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The aim of the paper is to examine the potency contained in the mystery of Christ as Alpha and Omega of human history. The issue will be viewed through the prism of accidental encounters, etc. that is, those which in our earthly life have no visible importance or continuation. It is striking that our life largely consists of such contacts: thousands of people passing by every day seem to be accidental, “non-productive” and not important. Broken relationships belong to the same set as well. Thus, the real question is whether they have any deeper meaning or not. I will try to argue, by reference to spiritual theology, that life in Christ brings a real answer to this question. The apparently accidental encounters become, subsequently, relationships flourishing in Christ, on the basis that He is the one spiritual principle of all believers and the Head of the Mystical Body of the Church. In Him, our particular present encounters are purified and come into perfection to the state when they will appear as true and everlasting relationships. A man who is overlooked now turns out to be a real co-author of my eternal happiness. Although this sense will fully be realised in heaven, it can now be experienced by hope and the contemplation of the neighbour in God.

Exploring an extension to Dick's "intelligence principle" Revisiting Dick’s “Intelligence Principle” in the light of recent technological developments, I present an argument for why one might consider a slight extension to the Principle and I explore some of the implications of the suggested modification.

One of the main elements of the rule of law is the principle of legal certainty, which provides, inter alia, that in any dispute, a court decision that has entered into force cannot be called into question. The subject of the most discussed today constitutional principle of legal certainty is today seen as a structural element of the rule of law, necessary for the stabilization of legal relations and systems in which the judiciary and courts play an important role. The principle is the main commandment of the system, its true basis; disposition, which radiates different norms, composing their spirit and serving as a criterion for their precise understanding and reason, precisely because it determines the logic and rationality of the normative system, in that it gives it a tonic and gives it a harmonious meaning. The principle is a constitutional category, and there are several that relate to the process. The purpose of this article is to highlight the need to adhere to the principle of legal certainty in various aspects of foundation and understanding that cover a modern topic, starting with the undeniable theoretical and conceptual evolution of its basis and evaluative nature, which, in a more complex and complex form, years has meant a kind of set of content and conditions that are interrelated for the regulation of life between individuals and state institutions, which is a guarantee of the stability of law. The case is relevant because of the complexity of the relations prevailing in the postmodern world, with undeniable insecurity and unpredictability today, especially in the political, social, economic and legal spheres, the reflexes of which in law are even more obvious. From the constitutional principles of equality and justice follows the requirement of certainty, clarity and unambiguity of the legal norm, as otherwise can not ensure its uniform application, does not preclude unlimited interpretation in law enforcement practice and inevitably leads to arbitrariness. Legal certainty is becoming an increasingly important and significant factor in law-making and law enforcement processes. Numerous decisions of the European Court of Human Rights against Ukraine, which have a direct indication of non-compliance by the state with this principle, allow us to qualify the commented legal idea as a fundamental and independent phenomenon. Legal certainty, as it follows from the texts and interpretations of judges, means clarity, certainty and accessibility of the legal standard.

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The right to defense is one of the essential principles of the criminal process. Violation of this right affects the fairness of the process and leads to procedural sanctions. In this article, the role of international and national legislation and practice will be analyzed regarding the application and observance of the principle of ensuring the right to defense, the role of the Constitutional Court and other legal institutions in this regard. Or, states are obliged to effectively guarantee the accused persons the right to defense, as this is a condition for the realization of the act of justice in a democratic state. Following the analysis carried out, we come with recommendations and explanations regarding the content of this principle, because it should not be seen as simple legal assistance, but has a more complex content.

The legality of the criminal trial is the fundamental principle based on which the conduct of the entire criminal trial takes place according to the provisions of the law. Achieving the goals of the criminal judicial process is possible only under the conditions of strict and unequivocal fulfillment of the provisions of the criminal procedure law. The criminal trial is a special variety of state activity in the course of which the legitimate rights and interests of individuals may be limited, for which reason its implementation within the limits of the law is of particular importance. On the one hand, the obtaining and the possibility to continue using the evidence is guaranteed, and on the other hand, the rights and freedoms of the citizens attracted in the orbit of the criminal judicial process are protected. In the specialized literature, no single option is exposed regarding the notion of “legality”. Without focusing our attention in a particular way on the analysis of different points of view, we will mention that our position on this subject is in line with the perception of legality - as a strict, firm and consistent observance and enforcement of the principles of law. In cases of compliance with the law, legal instruments regulate a necessary and determined regime of activity or abstention from it by bodies, organizations, enterprises, institutions, citizens and persons in positions of responsibility.

Analysis of the state and possible options for the development of modern humanities gives the grounds to assert the growing importance of the idea of historicity in culture and philosophy during the 20th and early 21st centuries. In this regard, both the disclosure of the concept of historicity and the substantiation of the significance of the principle of historicity, both for the methodology of historical and philosophical knowledge and for humanitarian knowledge in general become relevant. The author of this article carries out historical and philosophical reconstruction of historical issues in the philosophy of M. Heidegger and reveals the process of converting the idea of historicity into the principle of German existentialism. It is concluded that with the help of historicity M. Heidegger was able to present his own version of phenomenology on an existential basis. Seeing an existential achievement in historicity, M. Heidegger understood by it the direction of existence to the source, tradition, on the basis of this, the intentionality of consciousness was revealed as an essential property of existence: the direction of man as a finite being to its source, which allowed the German philosopher to interpret historicity as a tradition, the existential source of man, and how the temporality of human existence. The author of this article concludes that in the philosophy of M. Heidegger historicity was transformed from an idea into a principle on the basis of which the German philosopher revealed not only the historicity of Dasein, building a fundamental ontology and hermeneutics of factuality, but also tried to solve the problem of the history of being, going beyond the existential philosophy.

Effectiveness is a principle frequently used by the Court of Justice of the European Union to secure the authority of EU law over national law. This study analysis the scholarly treatment of the concept in most relevant selected academic literature and draws some conclusions, mostly that difficulties remain surrounding the conceptualization of the principle. The Court uses it in a variety of ways and judicial outcomes are linked to the context of every case at hand. On one hand, we find effectiveness as a stand-alone principle or expression of general “effet utile”; but, on the other hand, we see the use of the term strongly connected to the effective judicial protection of individual rights and/ or as limit to national procedural autonomy. The concept is furthermore embedded in a complex matrix of various other principles of EU law, namely primacy, direct effect, indirect effect or the obligation of consistent interpretation, and Member State liability for breaches of EU law. The results of the study lead to question whether there is really one single concept of effectiveness in EU law and lead to further research in order to explore whether a comprehensive and coherent theory is necessary, feasible and/or desirable.

This paper is written to articulate in a summary form 14 evidently-known essential and personalistic principles from the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas needed, especially by Pope Francis, to understand a third period of neo-Thomism we are now in: Born-again, or Ragamuffin, Thomism. It maintains that, without application of these principles to the Church’s “new evangelization,” this movement will fail. With that failure the Church will be unable to halt the cultural suicide in which the West is presently engaged.

This article highlights the issues of reforming the sphere of karakul breeding in Uzbekistan, in particular, the development of a small zonal karakul breeding complex and the objective features of improving this important area as a result of inter-farm cooperation and specialization, as well as new optimal ways of using, ensuring employment in rural regions and the development of family entrepreneurship. The general and main development goal of the whole sub-complex is the search for promising directions for using the production potential of regional karakul breeding sub-complexes. In this case, the need to organize effective production in the conditions of modernization and localization of the economy, replenishment of Uzbekistan's foreign exchange fund and demand for natural fur market should be taken into account. In addition, it should be based on ensuring that the prestige of high-quality karakul leather increases. In the implementation of this goal, on the basis of specialized breeding, the karakul maintains a scientifically based system of breeding. In the agricultural sector, four main types of karakul breeding agro-farms - breeding enterprises, breeding agro-reproducers, commodity agro-farms, and inter-farm karakul should be maintained and restored in special complexes.

This edition of Studia Gilsoniana inaugurates submission of articles on economic science based upon pre-modern principles of philosophy/science. Today, many journals address the intersection of economics and philosophy. Their contributors include practicing economists, economic historians, economist-philosophers, philosopher-economists, and economic methodologists. Research in this interdisciplinary field began to appear in the 1970s and later took shape in the 1980s with the appearance of its specialized academic journals. Today, the intersection of economics and philosophy is a vibrant area of inquiry and research. Books and journal pages are replete with references to classical philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and their contributions to economic science. However, stronger connections need to be made related to the application of economic principles from the past to the present based upon enduring pre-modern principles of science. This is precisely what this inaugural issue celebrates.

An important aspect of the professionalization of the museum sector is the institutionalization of the methods of competence assurance in the field. In this respect, an important indicator is the existence and implementation in practice of the Code of Ethics. The idea of museum ethics was launched in the US in 1902. The first national organization to publish the Code of Ethics was the Union of Museums in Germany – it happened in 1918. In 1925, the Association of American Museums published a Code of Ethics for Museums. In the 70s of the 20th century codes of ethics appeared in several countries – in 1977 – New Zealand and the United Kingdom, in 1979 – Canada and Israel, in 1982 – Australia. In 1974, ICOM’s 11th General Assembly (Copenhagen) called into question the need for a Code of Ethics for museum specialists. Such a Code was approved in 1986 at the ICOM Buenos Aires General Conference. The English and American Codes were set at the base of this Code. It was renewed in 2001 and 2004 and renamed the ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums. In Chişinău, the Code was translated into Romanian but was not approved by the National Committee of ICOM Moldova. It has been published, but it is little known – the code sums up a set of rules to be respected by the entire museum community. The code does not have legal force, in other words, it is not binding. It can only be effective when museographers are interested in respecting the principles of the Code. The ICOM Code is a reference document for museum specialists and contains defining principles for the professional ethics of the museum, a total of 8 principles. In the article, the author analyzes the principles included in the Code and tries to determine the modalities and responsibilities for their application in the museum system of the republic. Some ethical issues identified in museum activities, functioning of the Moldovan museum system and museum management are highlighted by reference to the components of the principles of the ICOM Code of Ethics. The author concludes that the absence of ethical, written or unwritten principles in the work of a museum institution leads to conflicts and dilemmas. No existing law in the Republic of Moldova regulates rules of good governance in the field of museums, in the field of protection and valorisation of cultural heritage. But there is the Code of Ethics for ICOM Museums, over which the museum world should lean and study, while the principles of the Code should be applied and respected in the everyday work. Because the Code defines the admissible behavior and responsibility of museographers, it protects the museum profession.

The chief aim of this article is to show that St. Thomas Aquinas’s Fourth Way of demonstrating God’s existence can only be made precisely intelligible by comprehending it as a real, generic whole in light of its specific organizational principles. Considered as a real, generic whole, this argument is one from effect to cause (from a real order of more or less perfectly existing generic, specific, and individual beings [habens esse] more or less perfectly possessing generic, specific, and individual ways of being within qualitatively different, hierarchical, orders of existence to a first cause of this order of perfections). In addition, this article maintains that, to comprehend this complicated argument, readers mush be familiar with philosophical principles that St. Thomas repeatedly uses throughout his major works, but with which most of his contemporary students tend to be unfamiliar. Consequently, a secondary aim of this paper is to introduce readers unfamiliar with them to some of these principle so that they may be able better to comprehend what St. Thomas is saying in this demonstration and in other teachings of his as well.

This paper portrays relevant information about different aspects in maritime insurance with its history and we also emphasize on the principle of utmost good faith which is a very important principle that has to be noticed when making an insurance contract. We also refer to different types of maritime insurance policies offered by maritime insurance companies, as well as the P&I Club, together with their benefits. The different type of average and the maritime insurance Premium, and also Express Warranties are other topics which our work deals with. This analysis is based on qualitative methods and is addressed both to the specialist in this field and, also, to students and researchers which might be interested in. The aim of this research is to bring into attention this important problem of insurance – in any situation of life and, especially, in this area of the maritime activity. Our conclusion is that maritime insurance helps to spread risk and also makes provision for the share of losses as seen in the function of general average and it also indemnifies the assured of their losses or damages accordingly.

In any State, regardless of its non-denominational nature or the close relationship with the different religious options, it is complex to legislate in favor of the most intimate rights of all citizens, and even more to preserve a good relationship between religious confessions and the State. In our country, since the entry into force of our 1978 Constitution was for the Spanish ecclesiastical law the abandonment of the traditional confessional system that had inspired the regulation of the religious social factor throughout our constitutional history, giving way to a model deeply marked by new principles inspiring the legal regulation of relations between the Catholic Church and the Spanish State.

Leibniz chose the title Principles of Nature and Grace (PNG) by himself, so this occurrence deserves in our opinion a special research. Indeed, the question remains open as to whether Leibniz is alluding to two different types of principles, each governing their own set of objects, or rather to a single type of principle governing two different types of entities. In §15 of the PNG, Leibniz offers an analogy regarding the relationship between the realm of nature and the realm of grace: in one, God acts as an architect; in the other, like a monarch. This analogy suggests a dualist reading: the principles of creation are not the same as those of governance – at least that is the interpretation I will suggest. I will also try to answer the question, which touches on the nature of the relationship between divine intelligence and will: How can we understand the idea that there are principles of grace? Leibniz a choisi le titre des Principes de la nature et de la grâce (PNG) par lui-même, si bien que cette occurrence du terme mérite à notre avis une recherche à part entière. Or la question reste ouverte de savoir si Leibniz fait allusion à deux types de principes différents, gouvernant chacun leur propre ensemble d’objets, ou plutôt à un seul type de principe gouvernant deux types différents d’entités. Au §15 des PNG, Leibniz propose une analogie concernant la relation entre le royaume de la nature et le royaume de la grâce : dans l’un, Dieu agit comme un architecte ; dans l’autre, comme un monarque. Cette analogie suggère une lecture dualiste : les principes de la création ne sont pas les mêmes que ceux de la gouvernance. C’est du moins l’interprétation que je proposerai. J’essayerais de repondre aussi à la question, qui touche à la nature de la relation entre l’intelligence et la volonté divines : comment pourrions-nous comprendre l’idée qu’il y a des principes de la grâce ?

La Mettrie makes reference to Leibniz from the very beginning of his philosophical production, devoting considerable attention to him already in the Natural History of the Soul, and until the end of his life. He does not precisely identify his philosophical sources, but it would not be impossible – quite the contrary – that his knowledge of Leibniz’s thought was based on the Principles of Nature and Grace and on the Monadology. Over and over, La Mettrie insists that there are only two philosophical systems, and two ways of doing philosophy: that of the materialists and that of the spiritualists. He devotes his life to defending the first, Leibniz personifying the second. Like Leibniz, indeed, La Mettrie compares the art of nature and the art of man, natural machines and artificial machines. But the comparison brings him to very different results. La Mettrie se réfère à Leibniz dès le début de sa production philosophique, en lui consacrant une attention considérable déjà dans l’Histoire naturelle de l’âme, et jusqu’à la fin de sa vie. Il n’identifie pas avec précision ses sources philosophiques. Mais il ne serait pas impossible – bien au contraire – que la connaissance qu’il a de la pensée de Leibniz soit fondée sur la lecture des Principes de la nature et de la grâce et sur la Monadologie. A plusieurs reprises, La Mettrie insiste sur le fait qu’il y a seulement deux systèmes philosophiques, deux façons de faire de la philosophie : celle des matérialistes et celle des spiritualistes. Il a consacré sa vie à faire la défense du premier, Leibniz incarnant le deuxième. Comme Leibniz, certes, La Mettrie compare l’art de la nature et l’art de l’homme, les machines naturelles et les machines artificielles. Mais la comparaison l’amène à des résultats bien différents.

From close to its inception, St. Augustine’s misunderstanding of the nature of ancient Greek philosophy, “Christian philosophy,” and the way the human soul essentially relates to human body caused formal Christian education to be (a) born in a somewhat unhealthy condition, (b) founded upon a devastating mistake of organizational self-misunderstanding, which essentially prevented it from comprehending how human reason could function both abstractly as a contemplative (or speculative) scientific intellect and concretely as a command and control prudential reason. This flaw in Augustinian psychology of the human person and Augustine’s misunderstanding of the nature of ancient Greek philosophy continued to influence Christian education from the start of the Christian West until the Christian and secular universities of today. For contemporary Christian education to preserve its identity in an increasingly fragmented world, a psychology of the human person adequate to explain the essential connection between the human soul and body and the nature of philosophy must replace this flawed Augustinian psychology that continues to plague the contemporary world.

Today more than ever, man has control on nature so much that he himself becomes unable to control his own control, to know his knowledge, and to ignore the reason for his reason. The current conjunctures of human intelligence on the environment in general and on the African in particular urgently need to be rethought and reinterpreted, in order to maintain the African continent as a project-nature. Being at the crossroads of Africa will capsize in an uncertain environment in which it will be impossible to live if Africa in particular and mankind in general do not take precautions and do not build and work for a more responsible and caring society to come up. On pain of collective death, the mastery of our mastery is a categorical imperative. This reflection is one of the ways to get through the matter, since the restoration, the setting up and the respect of the precautionary principle become of an unavoidable necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Актуальность проблемы, поставленной в статье, определяется современной коммуникативной ситуацией, усилением контактов между областями культуры, ранее не соприкасавшимися. В ведущих музыкальных направлениях XX - начала XXI столетий: композиторском фольклоризме, неоклассицизме, полистилистике, постмодернизме - широко используется принцип моделирования. Статья имеет методологический характер. В ней теоретически обосновывается включение метода моделирования в интертекстуальный анализ. Положения теории текста применяются в исследовании композиционных моделей, откристаллизовавшихся в музыке европейской профессиональной традиции. Автор определяет понятие композиционной модели, характеризует ее свойства. Семантические функции композиционных моделей в произведениях современных композиторов она изучает, отталкиваясь от классификации метатекстов, примыкающих (nadväzovanie, linking) к прототексту (А. Попович). В статье показаны метатексты, примыкающие к прототексту - концертной форме И. С. Баха. Как имитирующее примыкание, в котором воспроизводится комплекс ее основных признаков, рассматриваются «Концерт в старинном стиле» М. Регера и «Бранденбургский концерт» В. Екимовского. В качестве примера селективного примыкания приводится I часть Концерта in Es «Dumbarton Oaks» И. Стравинского, в котором содержится игровое пародирование концертной формы барокко. Комментирующее примыкание с большим удельным весом коннотативного смысла показано на примере Concerto grosso № 2 А. Шнитке. В статье ставится также задача исследования многомодельных музыкальных текстов -гомогенных и гетерогенных.

This paper discusses the theoretical relationship between the views of Damascius and those of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. While Damascius’ De principiis is a bold treatise devoted to investigating the hypermetaphysics of apophatism, it anticipates various theoretical positions put forward by Dionysius the Areopagite. The present paper focuses on the following. First, Damascius is the only ancient philoso­pher who systematically demonstrates the first principle to be infinite (traditional Greek thought tended to regard the arkhē as finite). Second, Damascius modifies the concept and in several important passages shows the infinite to be superior and prior to the finite (previously this assumption was held only by Melissus and, sporadically, by Gregory of Nyssa and Plotinus). Third, Damascius’ theory of being (infinite, endless and ultrarational) is the strongest ancient articulation of the nature of the One which is a clear prefiguration of the negative theology developed by Dionysius the Areopagite.

В данной статье предлагается опыт исследования формирования жанра оратории в эпоху барокко. В вводной части работы дается характеристика социального контекста эпохи, отношения двух основополагающих концептов Вог - Человек, которые ложатся в последствии в основу жанрового инварианта оратории. Центральное внимание уделяется разбору оратории «Иеффай» Дж. Кариссими с драматургической, семантической композиционно-структурной позиций. Достаточно детально анализируются хоры, за которыми закрепляются функции: хор-рассказчик, хор-действие, хор-морализатор, хор-комментатор, хор-эмблема, а также главнейший элемент жанрового инварианта оратории - речитатив, где формируются основные типы: нарративный, специфизированный, экспрессивный. В статье определяются основные жанровые типы оратории: эпический, основным репрезентом которого является наличие историка или и расказчика - произносителя слова (logos); драматический - где жанровыми условиями драмы выступают три обязательных начала: конфликт, единое действие, и, наконец, «драматический узел»; трагический тип оратории который олицетворяет собой некий духовный максимум (коллективное начало, элемент соборности). В выводах даются устойчивые признаки жанрового инварианта оратории (в основе Человек Веры - homo credens) которые сформировались в ораториях Дж Кариссими в частности в оратории «Иеффай».

Medical compression dates back to centuries and is still a matter of many questions. A major one is "how this treatment works", which remains unclear. Numerous are physiological changes under compression at various levels of macro- and microcirculations. Pressure exerted by medical devices is variable from patient to patient and consequently dose-effect link is hard to interpret. Nonetheless, three major effects of compression therapy can be highlighted: the calf muscle-pump increase, the cutaneous fluid drainage and the decrease of transmural pressure in vein walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Criminal Procedure Law (Section 6), as one of the basic principles of the criminal procedure, provides for the mandatory nature of criminal proceedings. It determines that the official who is authorised to perform criminal proceedings has an obligation within his or her competence to initiate criminal proceedings and to lead such proceedings to the fair regulation of criminal legal relations provided for in The Criminal Law in each case where the reason and grounds for initiating criminal proceedings have become known. This research focuses on issues that relate to the legal aspects of the mandatory nature of criminal proceedings, including the competence of the officials in initiating criminal proceedings; the role of the victim; the purpose of this basic principle. This paper examines the problematic aspects of the mandatory principle in criminal procedure in Latvia. In the end, key conclusions are summarized.

This article applies to reconstruct the political social processes that allow the definition of secularism in schools. To do this, we conducted a historical study, by relying on a legal, political and social reality, which attempts to show the tensions involved and evolution of educational and teaching models relating thereto. Through the question of religious symbols, we will seek to identify the history of conceptions of secularism from 1905 to 2016. This cartography is the result of a complex history linking social, political and geopolitical data with repercussions on life of schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation, viewed as a multi-faceted task, can lead to different types of difficulties. The equivalence refers to the identity relation between two units having the same denotation and connotation and dis-playing the same meaning in two different languages. Proverbs have been considered special patterns, displaying sometimes hidden meanings or suggesting morals issuing from a particular example. These paremic units—the proverbs—convey feelings, states of mind, behaviors or ‘metaphorical descriptions of certain situations’ (Krikmann). Starting from Savory’s list of pair-wise contradictory translation principles, I intend to prove that the link between different ‘forms’ and their ‘contents’ lies in the principle of relevance when referring to proverbs. Even if relevance theory is not a theory of linguistic structure—and many translation problems imply structural mismatches—relevance theory of-fers insights about contextual information. Proverbs are seen as texts in themselves. My analysis will target the ethnofields of ‘to buy’ and ‘to sell’ in English proverbs and their Romanian corresponding versions.

What is the place of the body in a dualistic system which organizes principles into hierarchy? Principles can be arranged into three postures: Platonist, Gnostic and Christian. In the Platonist posture, the body is, ambiguously, both a touchstone and a proof of transcendence. On the one hand, it bars access to the intelligible through its darkness and dispersion; on the other hand, it reveals the intelligible through its form.

Th is article examines the sense of the principle of the supremacy of the public interest over private, which is a public law canon, about the debate started by those who recently came to deny that standard, so as to know whether the attack deserves to thrive.

Heparin coating technology has become increasingly mature, which is conducive to the material of blood, biocompatibility proved very important, therefore, heparin coating technique has become a development cycle is very useful for in vitro selection of patients. On the other hand, the overall cost of medical treatment will increase because of the use of heparin coated materials and devices, so the clinical use of heparin coated materials is limited. In this paper, the principle of heparin coating technology, heparin coating technology should be applied in the norms of the external circulation, and related heparin coating technology development status analysis.

The externalist interpretation of Kant allows for a rational reconstruction of what is fundamental to transcendental idealism: action. Kant resorts to action several times in the Critique of Pure Reason. The very notion of "synthesis," which plays a vital role in his philosophy, is presented as a Handlung. The externalist interpretation endeavours to explain what Kant means by action in those contexts so as to make philosophical sense of Kant's thought and at the same time to prevent it from being turned into a flawed internalism. Whereas internalism struggles to present synthesis as a mental act that is as private as thinking quietly, or even as an unconscious activity, externalism shows that, according to Kant, human knowledge depends on the ability to carry out observable actions that involve human body in a very particular way. In this article, externalism will be vindicated in relation to (1) the foundations of Kant's conception of figurative synthesis of transcendental imagination; and (2) the nature of transcendental esquemata in his critical speculative philosophy.

Starting with the International Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Romanian Constitution (establishing the general frame of the child and family protection), the principles of the child protection are regulated by the article 6 of the Law 272/2004, with the purpose of ensuring the respect and the guarantee of the child rights in any circumstances. Without sustaining that one principle is more important than another, we also have to assert that their congruence is realised by the force of the rule of respecting and promoting with priority the superior interest of the child, determining a certain superiority of this principle in relation with the others. In other words, the application of any principle regulated by the article 6 is guided by the assertion of the superior interest of the child, which should prevail in any circumstance. The questions regarding the interpretation of that principle are numerous, being determined by the lapidary regulation. The Law 257/2013 brings changes on that point, covering some legislative gaps by establishing, for the first time, certain assessment criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical ethics as a scholarly discipline and a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, anthropology and sociology. As such there are a number of values in medical ethics such as autonomy, non-maleficence, confidentiality, dignity, honesty, justice and beneficence, among others. These values act as guidelines for professionals in the medical fraternity and are therefore used to judge different cases in the fraternity. For purposes of this work, this paper examines the principle of beneficence in biomedicine. Using both hypothetical cases and others in real life situations, the paper reflects on the implications of beneficence in biomedicine. It argues that the principle of beneficence is a prima facie obligation that should always be acted upon unless it conflicts on a particular occasion with an equal or stronger principles.

This article aims to discuss the role played by Crusius’ thought in the genesis and the structure of Kant’s Preisschrift of 1762. Definitely opposed to Wolffian philosophy, Kant argues for the analythical method as the only method capable of ensuring a scientific status for philosophy. Simultaneously embracing and criticizing some central Crusian principles, he intends to demonstrate the possibility of a “sure” and “complete” metaphysical certainty, which would be as sufficient for conviction as the mathematical certainty. Kant refuses, however, to base metaphysical certainty on a simply subjective conviction, as Crusius suggests. That is why he ultimately rejects his predecessor’s philosophy, although not without making some fundamental Crusian elements part of his own doctrine.

The reception of Bacon’s natural philosophy is paradoxical : it seems that even the “baconists” did not really read or understand Bacon’s works. I try to explain that discrepancy between Bacon’s thought and his epigones by studying the role of the reference to Bacon, as far as chemistry is concerned. In fact, such a baconism, even if it is not genuine, allows chemistry to use its proper principles, since it forbids to decide which are the true principles before the study of natural phenomena. Certainly, discourses about causes are “hypotheses”; but sometimes such a designation is only rhetorical. That signifies that, in spite of the claimed clash which past, the chemists of the Royal Society worked in the directions drawn by the “old” chemistry, using its principles. It does not mean that the chemists of the Royal Society were themselves “old”; it is rather a sign of the modernity of chemistry. Chemistry easily put up with baconism. This fact could mean that chemistry was the kind of science that Bacon had in mind when he proposed his Great Restauration.

The concept of being seems to lose its meaning as long as its consistency is threatened by the flow of time that sweeps everything away in its path. All along the history of Philosophy, the idea of God became the perfect subject capable of sustaining the full meaning of an eternal foundation of all otherwise evanescent beings. Kant is the last philosopher who tries to prove the existence of such a supreme being. We remind here the three main classical proofs that are usually advanced to substantiate such a claim and the original manner in which Kant criticizes, for the first time ever, all three of them for not being able to really demonstrate the reality of such a necessary being. The conclusion of Kant is that this concept is impossible to be proved for the pure reason as it is imperative for the practical reason to suppose as real, in one way or another. Finally, God, as the necessary ground of any existing thing in the world, remains an ideal of pure practical reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a neuromodulation technique using a magnetic field applied to the cortex with a coil. rTMS is an ambulatory therapy that does not require general anesthesia supervised by a medical officer according to safety rules. Several stimulation patterns are available, in particular fast or slow frequency in order to induce a stimulating or an inhibitory effect in various psychiatric conditions (mainly depression and schizophrenia). The intensity of stimulation depends on the motor threshold corresponding to the cortical excitability of a given subject. Side effects are rare and usually mild, mostly headaches. The principal risk is induction of epileptic seizures (<1/1000), unlikely if safety rules are taken into account. Guidelines are proposed to warrant a safe use of rTMS, the optimal parameters of which are still under study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article applies to reconstruct the political social processes that allow the definition of secularism in schools. To do this, we conducted a historical study, by relying on a legal, political and social reality, which attempts to show the tensions involved and evolution of educational and teaching models relating thereto. Through the question of religious symbols, we will seek to identify the history of conceptions of secularism from 1905 to 2016. This cartography is the result of a complex history linking social, political and geopolitical data with repercussions on life of schools.