors aim to analyse whether entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship are antecedents of e-commerce, as well as the bidirectional relationship between e-commerce and entrepreneurship. The study focuses on a panel of two European regions, Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) and Iberia (Portugal and Spain), between 2012 and 2020. The relevance of the groups studied is enhanced by the fact that they are culturally different and have different perspectives on the growth of e-commerce. The authors use an econometric analysis of the data based on Panel Corrected Standard Errors models. The study developed by the authors shows a bi-directional causality between entrepreneurship based on the creation of new firms and entrepreneurship based on surviving firms and e-commerce. The study also shows that R&D-based intrapreneurship is a driver of e-commerce. The second article, by Silva, Lima and Teixeira, examines the use of sales technology by salespeople as a source of information and stimulus for intrapreneurship. They find that salespeople's use of sales technology has positive effects on the firm's information system and, subsequently, on salespeople's intrapreneurial behaviour (strategic renewal and venture behaviour). The authors also suggest that the firm's information system plays a mediating role between salespeople's use of technology and their strategic renewal and venture behaviour. In the third article, based on social support theory and technology acceptance models, Makmor, Alam, Masukujjaman, Makhbul, Ali, and Mamun examine the factors determining purchase intention on social commerce sites. Using a detailed purchase intention model, the authors analyse the responses obtained from 392 questionnaires distributed in Malaysia, using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The research provides new contributions to the understanding of factors that can influence consumer purchase intention, highlighting the important role of consumer trust in the online context, as well as social support (both in the form of emotional and informational support), which are related to the technology acceptance model and purchase intention. The fourth article, developed by Bernardino, Freitas Santos and Silva, explores the personal network linkages of social entrepreneurs and the use of social media platforms to examine whether they bring more resources to the social organisation. A conceptual model is developed based on a review of the literature. Structural equation modelling is used to test the hypotheses on a sample of 313 Portuguese social organisations. They find that social entrepreneurs’ network linkages have a direct (via stakeholders) and an indirect (via social media use) effect on the resource acquisition process. Overall, their work demonstrates the strong role of personal networks as a potential determinant of resource acquisition for Portuguese social organisations. Finally, in the fifth paper, Katrin Kizilkan aims to expand knowledge about the entrepreneurial finance landscape and digital platforms in the context of entrepreneurs' social media communication behaviour. Based on signalling theory, Schulz von Thun's communication theory and social capital theory, the article assesses the main success determinants in the behaviour of crowdfunders. In the article, the author develops several hypotheses that are tested using a multivariate approach based on logistic regression. The data was collected from 169 campaigns available on the largest rewards-based crowdfunding platform in Germany (Startnext). The research conducted by Katrin reveals the success factors of a crowdfunding campaign in terms of the behaviour of the entrepreneur and the characteristics that social entrepreneurs should pay special attention to when designing a crowdfunding campaign. The results highlight the importance of quality signals to reduce information asymmetries. The article offers practical recommendations to entrepreneurs on how to run a successful campaign in the digital context, and in particular how to use social media effectively in the context of a reward-based crowdfunding campaign. Overall, each of the papers provides new insights into the challenges of the digital economy for entrepreneurship and organisations, incorporating a variety of theoretical perspectives and research designs, demonstrating the promise of different approaches to inform research on the digital economy. Indeed, the digital age brings new opportunities for the way businesses are developed, which could be exploited by both entrepreneurs and organisations.

Se estudia la disponibilidad en acceso abierto de la producción científica del personal del Servicio Gallego de Salud (Sergas) de los años 2014 a 2019, su evolución a través de las distintas vías de acceso y qué volumen se podría depositar en el repositorio institucional. METODOLOGÍA: A partir de una exportación de Sophos, la herramienta que mide la producción científica del Sergas, se analiza el conjunto de publicaciones en las que participa al menos un autor con filiación institucional del Sergas. Se utilizaron las APIs de Unpaywall, DOAJ y la función Find Full Text de EndNote para determinar si el artículo tenía una versión de texto completo disponible. RESULTADOS: La producción científica del Sergas de 2014 a 2019, excluidas las comunicaciones a congresos, asciende a 7.792 artículos de los cuales el 44.10% de pueden clasificar como de acceso abierto real (dorado, bronce o híbrido), el 51.16% están publicados en revistas que permiten el auto-archivo y solo un 4.75% no admiten acceso abierto o no ofrecen información sobre su política de acceso. Estos artículos se publicaron en 1.695 revistas diferentes, de las cuales 409 siguen el modelo de acceso abierto dorado. CONCLUSIONES: El 95% de los artículos revisados pueden estar disponibles para el usuario final por alguna de las vías de acceso abierto y podrían ser depositados en el repositorio institucional./ This paper studies the open access availability to the Galician Health Service (SERGAS) staff´s scientific production between 2014 and 2019, its evolution through the different open access routes and the volumen of publications that could be deposited in the institutional repository. METHODOLOGY: Based on an export from Sophos, (the tool that measures the scientific production of the SERGAS), this paper analizes the set of publications in which at least one author with SERGAS institutional affiliation. The APIs of Unpaywall, DOAJ and the Find Full Text function of EndNote were used to determine whether the article had a full-text version available. RESULTS: The SERGAS scientific production between 2014 and 2019, excluding conference contributions, amounts to 7,792 articles. 44.10% of those articles can be classified as real open access (gold, bronze or hybrid), 51.16% are published in journals that allow self-archiving and only 4.75% do not support open access or do not provide information on their access policy. These articles were published in 1,695 different journals, 409 of wich follow the gold open access model. CONCLUSIONS: 95% of the articles reviewed would be available to the end user through one of the open access routes and could be deposited in the institutional repository.

The significance of tourism in the development of regions has become of interest to academics in recent decades and its contribution is evident. The rapid tourism development is creating pressure on the destination’s competitiveness, as well as on its sustainable development. The Tatra Euroregion has been connecting two nationalities for decades via joint activities that develop the region by strengthening tourism. However, little attention is given to developing the Euroregion by way of tourism. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify whether the development of tourism in this Euroregion will be sustainable in the future, which can be fulfilled by answering two research questions, RQ1: What is the current state of tourism development in the Tatra Euroregion? and RQ2: Is the further development of tourism in the Tatra Euroregion subject to the principle of sustainability? We will answer the questions by analysing statistical data and documents that describe the cooperation activities within the Euroregion. The paper contributes to the analysis of cross-border cooperation within the Euroregion, as well as to research in the field of regional development with sustainable tourism, which is determined by the life cycle of the destination.

Este artigo ten por obxectivo incentivar a realización de pescudas académicas na área da Fraseoloxía e promover a comunicación, difusión e intercambio de coñecemento científico en volta destes estudos nas universidades. Con este fin, o traballo divídese en cinco seccións: introdución, o contexto universitario brasileiro, as caras da Fraseoloxía, o papel do director académico e as consideracións finais. A partir da metáfora “navegación nun mar de posibilidades de investigación”, o artigo introduce os estudos fraseolóxicos, ofrece definicións de fraseoloxía propostas por diversos autores, aborda as súas distintas caras en lingua materna e lingua estranxeira, sinalando principalmente tres rutas para o desenvolvemento da investigación: o campo do ensino, que recibe o nome de Fraseodidáctica; o campo da Tradución, sexa de lingua común ou de lingua de especialidade; e o campo da Fraseografía. Ofrece reflexións acerca da propia dirección académica, explicita o papel dos fraseoloxismos na escrita académica e apunta os diversos medios tecnolóxicos actualmente dispoñibles para a busca bibliográfica e a divulgación da investigación. En fin, procura contribuír a que os estudantes se interesen pola investigación e se convertan en investigadores en Fraseoloxía. // This paper aims to encourage academic researches completion in Phraseology field and to promote scientific knowledge communication, dissemination and exchange within Universities. For this purpose, the paper is presented in five sections: Introduction, Brazilian University Context, Phraseology faces, the role of the Supervisor, and concluding remarks. Using the metaphor “sailing in a sea of research possibilities”, the paper introduces the phraseological studies, brings phraseology definitions proposed by several authors, approaches its various faces in native and foreign language, indicating three main routes for research development: the field of Teaching, named Phraseodidactic; the translation field, either of common language as well as of specialized language; and the Phraseography field. It brings reflections about the advising itself, the role of phraseologisms in academic writing and points out the various technological media currently available for bibliographic survey and academic dissemination. Therefore, it aims to contribute for the students to be interested in research and to become Phraseology researchers.

The European Commission has recently launched a proposal for a Directive to promote repair. In this paper we critically analyse the drafting process in order to understand the resulting policy options. We consider that although the ambition of the Directive was low from the beginning given the limited policy options, it became even worse during the consultation period. The selection of barriers to repair was limited, and manufacturers pushed for a narrow and closed form of Right-to-Repair (R2R) that transferred all control over the potentially emerging repair market to them. Some information measures were proposed so as to increase transparency, potentially increasing the administrative burden on independent repairers, along with measures to encourage repair when under legal guarantee. This Directive fails to promote repair or help independent repairers overcome access barriers, nor does it allow member states to go beyond the limits imposed in the Directive itself.

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of profitability in Spain between 1995 and 2014, showing that behind the asset-price inflation of the growth period and its corresponding macroeconomic imbalances, an underlying problem of capital valorization can be found. For this purpose, a study of various measures of profitability is carried out based on the concept of productive labor and highlighting the role of finance (interest rates and indebtedness). The evolution of the profit rate in previous years is also shown , together with a comparison with countries in the Eurozone, both in the most advanced areas and in the periphery. The paper reveals the large extent of the underlying profitability crisis, with a huge fall of profit rates from the late sixties, during the period of the housing boom, and throughout the subsequent recession. In addition, this drop in profitability stands out in relation to other economies of the European periphery. Hence, the study puts the rate of profit at the center of the debate on the Great Recession in Spain, despite its absence in much of the economic literature.

The interest in and understanding of ethics among translation scholars has changed dramatically since the publication of Andrew Chesterman’s proposal for a Hieronymic Oath (Chesterman, 2001). Early definitions of ethics based on equivalence (Newmark, 1991), faithfulness, loyalty (Nord, 1997) and trust have been put aside in favour of more recent notions of translator ethics grounded in accountability (Baker & Maier, 2011) and social responsibility (Drugan & Tipton, 2017). Practising translators who abide by codes of ethics/conduct are bound by principles of honesty, integrity, linguistic competence, confidentiality, and trust. This paper begins by presenting a brief literature review of the main developments in translation ethics from the early linguists to contemporary interpretations. There then follows an analysis and comparison of several professional codes of conduct from the main international associations of translators and interpreters with the benchmark, the Association of Translation and Interpreting Professionals (APTRAD). It is one of the more recent translator associations and has a code of conduct adopted in the last six years. The objective of this paper is to determine which theoretical definitions of ethics are reflected in the codes of conduct and to discuss their usefulness for translators in their daily practice. The paper ends with recommendations for changes to codes of conduct to make them more relevant to practising translators.

This paper is an analytical-empirical review of the evolution of Spanish Business Schools and how they have been affected by the accreditation system. This system has made it possible for the Spanish Business Schools to rank among the best (10 of them are in the World top-25 and 4 have been accredited with the triple crown, which is the highest distinction). However, it has also led to the denaturalization of the Business Schools (B-Schools), which have been “devoured” by the Schools of Economics and Business at universities. In addition, the accreditation system has entailed an increase in costs (opportunity, marginal, sunk costs and so on). An explanation of the Spanish B-Schools paradox is offered in the article: the more accreditations achieved, the more difficult it is to maintain them, due to contradictions in the compliance regulation and to the difficulty in updating academic programmes since their success and assimilation into the welfare state economy is a risk for B-Schools and their adaptation to digital economy. Finally, the paper gives some keys to correct the problem detected and thus to adapt B-Schools to the emerging wellbeing economics, a new stage of the digital economy.

This paper deals with the determinants of education-job match for higher-education graduates, using a logistic regression model to identify explanatory variables related to sociodemographic, academic trajectory and institutional characteristics. The empirical analysis is based on an anonymous online questionnaire administered to a sample of graduates, from 2014 to 2019, in Portuguese institutions, of which about five hundred observations were made. Although the boundaries between universities and polytechnics are less obvious today, there are still some differences between the two higher-education subsystems regarding education-job match. The main ones are related to the field of study, gender, and the need to move away from home to study and work. Factors that improve the probability of education-job matching, common to both subsystems, were also found, such as having i) studied ‘social sciences, commerce, and law’ and ‘engineering, manufacturing and construction’, ii) attained good final grades, and iii) participated in extracurricular activities involving complementary training.

This paper focuses on the relationship between the regional firm density and the growth of firms in the Portuguese textile and clothing industry to investigate how their geographic clustering influences said growth. Despite the concentration of this industry in the Northern region of Portugal in only four poles, our results show that the location of firms in the cluster is not relevant for growth when the whole industry is considered. However, disaggregate analysis shows that the clothing industry does exhibit both location externalities and cross-location effect, while textile manufacture exhibits neither. In addition, our empirical evidence reveals that the growth of firms located in the cluster is positively correlated with external finance. This result suggests that location becomes a solvency signal for firms, and, specifically, this might help to explain why textile manufacturers firms are located in the cluster. These findings are relevant for entrepreneurs and Portuguese policymakers, as it jeopardizes the optimal allocation of scarce resources in the Portuguese textile cluster.

Intangible assets (IAs) are fundamental for the creation of firm value. However, the literature is inconclusive regarding the relationship between IAs and profitability. This paper uses financial data from Colombian firms from 2005 to 2015 to determine if this relationship exists. Thirty dynamic panel models have been used to see whether IAs are related to Return on Equity, Return on Assets, Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization, Gross margin, and Net margin. The results, despite a limited sample size and missing variables, are related to the literature in that they signal the negative relationship between IAs and profitability. Thus, the capitalized value of IAs seems to negatively affect Colombian firms' performance in the short and long term.

Este artigo trata de comprobar se unha análise baseada en corpus de sinónimos fraseolóxicos pode conducir a unha descrición lexicográfica precisa. Tomarase como base para a obtención de datos o corpus de referencia do alemán DeReKo do Institut für Deutsche Sprache Mannheim. Analizaranse as locucións alemás do campo semántico TADEL (CRÍTICA) que en obras lexicográficas tradicionais se presentan frecuentemente co mesmo significado ou moi parecido. O estudo ten en conta especialmente os significados actuais e a estrutura das locucións, así como calquera modificación sintáctica como a transformación a pasiva, a conxugación de formas persoais do verbo ou as combinacións con atributos adxectivos e adverbiais. A análise do corpus mostra que as locucións de significado próximo se caracterizan por peculiaridades no seu uso. Nalgúns casos, estas peculiaridades teñen unha explicación, aínda que case ningunha é previsible. Polo tanto, sería recomendable incluír no dicionario comentarios sobre as peculiaridades sintácticas e pragmáticas das locucións. Nalgunhas ocasións, tamén se poden realizar conclusións sobre as características semánticas das locucións tendo en conta as peculiaridades no uso destas que permitan que as descricións lexicográficas sexan máis exhaustivas. Estas distincións tamén son importantes para a lexicografía bilingüe, así como para a fraseodidáctica no ensino de linguas estranxeiras. // The subject of the following paper are German idioms of the semantic field DISAPPROVAL usually described in dictionaries as absolute synonyms. The aim of the study is to find out whether there are any significant differences between these idioms by analyzing their usage in contexts from the German reference corpus DeReKo. The paper considers the meaning and inner form of phraseological synonyms as well as such syntactic modifications as passivation, constructing personal forms of the verb, combinations with adjectives and adverbial modifiers. Corpus analysis shows that idioms of the same semantic field differ under these aspects. Therefore, detailed comments on the syntactic and combinatorial properties of the idioms are necessary in dictionary to provide for their confident usage. Besides, some of the observed properties allow to make conclusions about the semantic and pragmatic features of idioms, which could also be mentioned in the dictionary to make the lexicographic descriptions of idioms more detailed and differentiated.

This paper correlates the aesthetic theorization of sensation with the materiality of sensation in The Book of Disquiet. The different editions of Fernando Pessoa’s work have, in the text or fragment, a unity of expression that the publishers put in order following a varietyof criteria. This paper argues that these unities are based on a conceptualization of sensation, such that the identity and the time of the narrative are inscribed according to impressions provoked by the writing.

The paper examines the concept of path dependency in policies, and seeks to examine how different pathways emerge in policy and how these change over time. It does so with reference to a case study of regional innovation policy development in Wales (UK) over a period of more than thirty years. Building on recent developments in regional studies and economic geography the paper considers whether path dependency is an inevitable feature of the policy process at the regional level. Drawing on documentary analysis and interviews with policy makers, it finds that policy decisions taken early on in the path creation phase (to support technological innovation) endure despite attempts to broaden out the pathway to a more inclusive form of innovation policy in Wales. While path dependency, most evident in core technological and R&D policy instruments, hasn’t prevented path experimentation, the findings suggest that rigidity and renewal co-exist in policies and the policy process for regional innovation over time. The findings contribute towards the growing focus on the temporal dynamics of policy change at the regional level and the complexity of policy as it seeks to address the challenge of innovation in less developed regions.

The aim of this paper is to show that the attested diversity of interpretations of the Spanish simple future does not result from an inherent polysemy, but rather from the coexistence of two different systems being “visible” at the same time: an active, fully productive system (natural system), and a set of non-active uses, which survive from an ancient system no longer in force (cultivated uses). To this end, the paper examines data from first language acquisition patterns, frequency, distributional restrictions, range of usage, and interpretation routes. The distinction suggested is a crucial requirement for a monosemic approach to the semantics of the Spanish simple future cast in evidential terms – one that can make evident its internal logic and synchronic properties.

The purpose of the study is to identify trends and future models for the innovative development of Russian Federation. Paper deals with the innovative development of the leading countries of world economic growth. Particular attention is given to «neoindustrialization» of economically developed countries and innovative nature of clustering of economic space. The modern factors of global competitiveness and economic content of the innovative transformation of the economy is specified. Theoretical approaches and tendencies of innovative transformation of economy are proved. The authors identified scientific, technological, production, spatial-territorial and institutionalmarket aspects of innovative transformation. Paper includes the differentiation of the States-leaders of industrial production in the context of key indicators of global competitiveness. The transformation model of innovative economy formation is presented, the indicators of global competitiveness of the Russian Federation are considered. The authors propose structural and logical scheme of innovative transformation of the national economic system of the Russian Federation is developed. A graphic interpretation of the transformation of the economic system of the territory under the influence of innovative development is proposed.

The paper aimed to examine the terms related to the concept of Lusophony in the French political and internet discourse to better understand the role of the Lusophone world in French-speaking society. We conducted a grammatical and contextual analysis of the words Portugal, Brésil, and lusophonie (and their adjectives) as they are used in the Europarl corpus and the FrTenTen corpora. The results show interesting differences between the two discourse genres. In political discourse, the examined words are related mostly to discussions about the economy, environmental issues, and food exports. On the other hand, in online discourse the analysed terms are most frequently applied to the topic of football, but also to discussions about colonization and beauty treatments (like Brazilian hair straightening). Utilizing the analysis presented in this study we could not detect the topic of culture, which is an unexpected result with regard to the global importance that Lusophone culture has in the field of music (e.g. fado and bossa nova), dance (e.g. samba and capoeira), and literature (e.g. Fernando Pessoa and José Saramago).

Crimes related to sexual abuse or rape provoke great social mobilizations, as happened with the gang called “la manada”. How the aftermath of the social mobilizations and socioeconomic factors influence the perception of security and the perception of justice, measured as judiciary decisions, are the aims of this paper. A randomized sample collected in two waves was obtained (N=605). The first one (N1=454) was performed after the judicial sentence of the case. A second wave (N2=151) was performed four months later, after the social alarm decreased. The perception of security increased after the peak moments of social mobilizations. The trust in justice was low and decreased after the social mobilizations. The perception of justice was higher among higher income levels. The perception of security decreases during the social mobilizations but it improves in a short period of time. The effects on the perception of justice last for a longer period.

In recent years, Greece experiences a very intensive financial crisis that -as it is expectedhas important effects on the primary sector. ? new form of entrepreneurship for Greece, contract farming, appeared the last years. A successful case study of contract farming in Greece is between the large enterprise “ATHENIAN BREWERY” and the producersmembers of two agricultural cooperatives of Northern Greece. The main aim of this paper is to examine the process of contract farming through agricultural cooperatives. Specifically, this paper investigates the production process of malted barley through contracts of members of the cooperative of Epanomi and the cooperative of Trilofos, in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) and the private firm “ATHENIAN BREWERY”. Using a structured questionnaire that it was distributed in 132 producers- members of the agricultural cooperative of Epanomi or Trilofoss it was examined the advantages and the disadvantages of this form of cooperation for both growers-members of these two cooperatives and the private firm. Moreover, it was investigated the role of agricultural cooperatives in the process of contract farming. The results reveal that the most important benefit for the growers is to ensure availability of the products in a predetermined price. The most important benefit for “ATHENIAN BREWERY” is a better production plan which ensures a certain quantity and quality of raw materials. The role of both cooperatives is determinative as it guarantees the safety of the process for both contracting parties.

A transformación do mix eléctrico nas últimas décadas foi un dos piares fundamentais da estratexia empresarial no sector enerxético. Tendo en conta as enormes diferenzas entre países, a escasa conexión eléctrica europea e o grao de concentración empresarial, avalíase a evolución en 6 países europeos. O presente estudo realiza unha análise descritiva desta transformación, tendo en conta a evolución de diversas variables cuantitativas no sector. As evolucións son dispares, baseadas moitas veces en realidades estatais diferentes. A mesma estrutura do sector, dende mercados liberalizados e teoricamente en competencia con outros regulados e baseados en campións nacionais como grandes empresas eléctricas que controlan boa parte do sector impide realidades semellantes, malia que a regulación europea trata de homologar a realidade continental para o sector. Do mesmo xeito, as transformacións internacionais teñen un impacto determinante na toma de decisións semellantes do sector, malia que moitas veces con estratexias dispares. En particular, a redución do consumo de fuel oil para a produción e a introdución de novas tecnoloxías renovables son procesos comúns por múltiples empresas. O presente traballo trata tamén de realizar un estudo comparativo, dende unha perspectiva rexional, dunha importante empresa eléctrica como Unión Fenosa con parte da contorna europea nos anos de vida da compañía, entre 1982 e 2007. The transformation of the electricity mix in the past decades has become one of the cornerstones of business strategies in the energy industry. Whilst weighing the considerable differences among countries, the scarce electricity connection in Europe and the degree of existing business clusters, the evolution is assessed in six European countries. This paper aims to offer a descriptive analysis of such changes, bearing in mind the evolution of various quantitative variables in the industry. Progress is unalike, frequently based on different state circumstances. The mere structure of the industry, from liberalized markets theoretically competing against other regulated ones which are national leaders as big electrical companies controlling a huge share of the industry, presents similar circumstances despite the fact that European regulations aims to standardize conditions throughout the continent in the industry. Likewise, international transformations have a fundamental impact on similar decision-making processes in the industry, even though these might often result in different strategies. In particular, a reduction of fuel oil comsumption encouraging the production and introduction of renewable technologies are common processes for several companies. This paper also aims to present a regional comparative study between an electricity provider as important as Unión Fenosa and the European zone during the years the company has existed, ie, between 1982 and 2007

Este artigo quere pór de manifesto a importancia da compoñente xeográfica nos proverbios meteorolóxicos e do calendario. Exponse que moitos refráns están estreitamente vinculados a un territorio concreto, de modo que resulta difícil comprender o seu significado sen ter en conta o espazo xeográfico no que se insiren (por exemplo, a localidade de recollida do refrán ou os topónimos incluídos no seu enunciado) e as características climáticas da zona. A incorporación da perspectiva xeográfica tamén permite acometer estudos de xeoparemioloxía (isto é, de análise da distribución espacial dos refráns), que permiten constatar a existencia de áreas paremiolóxicas, lugares onde se concentran determinados refráns; este enfoque tamén dá pé a realizar actividades en colaboración coas comunidades onde se recolleron os proverbios. Unha vez constatada a relevancia de tomar en consideración a xeografía dos refráns, o artigo presenta o proxecto Paremiología romance: refranes meteorológicos y territorio, desenvolvido na Universidade de Barcelona baixo a dirección de José Enrique Gargallo; descríbese brevemente a súa aposta por ofrecer a información xeográfica dun modo accesible para o usuario e o potencial de explotación destes datos na investigación científica. // This paper aims to highlight the importance of the geographic component in weather and calendar proverbs. Many sayings are closely tied to a specific territory, so it is difficult to understand their meaning without taking into account the physical space they are inserted in (e.g., the locality where the proverb was collected or the toponyms mentioned in the saying) and its climatic characteristics. The incorporation of the geographic perspective also enables undertaking geoparoemiologic studies (that is, the analysis of the spatial distribution of proverbs), that verifies the existence of paroemiologic areas, zones with significant concentration of certain types of proverbs; this approach also gives rise to the development of activities in collaboration with the communities where the sayings were collected. Having established the importance of the geographic perspective, the paper presents the project Paremiología romance: refranes meteorológicos y territorio, developed at the University of Barcelona under the direction of José Enrique Gargallo; the paper briefly describes its commitment to provide geographic information in an accessible manner and the potential exploitation of this kind of data in scientific research.

Este texto recolle unha proposta de aplicación da Etoloxía Humana ao estudo das fórmulas rutineiras. De forma concreta, pártese dun concepto específico, o de gramática universal do comportamento social humano (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1979a, 1979b, 1993) e búscase relacionar as diferentes nocións teóricas que apoian este concepto con algunhas das cuestións que fundamentan as reflexións sobre as fórmulas. Deste xeito, considéranse algúns tipos de fórmulas rutineiras, como, por exemplo, as fórmulas de consentimento ou as de agradecemento, a partir da súa posible relación con determinadas estratexias de interacción ou cos mecanismos de ritualización estudados pola Etoloxía Humana. Deféndese a idea de que os estudos etolóxicos propician diferentes vías de reflexión que poden ser útiles para a investigación fraseolóxica. // In this paper This paper proposes an application of Human Ethology to the study of routine formulae. Concretely, the study starts from a specific concept: the Universal Grammar of the Human Social Behavior (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1979a, 1979b, 1993), and relates the different theoretical notions that support this concept with some of the points underlying the reflections on the formulae. Therefore, some types of routine formulae, such as approval and gratitude formulae, are taken into account, considering the possible connection with some interaction strategies or the ritualization mechanism studied in Human Ethology. This work defends the idea that ethological studies offer different paths that may prove useful for phraseological research, especially in unravelling the innate and cultural bases ruling the construction and use of formulae.

Conforme a Teoria da Língua em Ato (CRESTI, 2000a), que fundamenta este artigo, a sintaxe no estudo da fala espontânea necessita ser estudada considerando a dimensão da articulação informacional, e, portanto, de forma diferente de como é tradicionalmente feita a análise sintática da escrita. Com o objetivo geral de aprofundar o estudo da sintaxe da fala e com base em corpora especificamente construídos para uma adequada análise desta diamesia, é aqui apresentado o primeiro mapeamento das orações completivas no corpus de fala de português brasileiro C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), a fim de comparar esta primeira análise quantitativa com os dados disponíveis extraídos do corpus C-ORAL-ROM (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005) para fala de italiano. A análise qualitativa das orações completivas nas duas línguas, conduzida sobre dois subcorpora do C-ORAL-BRASIL e do C-ORAL-ROM anotados informacionalmente, é apresentada em seguida. According to Language into Act Theory (CRESTI, 2000a), on which this paper is founded, the syntax of spontaneous speech can’t be analyzed without taking into account the informational patterning dimension. Its analysis, therefore, must be different from the traditional one applied to written language. With the general aim of examining in depth spontaneous speech syntax and on the basis of adequate spontaneous speech corpora, this paper shows the first mapping of completive clauses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), in order to make a quantitative analysis comparable with available data from spoken Italian C-ORAL-ROM corpus (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005). The qualitative analysis of completive clauses in both spoken languages is then presented, conducted on two sub-corpora of C-ORAL-BRASIL and Italian C-ORAL-ROM presenting informational patterning annotation.

This paper investigates the impact of using benchmark-adjusted alphas to assess the performance of small market mutual funds, investing in domestic and European equities. For the 2000-2020 period, our results show that fund benchmarks exhibit significantly negative alphas, which lead to an underestimation of mutual fund performance when employing standard models. As a result, benchmark-adjusted alphas are significantly higher than unadjusted alphas for both fund categories, though differences are larger for domestic than for European funds. We also find that the impact of the benchmark-adjustment procedure depends on market states. The domestic (European) benchmark exhibits considerably lower (higher) alphas during crisis than during non-crisis periods. During market crises, differences between pre- and post-adjustment alphas are statistically significant only for domestic funds, whereas during non-crisis periods both fund categories exhibit significant performance improvements. Our findings suggest that the benchmark-adjustment procedure has a higher impact when benchmark indices exhibit higher concentration.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the health, economy, and social sectors, and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) worldwide, including in Indonesia. This paper examines the use of social media and e-commerce with an entrepreneurial orientation to enhance the business performance of MSMEs. The study should serve as a model for improving the quality of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in the Jambi Province, in Indonesia. The research employs quantitative and qualitative approaches. The latter method employs in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and observation, whereas the former uses the partial least squares method (PLS). The findings and discussions conclude that social media adoption positively affected the performance and entrepreneurial orientation of MSMEs during the said period. Similarly, e-commerce positively affected the performance and entrepreneurial orientation of MSMEs. Entrepreneurialism and social media adoption had a significant impact on the performance of MSMEs, and due to its entrepreneurial orientation, e-commerce influenced the performance of MSMEs

O obxecto inicial deste artigo é fornecer unhas primeiras correspondencias fraseolóxicas entre as linguas galega e catalá, que poderían ser aproveitadas para a redacción dun futuro dicionario bilingüe galego-catalán, catalán-galego. O corpus fraseolóxico inclúe máis de cincocentas unidades organizadas ao redor duns trescentos lemas. Alén disto, revísanse criterios fraseográficos usados en diversas referencias bibliográficas e empréganse para este artigo os que se consideran máis apropiados coa incorporación de pequenas modificacións. O presente corpus bilingüe pode ter interese para o ensino e a aprendizaxe das linguas galega e catalá, para os traballos de tradución e para os estudos fraseolóxicos e culturais. O artigo en conxunto quere contribuír ao diálogo lingüístico e cultural entre os ámbitos galego e catalán. // The initial aim of this paper is to provide some first phraseological correspondences between Galician and Catalan languages that may be used to elaborate a future bilingual Galician‑Catalan / Catalan-Galician dictionary. The phraseological corpus includes more than five hundred units organized around some three hundred headwords. Besides, phraseographic criteria used in several bibliographical references have been reviewed, and those considered more appropriate have been used in this paper with some small changes. The present bilingual corpus may be of interest for both teaching and learning Galician and Catalan languages, for translation work as well as for phraseological and cultural studies. The paper as a whole intends to contribute to the linguistic and cultural dialogue between the Galician and Catalan areas.

Este artigo ten o obxectivo de presentar o actual proxecto que desenvolve o Projeto Terminológico Cone Sul (Termisul) (2010-2015), do Instituto de Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Na súa vertente aplicada, o proxecto ten o obxectivo de construír unha base de datos de Combinacións Léxicas Especializadas (CLEs) da linguaxe legal, normativa e científica para tradutores e redactores especializados. A parte teórica analiza o proceso desa construción para propor a estrutura teórica que sustenta esa práctica. Preséntase o referente teórico, as etapas previstas, a metodoloxía aplicada e algúns dos resultados alcanzados ata o momento. // The purpose of this paper is to present the ongoing work developed by the Terminológico Cone Sul Project (Termisul) (2010-2015) at the Institute of Letters of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. As applied research, the project aims to build a database of Specialized Lexical Combinations (SLCs) of legal, normative and scientific language to assist specialized translators and text writers. The theoretical inquiry is concerned with the structuring of this building process in order to make up the theoretical framework that supports the practice. This paper presents the theoretical ground, the adopted methodology, further phases and some results achieved so far.

This paper investigates the validity of the Fisher Hypothesis in Turkey covering the period 2003 – 2012. To test validity of Fisher Hypothesis, this paper uses an Autoregressive Distributed Lag test for threshold cointegration recently introduced in the literature by Li and Lee (2010). The empirical results which are obtained from this paper indicate that Fisher hypothesis is valid for Turkey, meaning nominal interest rates would be an important leading indicator for inflation.

This paper tries to engage the economic and political debate around the proposition of a basic income grant (BIG) in Côte d’Ivoire. We simulate the economic wide and distributional impact of a universal basic income grant (BIG) in Cote d’Ivoire. How the BIG is financed is investigated. We use a microsimulated computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the effects of a universal basic income grant on the economy and on households. The model is performed using a Côte d’Ivoire’s 2003 social accounting matrix (SAM) based on the 1998 household survey composed of 4,200 households, and 2003 national accounts data. The paper uses a value added tax (VAT) financing approach to provide a reasonable feasible scenario, as we are all consumers. The results suggest that the macroeconomic impacts of the basic income grant are a powerful social protection tool in fighting poverty and inequality towards a welfare state.

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contrastar a constituição interna de verbetes de dicionários escolares Tipo 2. A inclusão dos dicionários escolares de língua portuguesa ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático ampliou as discussões sobre este tipo de obra lexicográfica, o que culminou em um aprimoramento dos dicionários escolares nos últimos dez anos. No entanto, por ser uma prática incipiente no Brasil, a pesquisa lexicográfica brasileira ainda carece de diretrizes que norteiem a compilação de dicionários escolares de excelência. Desta forma, embora compiladas sob diretrizes fixadas pelo Ministério da Educação, as obras disponíveis no mercado ainda apresentam características muito heterogêneas quando comparadas umas às outras. Neste trabalho, procuramos contrastar as informações oferecidas nos verbetes de três dicionários Tipo 2 de modo a chamar a atenção para a necessidade de um estudo que consolide um Programa Constante de Informações para estas obras lexicográficas. Palavras-chave: Lexicografia pedagógica; dicionários escolares; Programa Constante de Informações. Abstract: This paper aims to contrast the internal formation of entries in Type-2 school dictionaries. The inclusion of Portuguese school dictionaries in the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático [“Brazilian Textbook National Program”] has enhanced the discussions about this kind of dictionary, improving the compiling of school dictionaries in the last decade. However, lexicographical research in Brazil is still very incipient and it has not yet established guidelines that assure the compilation of high quality school dictionaries. Consequently, despite being compiled according to parameters fixed by the Ministry of Education, school dictionaries still present heterogeneous features when compared to each other. In this paper, we contrast the information presented by entries of three Type-2 dictionaries, and we draw the attention to the need of a study that consolidates a Constant Program of Information to this sort of dictionary. Keywords: Pedagogical lexicography; school dictionaries; Constant Information Program.

Resumo: Este artigo mostra a relação entre estratégias usadas em dicionários escolares e enciclopédias digitais, especificamente em relação às remissivas ou links, que desempenham um importante papel em sua constituição. Assim, tomando por ponto de partida um verbete de um dicionário impresso e um artigo da Wikipédia, estabelecemos algumas comparações de modo a observar se se pode considerar um indício de transmutação do gênero verbete. Há que se considerar, pois, que atualmente vivenciamos um período de mudanças nas formas de interação com os textos, visto que as novas tecnologias nos impelem a transcender o simples folhear do papel, ou o movimento sacádico dos olhos entre as palavras, para a visualização difusa das informações que aparecem na tela do computador. Assim é que, com base nos conceitos metalexicográficos e hipertextuais, acreditamos que há um relacionamento extremamente relevante entre os links e as remissivas, que pode explicar o desenvolvimento de estratégias específicas de consulta, tanto em meio digital quanto impresso. No entanto, ainda não podemos precisar se isso se configura como uma reelaboração de gêneros. Palavras-chave: Verbete; reelaboração de gêneros; hipertexto digital. Abstract: This article shows the relationship between strategies used in learner’s dictionaries and online encyclopedias, specifically in relation to cross-references or links, which play an important role in its constitution. Thus, taking as a starting point of a dictionary entry form and an Wikipedia article, we establish some comparisons in order to see if it can be considered a sign of transmutation of the genre entry. One must consider, therefore, that currently we live an age of changes in the forms of interaction with the texts as new technologies compel us to transcend the simple sheet of paper, or saccadic eye movement between words, for viewing diffuse the information that appears on the computer screen. So that, based on the metalexicography and hypertext concepts, we believe that there is an extremely important relationship between the links and cross-references, which may explain the development of specific strategies for consultation, both in digital and paper. What, however, we can’t yet specify whether configured as a transmutation of genres. Keywords: Entry; transmutation; hypertext.

Migrating from Greek mythology to scripture and ecclesiastical writing, sirens are best known for the perils they put on the road of Odysseus, and conversely, on that of the crucified Christ and on that of the pilgrim, two significations that Odysseus, the eternal voyageur tied to the mast, came to symbolize in the Middle Ages. Long acknowledged in past scholarship, the siren motif was perceived of as a multi-layered image, whose negative Homeric connotations suited an even vaster range of destructive meanings, moral, social and political. More than sheer misogyny, the hybrid sirens represent violation of social order, mainly that of the manly world. It is therefore no coincidence to find them dwelling in the biblical debauched town of Babylon, and in the land of Edom, destined to be destroyed, alongside hybrid centaurs, both in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate. These beasts gained much popularity throughout the Middle Ages, and embody the ultimate significance of evil in the medieval bestiary, as well as in a wide-ranging exegetical literature. This development may stand for the immense dispersion of the siren motif in Romanesque sculpture. Meant at an edifying purpose, sirens associated with urban destruction, lust, and avarice, signify the menace of sin they seduce humanity to fall into. The virtuous Christian, recognizing the long-enduring classical motif in its new Christian context should take the paradigm of Odysseus in his Christological typology, and restrain from evil. Though constituting a rather popular motif of Romanesque sculpture in general, sirens seem to inhabit many of the churches of the Auvergne and the Velay regions of France, along pilgrimage shrines, located lengthwise the Via Podiensis and crosswise routes, thus forming a marked feature of the local imagery. More than sheer enthusiasm for the antique, as past scholarship would have it, sirens seem to have chanted a very specific local chant in Auvergne-Velay. Constituting a major motif, which testifies to a profound understanding of their contextual implications, they represent a multifaceted image, denoting didactic, apotropaic, liturgical, social, and political messages. The context of pilgrimage and pilgrimage roads seems to have constituted a perfect setting for this multitude of sirens. The Via Podiensis was known as particularly uninviting. The mountainous topography, infested with thieves and brigands, provided lucrative opportunities of ambushing pilgrims on their way. It is the purpose of this paper to uncover the versatile imports of the siren antique motif in Romanesque Auvergne-Velay, by pointing out their meticulous perplexing delineation in the context of actual hardships pilgrims and congregants endured within pilgrimage shrines and roads. The first part of this paper will survey the range of allegorical significances of sirens from Homer to Jerome and to medieval exegeses, followed by a description of sirens in Auvergne-Velay. Then, I would like to suggest a new reading of the particular rendering of sirens in the small church of Pont-du-Château and in the pilgrimage church of Notre-Dame of Orcival, which may bear a local historical significance, resulting from the conflicting situations of pilgrims, on their way to worship the celestial realm.

O obxectivo deste artigo é ofrecer unha panorámica dalgunhas unidades fraseolóxicas comúns en italiano e alemán (e galego) que proceden de ritos e comportamentos ligados á superstición. Téntase descubrir se na base destas culturas tan diferentes existen mecanismos comúns de defensa contra as intervencións da mala sorte. A primeira vista parecería que o xesto de face-los cornos fose tipicamente italiano e tamén o de tocar ferro; mentres que o de stringere os pulgares e bater tres veces en madeira sexa tipicamente alemán. Ben mirado, verase que, máis aló das aparencias escóndense prácticas e técnicas sorprendentemente comúns, todas lóxicas dentro dunha loxica universal supersticiosa, que ten elementos especificamente culturais, pero que se connota tamén por un carácter universalmente máis difuso. // The goal of the following paper consists in offering a view of the most common expressions that derive from superstitious rituals and behaviours in both Italian and German (and Galician) culture. Precisely the intent of the following paper is to explore if there are similarities in the way to conceive the superstition as a general device to fight the bad luck, or if the two languages use different methods to talk about it. For example it’s typical in Italy to cross the fingers or touch iron objects, while in Germany we knock three times at wood or squeeze one's thumbs to wish someone all the best. Apparently they are different methods, but maybe they can presume the same logical process that could be universal for all the languages. That’s the question we want to analyse only by referring to German and Italian.

The European Union has responded to the financial crisis by taking measures to stabilize the financial system and to promote economic growth in the Member States. In the audit field, in 2010 the document Green Paper Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis, shows the intention of the European Commission to assume an international leadership in auditing , promoting cooperation within the Financial Stability Board and the G-20. This document was followed by the European Parliament resolution of 13 September 2011 on Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis, a new Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2006/43/EC and also a new Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and Council on the specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities. This paper highlights the visibility that the European Commission has given to the auditors' work. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to discuss the audit regulatory model introduced in Europe. Our paper shows that European regulation intends to reach a greater control over auditing activity. Our paper provides some thoughts on whether such regulation will improve the quality of auditing.

This paper analyzes the dynamics of innovation in a wine local system, emphasizing the paper of the regulatory organisms of Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) that guard over the protection of his singularity, as an important element of the local innovation system. Across his paper in the innovation it tries to be analyzed in that measured the collective action developed by PDO represents a response adapted to the competitive requirements raised to produtive local systems for process of globalization and scientific-technological revolution that crosses the wine industry. From this perspective, we want to research if the accomplishment of an Inquiry of Identification of Technological Needs can suppose an effective instrument for the strategic orientation of relations of cooperation between local actors, that it strengthens the competitive capacities of PDO. The central core of this empirical analysis is based on an in quiry between cellars of the PDO "Rías Baixas" (Galicia, Spain).

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between inequality and the equivalent dispo- sable income available at a regional level and to contrast the type of relationship between two variables in the developed world in the context of a standard neoclassical growth model. In this paper we will estimate a panel data model using the method of OLS fixed effects, and also analyze the possible existence of spatial autocorrelation in the model and the need for implementation of spatial models. A novel contribution is estimated by a semiparametric analysis, which allows conditional no Relational function. Semiparametric analysis, unlike the nonparametric analysis, allows the introduction of other variables by a linear function defined as the initial inequality, population density, employment in various sectors (industry mix), transfers, etc. This application of the semiparametric analysis is a relevant contribution to the study, since it is still a novel technique for the study of inequality.

It is frequent to find an intensive use of Living Conditions Surveys in socio-economic literature, with the intention of studying income size distributions characteristics and obtaining social indicators, as inequality and poverty indexes for instance. First of all an concerning with this, this paper shows singular divergences between the aggregated information provided by these surveys about households incomes and the provided one by Spanish Regional Accounts. Additionally, magnitudes of divergences have been quantified. Secondly and looking for help to understand how these divergences could influence those indicators, size income distributions characteristics have been analyzed in relation to characteristics of households and recipients. Finally and based on observed, this paper consider the possibility of correcting micro-data in order to obtain better indicators that inform more realistically about reality. Consequently, a flexible elemental correction method has been proposed, immediately applied to survey ́s micro-data and its results analyzed. Analysis show that corrected data seems to mitigate some of deficiencies originally detected in data.

O presente artigo ofrece a edición de dous breves pero substanciosos artigos paremiolóxicos do escritor galego Álvaro Cunqueiro: o primeiro é un artigo inédito sobre refráns galegos de tema sexual escrito en 1951; o segundo é un esquecido artigo publicado no Faro de Vigo en 1955 e reeditado con numerosos retoques en 1957 en La Voz de Galicia e nos que Cunqueiro expón a matizada valoración que el fai do refraneiro e tamén deixa ve-la súa tan característica erudita fantasía. Ofrécense despois sete mostras de como Cunqueiro definía fraseoloxismos e paremias, non á maneira académica, senón por simple contextualización, como fan os usuarios espontáneos e finalmente sitúase Cunqueiro na polémica dos escritores do seu tempo contra o uso da fraseoloxía no xornalismo e na literatura. // This paper offers an edition of two brief and meaningful paremiological articles written by the Galician writer Álvaro Cunqueiro. The first one, which was written in 1951, is an unpublished paper about Galician proverbs whose main topic is the sexual one. The second one is a paper already published in Faro de Vigo in 1955 and reprinted with many slight changes in 1957 in La Voz de Galicia. In this paper Cunqueiro shows his own appreciation of the colllection of provers and also shows his characteristic fantasy. Then this article offers seven examples of how Cunqueiro defined phraseologisms and proverbs, not in an academic way, but just by simple contextualization as spontaneous users do; and finally discusses what is the position of Cunqueiro in the controversy between the writers of his time against the use of fraseology in journalism and literature.

O presente artigo combina dous campos de investigación aparentemente opostos: os refráns, pertencentes á sabedoría tradicional e popular, e a linguaxe xuvenil, moderna e innovadora. Porén, ambos os dous parecen converxer en diversos puntos que sentan as bases para unha análise contrastiva en alemán e español. Investígase, así, a popularidade destas paremias entre os falantes mozos de ambas as linguas, atendendo a diversos factores: índices de comprensión e de uso, diferenciacións derivadas do sexo, da idade e da procedencia dos informantes e fenómenos de desviación, unha tendencia recorrente e moi representativa. Estas variables analízanse, así mesmo, dende a perspectiva translativa. O enfoque empírico permite non só investigar o grao de difusión dos refráns entre os falantes mozos de ambas as dúas linguas, senón tamén trasladar a cuestión ao ámbito da tradutolóxico. // This paper goes into two areas of investigation that are apparently opposed: proverbs, part of traditional and popular wisdom, and youth language, modern and innovative as it is. However, both fields seem to converge on several points that lay the foundations for a comparitive GermanSpanish analysis. This paper researches the popularity of proverbs among young German and Spanish native speakers, focussing on a number of diverse factors: understanding, use, sex, age and regional differentiations and deviation phenomena, the latter being a recurrent and very representative trend. These variables are also considered from a translation-related perspective. The empirical approach allows not only the investigation of the diffusion of proverbs among young speakers of both languages, but also a translation-oriented analysis.

The concept of rationality is crucial in economics. Different notions of rationality have accompanied its long journey, from that implied in classical economics to those proposed by neoclassical theory since 1870s. The paper also discusses the meaning of rationality in rational choice theory, the contributions of Simon on "bounded rationality" and the different lines of research of experimental economics, behavioural economics and neuronomics. During this long journey the literature has underlined the existence of several problems, some of which can be so summarised: is it possible to consider scientifically satisfactory a theory that moves from assumptions, like those on the behaviour of utility, whose validity cannot be empirically verified?, is the description of human psychology implied by the different versions of the neoclassical theory acceptable?, is it possible to overlook the influence of social interactions on individual choice?, is it possible to overlook that it may be not adequate or convenient to examine the working of the whole economic system as the sum of the behaviour of the individual agents? The paper argues that these problems have not yet found a satisfactory solution and that it may be convenient to go back to the contributions of Keynes, Sraffa and Myrdal during the 1920s and 1930s to develop adequate and competent answers.

Affordability concept became relevant along last decade in housing economics litera-ture and strongly after 2007 with the credit crunch shock. The multiplicity of focuses used in af-fordability analysis as well as the different concepts used to analyze difficulties faced by house-holds entering to housing market, lead to the appearance of a number of definitions and measu-res not always consistent. This paper contains a literature review about housing affordability. The aim is to give a structure of concepts explaining what affordability is understood and show how it is measured. The second part of the paper estimates some affordability ratios for Spain and discusses some relationship with business cycle.

This paper examines the systemic risk reaction of banks' stocks negotiated in the Spanish stock market to Mortgage Backed Securities. We use an event study methodology for securitization registration and issue dates from 1993 to 2010. The paper provides empirical evi-dence that securitization has a positive impact on the increase of Spanish bank's systematic risk on the days following the registration and issue dates.

The trajectory of the Spanish housing policy has shaped the current housing system and it shows its non-neutrality in its effects on tenure or on the redistribution of wealth. In Spain, the usual scheme of housing intervention is far from those policies implemented by its European neighbours, possibly due to a different conceptualization regarding the responsibilities assumed by the welfare state. Spanish housing policy has tended to stimulate new construction with a double objective, to promote homeownership as a priority form of tenure and to stimulate the real estate sector as a catalyst for economic growth. This strategy has not happened in Europe where the concept of social housing, public and affordable, has become firmly established in the housing schemes.The aim of this article is two-folded: on the one hand, once the Spanish Wel-fare State is characterised and having identified the main tools of housing policy in Spain over the years, the paper aims to determine both negative and positive effects of the implementation of housing policy in the Spanish housing system. On the other, the paper will point out the re-maining challenges in this field providing an alternative path to achieve them.