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Copyright of Romanica Olomucensia is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovative Aspects of Metonymies in Brazzavillois' Everyday Discourse This article examines the innovative aspects of metonymies in the everyday speech of Brazzavillois residents, who live in an environment influenced by both the French language and local languages. The primary goal of the study is to discern the network of metonymies in oral communication and to identify the stylistic reasons for their expressive use in Brazzaville French.The chosen methodology involves compiling a corpus sourced from recordings, posters, and various daily uses related to the professional and linguistic habits of the Brazzaville community. Data selection criteria prioritize relevance and qualitative value. Utilizing this corpus, we applied the linguistic components criteria and the implicit approach developed by Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1998), along with the ellipsis approach proposed by Michel Le Guern (1973). This application aims to elucidate the discursive implications of metonymy in everyday conversation, seeking to verify how metonymic expressions illuminate the subjectivity, culture, and language proficiency of the speaker. Furthermore, metonymies in oral communication hold implicit value as they allow for the examination of undisclosed informational content omitted by the speaker through ellipses. The ellipsis approach aids in analyzing metonymy as a process that accentuates the container, with the content being elliptically placed by the speaker based on communication needs, intending to magnify a salient element of metonymic adjacency. Our anticipated results are expected to confirm that metonymy actively contributes to the semantic innovation of French in the Brazzaville context. This is attributed to its discursive techniques, particularly the containing/content relationship, which remains a decisive factor in semantic evolution and polysemy. Additionally, metonymy, being a figure of everyday life, permeates various domains such as family, professional settings, religious language, and even in journalism. It is commonly employed in familiar discourse, the realm of transportation, educational institutions, and commercial communication. This usage often arises from the application of verbs like 'pay' and 'buy,' where the content is replaced by the container (e.g., the bottle replaces the gas, and the invoice replaces the company). In conclusion, our findings indicate that metonymy in oral communication is not merely a tool for aesthetic language creation; rather, it emerges as a phenomenon driving linguistic innovation. It adds new layers of meaning to verbs like 'buy' and 'pay' within the specific context of Brazzaville, contributing to a diatopic variation of French in Africa.

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to study the semantic and word-forming features of verbal neolexems of individual author’s in the newspaper language of the late twentieth century. Newspapers of this period may contain neolexems, because the Ukrainian language was at a new stage of its development, Ukraine’s independence. This affected the emergence of new words, as the press daily informed about news in various spheres of life and reflects reality entirely, in dialectical development and has unbounded opportunities to replenish the language vocabulary. To achieve the goal we should solve the following issues: to identify verbal neolexems in the newspaper text of the analyzed period; to explore the means of word formation of individual-authorial verb forms; analyze the meaning of neolexems, pay attention to the semantic features of new words. This goal requires the use of appropriate research methods: structural, the internal organization of language is analyzed, where the elements are related to a certain system of relations; descriptive, it gives the opportunity to consider the features of the neolexems semantics; method of contextual analysis, the functioning of neolexemes is examined in context and their functions, stylistics and context are identified. Verb neolexems of individual author’s are much less represented compared to other parts of speech. These are words that have a peculiar semantic nature and functional and stylistic purpose. They were found to belong to the non-systemic speech phenomena, which illustrate the ways and forms of language development of a particular period, reflect the interrelation between language and speech, and update the word-forming and figurative possibilities of the Ukrainian language. Neolexems demonstrate a violation of grammatical, word-forming, semantic norms, which is due to a certain guideline – to be a source of expressiveness. Neolexems of the studied period preserve the semantics of the corresponding formation bases, but thanks to prefixes and suffixes they transform meanings, expand associations and increase the semantic volume of expression. They attract with their original interrelation between the traditional content of the word and the new semantic form. Such formations enrich the semantics of the sentence, expand the associative connections with other lexemes, consequently the context acquires a unique meaning, which enhances the expressiveness of the whole utterance. Authorial verbs, adjectives and adverbs are always expressive and original. They create not only a vivid verbal image, but also have high informativeness due to their structural features. The subject of the study will constantly need further research, as neolexems are associated with changes in language. In addition, due to the analysis of word-forming possibilities of individual-author elements it will be possible to draw conclusions about productive and non-productive ways of word formation at different stages of language development.

This paper aims to analyze the actantial structure of eventive verbs, obtained by the derivational formula prefix + nominal base (noun/adjective/numeral) +lexical grammatical suffix], included in the general class of change-of-stateverbs, characterized by the [+ dynamic] feature, such as a se înnoi (‘to renew’), a se înălbi (‘to whiten’), a se întări (‘to harden’), a înflori (‘to blossom’),a se îmbogăţi (“to grow rich”), highly frequent in old Romanian. Our corpus consists of representative texts –originals and translations –from the early age of the literary Romanian language, comprising the 1532-1640 and 1640-1780 stages. Our approach aims, on the one hand, to identify the actants this classes of verb allow, considering the syntactic pattern of transitive and intransitive verbs, and, on the other hand, to describe the thematic roles they impose on the nominal, depending on their semantic-syntactic matrix, based on the scheme of semantic functions (arguments), such as patient, experiencer

Even though a number of verbs, owing to their syntactic-semantic characteristics, tend to operate primarily in Presentation or Quality Scales respectively, most verbs generally appear to be capable of acting within both the scales. In authentic communication, the sentence perspective is determined by various criteria: apart from the relative “weightiness” of the postverbal modification, it is especially the context-independence of the subject along with the presentational capacity of the verb that plays a crucial role. This paper sets out to explore the syntactic and semantic qualities of the transitive verb seize. Making use of two large corpora, the proposed case study tries to delimit under what conditions seize tends to operate in one of the two dynamic semantic scales. Model sentences are contrasted in terms of their presentational/qualitative features with special regard to the phenomenon of subject — verb semantic affinity.

The contribution of linguistics to the teaching of French as a foreign language is one of the remedial solutions to overcome the inadequacies of grammar in French as a foreign language. The example of the times, modes and aspects of the French verbal system has been the subject of this article which exploits these different difficulties of grammar. This will rely on certain linguistic theories, via the value of applicability of Marie Eve Damar (2009), to bring remedies to the problems posed by this fact of language. We proceed initially to identify the different inconsistencies of three grammars, then we analyze three linguistic theories that relate to the verbal system. This tool will allow us to use one of the theories or criteria to identify remedial approaches to the didacticalization of the verb in FLE classroom.

This article introduces a comparative approach to the structural patterns of verbal phraseological units in English and Romanian as they often raise serious problems to the non-native speakers due to their translation. The aim of this study is to draw the attention to the phraseological similitudes between the two languages but it will also point out the differences and the difficulties when it comes to equivalence.

The equivalence of translation has become a concern for many Lithuanian researchers. The term equivalence is described in the monograph “Contrastive Semantics” (2007) by AloyzasGudavičius. LionginasPažūsis (2014) discusses problems that arise from the lack of equivalence at word level. There are many articles on approaches or strategies of equivalence (D. Masaitienė 1996; A. Leonavičienė 2010; L. Černiuvienė 2013). Some scholars choose to examine the strategies applied in the translation of some linguistic items in novels (V. Končius& A. Nausėda 2006; C. Caro Dugo 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016; A. Cerri; I. Janavičienė 2016). However, there is a lack of research that analyses the Spanish translation of the poem “Metai” or a particular linguistic aspect of this Spanish text. Recent years saw several attempts to fill this gap(C. Caro Dugo 2014, 2015, 2016; A. Cerri 2015). The current research aims to examine the equivalents of the verbs of activity (VAs) in the Spanish translation of the poem. The paper focuses only on those VAs that express actions performed by persons. The VAs which denote actions performed by other living beings or forces of nature were excluded. The research covers 52 verses with verbs of activity, selected from the poem, and their equivalents in the translation into Spanish, which are subjected to qualitative content analysis and means ofcomparative methodology. 52 constructions that express the concepts of Work, Damaging, Speakon topic, Motion, Ingestion and Entertainment were selected applying the qualitative content analysis. The Spanish equivalents of these constructions are examined through the comparative methodology. The obtained results indicated that the translator is faithful to the original text. In order to preserve the expressiveness of the poem, the Spanish translation uses an abundance of verbal lexemes. It was noticed that the equivalents of the same meaning or verbs with a more general meaning specified by an additional lexeme or construction were the main strategies adopted in VA translation into Spanish. In one case only was a Lithuanian verb changed into a Spanish noun. Idioms and figurative words were also chosen as a VA translation strategy in several instances. Nonetheless, all of these lexemes, as derivative of verbs or verbal forms, preserve the verbal nature.This workshould be useful tothe semanticists and translators.

According to the principles of linguistic integralism, discussing the memory of language should mean discussing about the memory of language as such, of language as a universal faculty defining the human being; about the memory of the language and of a certain historical language; about the memory of the speech (of the text) at the level of each speaker.

Eine Besonderheit des baltischen Verbalsystems besteht darin, dass für 3. Person nur eine Form auftritt, die für Singular, Dual und Plural in gleicher Weise gebraucht wird. Die herkömmlich Deutung, dass lit. vẽda die ererbte Form für 3. Sg. repräsentiere und dann verallgemeinert wurde, ist allein deshalb zweifelhaft, weil sich lit. vẽda nicht ohne weiteres auf der Basis des grundsprachlichen thematischen Paradigmas erklären lässt. Im Baltischen sind halbthematischen Stämme auf -ē- und -ā- sowohl im Präsens als auch im Präteritum durchaus häufig. Bei der Konjugation von Stämmen auf -ē-/-ā- ist in 3. Pl. mit Kürzung des Langvokals vor Nasal zu rechnen. Durch paradigmatischen Ausgleich konnten jedoch Formen auf -ē-n und -ā-n restituiert werden. Da freilich die auslautende Folge von Langvokal -ē- + n und -ā- + n im Sprachsystem nicht vorkam, ist -n abgefallen und dadurch die Gleichheit mit der Form für 3. Sg. entstanden. Nach dem Vorbild der halbthematischen Konjugation hat sich auch das thematische Paradigma gerichtet.

Lie. rìsti, rìta (la. rist, ritu), riẽsti, riẽčia (la. rìest, rìešu) ir sl. *‑rě̋sti, *‑rę̋t(j)ǫ, *‑rě̋tъ „rasti“ kildinami iš ide. šaknies *ret- „risti“ (plg. s. air. rethid „bėga“; lie. rãtas, s. v. a. rad, lo. rota ir kt. „ratas“). Ide. prokalbei galima rekonstruoti Narteno prezensą *rḗts‑ti/*rét‑ti, kuris baltų-slavų prokalbėje buvo tematizuotas į *rēt‑e/o‑ ir įgijo nulinio laipsnio aoristo-bendraties kamieną *t‑ > *irt‑ → *rit‑ (su metateze pagal prez. *rēt-). Sudėtingas morfologinis perdirbimas į prez. *rē‑n‑t‑()e/o- slavų prokalbėje priklausė nuo semantinės raidos „risti“ > „bėgti“ > „rasti“. Ankstyvojoje baltų prokalbėje neįprasta abliauto paradigma *rēt‑e/o- : *rit‑ buvo perdirbta į dėsningą *reit‑e/o- : *rit‑, kuri vėlyvesnėje baltų veiksmažodžio raidos stadijoje skilo į du pirminius veiksmažodžius *risti, *rita ir *reisti, *reita.

Copyright of Romanica Olomucensia is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the analysis of grammatical terminology, we can identify a methodological description of the verbal category of tense common to both Italian and Romanian. That could be taken to account for the fact that these two languages feature the same main moods and tenses, but with some different nuances from the point of view of verbal or temporal aspect. Our study aims to present and analyse such differences between Italian and Romanian, with a major focus on those encountered in the verbal category of tense. The present paper is intended to view tense from the morphosyntactic vantage point (verbal tenses of the finite moods), with the lexical stance (adverbs, prepositional phrases) to be documented in subsequent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article addresses the controversial issues within the category of determination in Romanian language. The focus of this study will be aimed towards three important aspects: the name of the category, the members of the paradigm and the lexico-grammatical class to which this category belongs.

The article deals with relics of zero-grade fientive denominative nasal and sta-presents in Baltic even when derived from full-grade nominals, a derivational pattern going back to "Northern Indo-European"

In Kirundi, as in other languages of the world, the relative tense is expressed through a subordinate clause and concerns simultaneity, anteriority and posteriority. The purpose of this article is to show that in Kirundi, these possibilities of expressing of the relative tense depend on several factors, such as grammatical mode, time, aspect and lexical meaning of the verb of the main sentence, as well as the type of subordination conjunction. The description of the relative tense in Kirundi was made on the basis of subordinate clauses (temporal circumstantial or non-circumstantial) in conjunctive, relative, subjunctive, and subsequent mode. Taking into account the main verb, the application of the different factors in different sentence constructions shows that the modes considered in the subordinate clause do not all allow the same possibilities of expressing of the relative time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The first known Slavonic grammatical treatise The Eight Parts of Speech survives in forty-three manuscripts, the two oldest of which (from the14th and 15th century respectively) belong to the Serbian, while all the others belong to the Russian redaction. Our study seeks to show that the text relies mostly (but not only) on The Art of Grammar by Dionysius Thrax and on his disciples. An analysis of the Slavonic grammatical terms and their Greek basis is followed by the translation of the text from Old Church Slavonic into contemporary Serbian furnished with necessary commentaries.

While the original primary thematic endings were preserved quite well in Balto-Slavic, they were often replaced by the corresponding athematic endings following the thematic vowel *‑e/o‑ in the other Indo-European languages, thus bringing them into line with the secondary endings. Without taking the semantics of the thematic flexion into consideration, Warren Cowgill has forcefully defended the traditional view that apart from the 1st sg. ending *‑ō, the thematic endings were identical with the athematic endings preceded by the thematic vowel *‑e/o‑ in Proto-Indo-European. The main point to be taken into consideration is that the rich and heterogeneous material of Balto-Slavic allows a reconstruction which is on the same level as that of Indo-Iranian and Greek. It confirms the view that our reconstructions have a bias toward the languages on which they are primarily based (Cowgill’s “trusty trio Hittite, Sanskrit, Greek”). The history of linguistic reconstruction shows a gradual shift away from the principal languages.

This article presents an overview of the basic verbal constructions of San-Maka, an East Mande language of Burkina Faso. The introduction provides general facts on San-Maka: its position in the San / Sane language cluster, basic information on its phonological (segmental and tonal) system. Information on noun and pronoun morphology is also given. The main part of the article deals with predicative constructions of San-Maka. The morphological paradigm of a verb in San-Maka consists of three aspectual forms: neutral, perfective and imperfective. Perfective and imperfective verb forms combine with predicative markers, some of which seem derived from copulas. The grammatical meaning of the existing predicative constructions is analyzed. It is shown that two imperfective constructions differ by their information structure and reflect different pragmatic intentions of the speaker. The final section represents an overview of San-Maka non-verbal predications. The Conclusion shows some similarities between grammatical words in San-Maka: certain copulas, predicative markers and the focus marker.

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Straipsnyje aiškinami du netaisyklingi baltų kalbų ē‑preteritai (lie. dãvė, mė) *‑ijā > *‑ē teorijos kontekste

Most studies of metaphor neglect the structural side of the conceptual interaction that it provokes, since they rather focus on its interpretation at the level of discourse and on its value as a message within a specific text or context. In the analyses aimed at defining its grammatical status, theoretical approaches are often grounded in a substitutive logic - inherited from classical rhetoric - which prevents an exhaustive examination of the complexity of the formal configurations the analogical figure is able to provide. In this essay, we aim to illustrate several linguistic modalities actualizing the metaphorical process, seeing that the interpretative developments that it allows, as well as the aspects distinguishing it from other figures, are closely related to its grammatical and functional features. We focus on nominal, verbal and adjectival metaphors in particular, which realize different structural configurations - simple or complex - in order to prove that the internal form of the conceptual conflict that this figure creates may vary, depending on whether it concerns the relationship between the subject and the different types of predicate, the relationship between the verb and its complements, or the articulation of nominal expressions (see Prandi 1999: 187). The examination of these typologies aims to bring to light the limits of the substitutive conceptions that consider the metaphor as a "dénomination déviante" (Ricoeur 1975: 8) and, in additio" (Ricoeur 1975: 8), which corresponds to the linguistic mise en forme of a complex and contradictory content (see Prandi 1992: 29). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the Italian particle fa ``ago'', which together with expressions of time measure localizes an event in a certain point preceding the moment of elocution. The aim is to show how the particle developed from Old Italian to present, assuming that fa was originally the 3rd person singular of the verb fare ``to make/to do''. Drawing on historical data, I suggest an analysis based on movement, arguing for a movement-driven grammaticalization process responsible for the origin of this particle/adposition. This process is interesting because, on the one hand it confirms the prediction of standard theoretical views on grammaticalization (Roberts and Rousseau 2003), so that the mechanism of grammaticalization is the gradual loss of movement, and on the other hand it challenges these views because the items moved leftward in the process are not targets of grammaticalization, suggesting a parasitic etiology of the process that turns light verbs into particles.

This article investigates the imperfective uses of the Biblical Hebrew imperfect and participial predicate in Archaic (ABH), Standard (SBH), and Late Biblical Hebrew (LBH) from the perspective of diachronic typology. It is shown that LBH represents a later stage of the progressive-imperfective path than SBH, whereas the status of ABH is uncertain because of the lack of relevant data. The article makes critical use of the established typological models, arguing that the Biblical Hebrew participial predicate does not belong to any of the most well-known progressive subtypes, and that this fact may explain some deviant usages. On the basis of the biblical evidence, it is suggested that predicative uses of the participle may have different origins, and that the progressive function may have arisen from grammatical reanalysis of an attributive construction. Part one expounds on the semantic and typological features of the progressive-imperfective path, and describes the development from SBH to LBH. Part two deals with the development from ABH to SBH and the question of the origin of the participial predicate.

LIE. bliáuti, bliáuja, LA. bļaût, bļaûju VEIKSMAŽODŽIŲ TIPO KILMĖ IŠ BALTŲ-SLAVŲ PROKALBĖS PERSPEKTYVOSSantraukaAnkstesniame straipsnyje autorius yra kėlęs darbinę hipotezę, kad ide. (tranzityviniai-)aktyviniai prezensai ir aoristai vystėsi baltų-slavų prokalbėje tokiu būdu: i) ide. prezensai iš „prezenso šaknų“ įgijo naują nulinio laipsnio bendraties ir aoristo (ko gero, ā-aoristas) kamieną, ii) ide. šakniniai aoristai iš „aoristo šaknų“ buvo tęsiami kaip pamatinio laipsnio bendraties ir aoristo kamienai (žr. Villanueva Svensson 2011, 317tt.).Šiame straipsnyje tikrinama, ar ši hipotezė tinka baltų ir slavų kalbų pirminiams veiksmažodžiams iš ide. šaknų, kurios baigiasi *°eu‑, *°eHu‑, *°euH‑. Rytų baltų kalbose įsitvirtino reguliarus tipas lie. bliáuti, bliáuja / bliáuna, blióvė, la. bļaût, bļaûju / bļaûnu, bļâvu, tačiau lietuvių ir latvių kalbose pasitaiko nemažai faktų, liudijančių ganėtinai sudėtingesnę priešistorę (pvz., lie. briáutis šalia bráutis, la. raût šalia pļaũt, lie. trm. būt. l. šãvo ir kt.). Slavų prokalbėje šių šaknų veiksmažodžiai vystėsi įvairiau negu (rytų) baltų kalbose, su kuriomis dažnai nesutampa (pvz., lie. bliáuti, bliáuja ~ sl. *bl’ьvti, *bljűjǫ, la. maût, maûju ~ sl. *mti, *mjǫ, plg. pr. aumūsnan). Straipsnyje analizuojami visi baltų ir slavų paveldėti pirminiai veiksmažodžiai, siekiant nustatyti tikslią jų rekonstrukciją baltų-slavų prokalbėje. Rezultatai iš esmės patvirtina keliamą hipotezę.

Ressaltando a importância da vogal tônica e sua vulnerabilidade, analisa-se o processo da metafonia na 1a. pessoa do singular do pretérito perfeito dos verbos fortes, e a atuação da analogia na regularização do sistema de conjugação.Acentuando la importancia de la vocal tónica y su vulnerabilidad, se analiza el proceso de inflexión en la primera persona del singular del pretérito perfecto simples de los verbos fuertes y la actuación de la analogía en la regularización del sistema de conjugación.

VEIKSMAŽODŽIŲ KIRČIAVIMAS BOSANSKI SVILAJAUS ŠNEKTOJESantraukaStraipsnyje pateikiamas sinchroninis vienos senųjų štokavų šnektų, kurią vartoja Bosnijos kroatai Bosanski Svilajaus gyvenvietėje, dabartinio kirčiavimo aprašas. Aptariami bendrieji Posavinos Slavonijos patarmės kirčiavimo požymiai ir pristatomas veiksmažodžių kirčiavimas pagal akcentines paradigmas, be to, aprašomos šnektos fonologinės ypatybės bei pateikiama ijekavimo kilmės šnektoje teorija.

The Latin verb had an important role in creating the Romance lexical family: it was the base for derivation and it developed its own lexical family later enherited in Romance languages whether we talk about nouns, adjectives, verbs or adverbs. Trahō, trahere, traxī, tractum, inherited in Romance languages, underwent a process of regularization in point of its forms: tractō, tractare, tractavi, tractatum, a first conjugation verb. The verbs formed by means of prefixation constituted the bases of a series of Latin lexical microfamilies which have correspondents in each Romance language. The newly-formed terms, borrowed from Latin into Romance languages, at different moments, depending on various historical and geographical conditions, followed the Latin pattern.Derivational morphology is defining for the large Romance lexical family. The semantics of both the initial and the derived forms reflect the history of work, of ancient human occupations.

Non-personal forms of the verb have received, from a historiographical point of view, little attention. However, studies on the verb or on specific authors are emphasizing that ``non-personal forms'' of the verbs are not always well understood neither explained. This article discusses the category ``gerund'' according to two methodological aspects: conceptualisation and the gramatisation process of this topic throughout history. We also study in detail (during the pre-academic period, from 1492 to 1771, and taking into account the socio-cultural and theoretical context) the following issues: morphology of the gerund, semantic-functional aspects, features of characterization, inter and intralinguistic transfers and the analysis of gerund categorisation process in the history of Spanish linguistic thought from 15th to 18th century.

The main objective of this paper is the analysis of the grammatical doctrine of the verb and the invariable parts of the speech contained in the Dictamen de la Comisión de Gramática (1861), project of reform precedent to the edition of 1870 of the GRAE with the aim of determining the possible influences received and its consequences in that edition of the GRAE. Therefore, we have examined in detail not only the text corresponding to that report, developed for the internal use of the different members of the Corporation but also all the editions of the Gramática and the Minutes and unpublished Grammar Documents which are kept up in the Archives of the RAE where is possible to find very important data to ascertain its evolution in that specific context of grammatical tradition.

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tense and aspect in the translation of Anónimas by Paula Izquierdo. Tense and aspect are grammatical categories that each translator and each teacher should take in consideration. The purpose of this study is to show the contrast between Spanish and Italian languages from a morphosyntactic point of view. In order to identify their structural differences and similarities, this work offers a comparison of four tales of an original Spanish storybook, Anónimas, with the respective translations of the author, highlighting the analysis of the verb tense and the verb aspect.

O obxectivo deste traballo é facer unha análise comparativa das colocacións co verbo galego caer e o correspondente inglés to fall. Tal estudio está baseado na análise de frecuencias de coaparición deses verbos en dous córpora: o CORGA (Corpus de Referencia do Galego Actual) para o galego e o BNC (British National Corpus) para o inglés. A intención é máis a de ser un experimento sobre que nos pode aportar un corpus á hora de analizar aspectos fraseolóxicos, que un estudo cuantitativo exacto. O traballo en si consta de dúas partes: a primeira é unha reflexión sobre o que un corpus nos pode aportar á hora de facer este tipo de estudos e a segunda é a presentación e análise comparativa dos resultados. // The aim of this study is making a comparative analysis of collocations with the Galician verb caer and the corresponding English one to fall. Such study is based on the analysis of co-occurrence frequencies of these verbs in two corpora: CORGA (Corpus de Referencia do Galego Actual) for Galician and BNC (British National Corpus) for English. The purpose is to make an experiment of how corpora can contribute to the analysis of phraseology, rather than an accurate quantitative study. The work has two main parts: the first one is a reflection upon what a corpus can contribute to this type of study and the second one is the presentation and comparative analysis of the results.

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Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article gives a formal and functional description of the five allomorphs of the verb "to be" in the present indicative in Breton language: bez, ema, eo, eus, zo. It also presents some special cases of use, notably "double subject" sentences, and makes some comparisons with the Welsh language.

Due to the predominant persuasive function of the advertising messages, the use of the different tenses in print advertisements presents some interesting particularities. The present tense is mainly used to describe and promote the products, while the future (or any other expression of posteriority) is reserved for the description of the benefits of the acquisition and use of the advertised object or service. Compared to the present and future tenses, the past forms are relatively sporadic in advertising texts and their uses correspond to well-defined functions: to narrate the history of the brand and the product, or to contrast the insatisfactory past of a hypothetical client without the advertised object with a happy future after its purchase.

Sharunas Bartas is a filmmaker whose work is characterized by an almost complete disappearance of speech. In his film « The House », he stages frantic and mute characters. The aesthetic choice he makes by resorting to silence encourages the spectators to question the relation between man and language. Silence imposes itself as a form of resistance to verbal abuse. It also releases some unsuspected ways of communication between the characters…