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Enrica Galazzi est professeur à l’Université catholique de Milan. Ses travaux portent sur la linguistique du français et plus particulièrement la phonétique. Publication récente (2012) : « Les Sciences phonétiques et la prononciation du français à travers les âges. Quelques moments-phares », in Vers une histoire générale de la grammaire française. Matériaux et perspectives, éd. par B. Colombat, J.-M. Fournier, V. Raby, Paris, Champion, p. 553-570. - Enrica Galazzi is Professor at the Catholic University of Milan. Her field of research are about French Linguistics, and more particularly on Phonetics. Recent publication (2012) : « Les Sciences phonétiques et la prononciation du français à travers les âges. Quelques moments-phares », in Vers une histoire générale de la grammaire française. Matériaux et perspectives, ed. by B. Colombat, J.-M. Fournier, V. Raby, Paris, Champion, pp. 553-570.; International audience; From the very beginning, Rousselot, the recognized founder of experimental Phonetics, considers this branch of knowledge as a useful discipline, socially involved in different fields such as dialectology, medicine, song, language learning, ballistics and aiming at the improvement of welfare and quality of life. This paper reports on an unprecedented case of phonetic expertise: a trial where Rousselot arbitrates a legal problem which has to do with speaking machines. It shows how Rousselot, like Paul Passy, puts oneself as well as his expertise in the service of social progress.; Dès le début, Rousselot conçoit la phonétique expérimentale, dont il est l’initiateur reconnu, comme une discipline utile, socialement engagée dans des domaines aussi différents que la dialectologie, la médecine, le chant, l’apprentissage des langues, la balistique, ayant pour but l’amélioration du bien être et de la qualité de la vie. Cet article rend compte d’un cas d’expertise phonétique avant la lettre dans un procès au cours duquel Rousselot arbitre un problème juridique ayant trait aux machines parlantes. Il montre dans quelle mesure Rousselot est comparable à Paul Passy avec qui il partage le choix de mettre sa personne et ses compétences au service du progrès social.

Military spending has tended to increase, while the USSR, undoubtedly over-militarized, seems to have become the world's leading military power, even if the "catching up" proposed by President Reagan is in fact a real epistemological leap. Military research and development is very important in the world, mainly in the major nuclear powers, and modern technologies are often shaped by the national defense sector. The military-industrial complex receives significant public funding that is used, in the context of dual-use technologies, to produce civilian goods. The question of the effects of military expenditure on economic growth and development in general does not produce a linear answer, as everything depends on the structure of arms purchases, the period of time, the existence of a national arms industry or arms exports and imports., Les dépenses militaires ont tendance à augmenter, alors que l'URSS, sans doute trop militarisée, semble cependant être devenue la première puissance militaire mondiale, même si le « rattrapage » proposé par le Président Reagan constitue de fait un vrai saut épistémologique. La recherche-développement militaire est très importante dans le monde, principalement dans les grandes puissances nucléaires, et les technologies modernes sont souvent façonnées par le secteur de la défense nationale. Le complexe militaroindustriel reçoit d'importants financements publics qui servent, dans le cadre des technologues duales, à la production de biens civils. La question des effets des dépenses militaires sur la croissance et plus généralement sur le développement économiques ne produit pas de réponse linéaire, tout dépend de la structure des achats d'armement, de la période, de l'existence d'une industrie nationale d'armement ou des exportations et importations d'armes.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) launched a world employment plan in 1969 its 50th year. The plan called for a world conference in 1976 on employment income distribution social progress and the international division of labour. Employment policy was thus seen as 1 aspect of basic needs. This article examines the world employment plan in the double perspective of a political objective and a program of interdependent research aimed at identifying analytical variables capable of serving as the foundation of a new type of development. The world employment plan had as its point of departure the initiatives of the regional organs of the ILO. Among the rationales for the plan of action were the desire to replace gross national product as the principal measure of economic growth with a series of interdependent goals such as growth employment income distribution and social participation. The research activities of the plan of action focus on 7 themes: 1) the role of technology in the creation of employment; 2) the relationships between income distribution and employment; 3) the effect of demographic phenomena on income distribution and employment; 4) the relationships between education and employment urbanization and employment commercial expansion and employment; and 5) government plans for employment expansion. The specifically demographic research covers a wide spectrum of topics but can be grouped in 3 main categories: 1) socioeconomic simulation models such as the Bacchue model which permit analysis of the direct and indicated effects of population on employment production and income distribution; 2) a series of empirical studies on subjects related to the model; and 3) in-depth studies in the Philippines Kenya and Brazil to identify their principal problems of political economy and to furnish needed parameters for the Bacchue models. The demographic content of the plan is specified in greater detail from the viewpoints of general demography and of economic demography in order to suggest some of the types of policy recommendations that the work is expected to support. Finally the structure and properties of the Bacchue model are spelled out in greater detail.

SUMMARY One of tue essential conditions of economic expansion is defined by the value of intellectual investment that menns practically by the num ber and quality of leaders and technicians who hold responsible positions in the management of public and private enterprise In that respect uni- versitary policies acquire .v objective teaching programs must be denned wirh view to the requirements of economic evolution and technical and social progress Which is the present situation in France from that point of vie Though statistical data on that crucial problem are very scarce it can be concluded with fair accuracy that our position is most serious As matter of fact only third or half of the necessary quantity of leading technicians leave our ingineering schools or our universities As for medium technicians their number if ridiculously smal from the point of vieiv of present and above all of future necessities If vigorou! aud necessary improvements are not obtained our future economic expansion will be compromised and it Iwill become difficult defend the position of France in the hierarchy of great Powers, Bize Pierre. Investissements intellectuels et expansion économique. In: Revue économique, volume 7, n°1, 1956. pp. 117-126.