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Copyright of Verbum Analecta Neolatina is the property of Pazmany Peter Catholic University (Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among the many ways in which Shakespeare has been considered a ‘father’ of English culture, the idea that he contributed a vast number of neologisms and idiomatic expressions to the language is one of the hardest to debunk. Challenged by a number of specialists in recent years, this notion is still alive and well in the digital age, appearing time and time again online and in some important scholarly sources. The aim of this review article is to discuss the specific cultural purposes which the idea seems to serve, such as lending authority to narrative accounts of the development of English as a language.

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumen: A medida que progresen las naciones y se diversifiquen los aspectos de la vida social, intelectual, económica y cultural, los usos lingüísticos amplían y los nuevos términos que expresan dichos aspectos se multiplican. La aplicación del sistema o método de la educación a distancia, mediada por múltiples tecnologías, implica la generación de nuevo léxico terminológico. De este modo, ambos enfoques de investigación: el léxico y el semántico, resultan complementarios e imprescindibles a la hora de llevar a cabo un estudio contrastivo, entre el español y el árabe, cuyo objetivo es tratar los fenómenos lingüísticos vinculados a los neologismos, formales y semánticos, de los que dispone tanto el español como el árabe tras la implementación de las estrategias de dicha prometedora propuesta didáctica. Abstract: As the Nations progress and the aspects of social, intellectual, economic and cultural life are diversified, linguistic uses expand and the new terms that express these aspects multiply. The application of the system or method of distance education, mediated by multiple technologies, implies the generation of a new terminological lexicon. Thus, both research approaches; the lexicon and the semantic, are complementary and essential when carrying out a contrastive study, between Spanish and Arabic, whose objective is to treat linguistic phenomena linked to neologisms, formal and semantic, available in both Spanish and Arabic after the implementation of the strategies of this promising didactic proposal. مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية: التطور بمعناه الشامل هو أمر تمليه طبيعة الحياة وتفرضه طبيعة الإنسان التي تميل دائمًا إلى التغيير. ومع تقدم الدول وتنوّع جوانب الحياة الاجتماعية والفکرية والاقتصادية والثقافية، تتوسع الاستخدامات اللغوية وتتضاعف المصطلحات الجديدة التي تعبر عن تلک الجوانب. ومما لا شک فيه أن التعليم عن بُعد أو ما يُعرف بالتعليم الافتراضي سواء في العالم الناطق باللغة الإسبانية أو في البلدان المتحدثة باللغة العربية أصبح مؤخرًا بديلاً للشکل التقليدي لعملية التعليم والتعلم؛ حيث يستخدم تقنيات وأدوات وأساليب لم تکن موجودة من قبل، الأمر الذي يعني ضرورة ظهور معجم مصطلحات جديد في کلا اللغتين. ونظرًا لأن اللغة هي المنوط بها تقديم المفردات التي تتناسب مع تلک المفاهيم الجديدة، فمن البديهي أن تعمد اللغة إلى أحد أمرين: إما أنها تولّد ألفاظّا جديدًة من نظامها الخاص بالاشتقاق وغيره، أو تقوم باقتراضها من لغات أخرى. وبالتالي، من خلال عقد دراسة تقابلية للظواهر اللغوية المرتبطة بتوليد ألفاظ جديدة في اللغتين الإسبانية والعربية، يهدف البحث لإعداد معجم للمفردات والمصطلحات المستخدمة في مجال هذا البحث.

This paper examines the translation problems related to multilingual issues in the literary text. In particular, we will consider the translation from Italian into Russian of the short novel 7 uomini 7. Peripezie di una vedova by the contemporary Sicilan writer Silvana Grasso. The main issue lies in identifying, along the translation path, a continuous lexical and stylistic compromise for the purpose of not losing the expressive effect desired by the author through the use of code-mixing. Starting from the theoretical framework provided by Katharina Reiss e Hans Vermeer focused on the Skopostheorie, there will be an analysis of the translation of the mentioned book and, consequently, translation proposals in Russian, yet analyzing the results on their validity. Therefore, it will be set as a further objective to investigate the solutions related to the linguistic-cultural contrast generated by code-switching and the way to apply specific translation methods focusing on the target reader. The scarcity of documentation and studies pertaining to translating code-mixing highlight the importance of this research which arises from the need to fill the gap inherent in the diatopic aspect of the Italian language in the translation field.

The research discusses the occurrence of semantic and lexical neologisms in the main Catalão newspapers: the newspaper “Diário Dito e Feito” (JDDF) and “Diário o Catalão” (JDC). The research aims to analyze the lexical formation of the Brazilian Portuguese based on written corpus. The research describes the lexical-semantic variation of Portuguese from Catalão, identifies the lexical creativity and sorts neologisms present in written corpora. 5 editions of JDC and 11 editions of JDDF issues in 2016 were chosen randomly by selecting topics: news from Catalão, state news, sports news and varieties news. Houaiss Dictionary (2009) was the corpus of exclusion to identify neologisms. The research concluded that newspapers have high occurrence of loanwords (136 cases) and the formation of words in the Portuguese occurred in 100 cases. The JDDF had a higher incidence (91) of cases of formation by derivation and composition. The research observed the formation of words using abbreviations and acronyms present in the corpus in 57 cases. The word from Catalão varies semantically, result of regional contexts that characterize it, but there are also cases of forming products names

The article examines the innovative processes in the morphological system of the German language based on the material of fiction of recent decades. There are three parts of speech defined: noun, verb and preposition, which most fully reveal the implementation of innovative processes. The origins of the formation, replenishment and development of the vocabulary are clarified, innovative forms borrowed from other languages are identified, the relationship between national and international new formations is established. The functional expediency of the new nomination, the ponderability of extra-linguistic factors are noted, the social determinism of the appearance of neologisms is clearly expressed. It has been established that today there has been a sharp rise of interest in problems of the morphology field. Attention is focused on the fact that due to constant changes in grammatical phenomena always occurs a more or less long period when both new and obsolete elements are implemented in the language. It is emphasized that the main motive for the development of new forms is the need of social reality for simplifications and for expressive-emotional vocabulary. The results of the study express an understanding of the most common trends in modern language, namely: the repeal of the ending -s in the genitive case; the process of reducing the use of the -e in colloquial speech during the word change in the dative case; the use of the forms of the dative and accusative cases of the weak singular nouns without the ending –en becomes more frequent; the plural suffix –s becomes common; nouns that were previously considered singularia tantum, but today can form the plural form, increase in number; establishing that all new verbs are weak, as well as an increase in the number of strong verbs that have moved to the category of weak. As for the use of temporal forms, the modern German language is characterized by a tendency to use the present tense instead of the future. It is a characteristic feature of spontaneous casual speech, which also affects the literary language. The process of degenitivation leads to the fact that some verbs do not need a genitive case, but are used with accusative or dative cases. The phenomenon of language economy as one of the driving forces in the process of changes in the grammatical structure of the German language is substantiated. The possibility of dual use of prepositions appears in cases where this use was incorrect previously. This area of research of morphological innovations is considered promising since it allows a deeper penetration into the understanding of the formation process of the grammatical structure of modern German.

Since Snell (1852) many psychiatrists and psychoanalysts have questioned about psychotic neologisms. Classically they are subdivided into passive neologisms and active neologisms (Lefevre, Seglas), following in this a process "automatic " or a "voluntary " process. The word invented, according to Seglas, "says all", in other words, says all of the delirious thought of the subject, as if it were condensed the elements, imposing itself therefore as an evidence. So the neologism would have a sufficient "weight" that would allow the subject to be content with it and to have nothing more to explain. Beyond this singularity of language, beyond the mere semiological aspect and its interest in differential diagnosis, we will see that neologism imposes itself as a necessity. This means that it cannot simply be a "sign" for the clinician, and that it cannot wear the "clothing" of the deficit. On the contrary, this creation, this invention, must have a function for the subject. These are words or expressions that go beyond the common language, that separate from the "mother tongue", that must be distinguished from the spirit word, and that highlight the singular relationship of the subject to his "Other", which have in some cases (schizophrenia) a function of regulation in relation to the "Other", to the enjoyment, and to the very thought of the delusional, whose reality, the relation to the world, could without this support drift away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Benoîte Groult’s Les Vaisseaux du cœur (1988) is a challenge both for the author and the translator of this article due to its numerous plays on words and neologisms, which have been analyzed and classified in this paper before proposing an accurate translation. The neologisms that have been found are: structural, semantic, generic, and translational ones, loans, specialized loans, and linguistic variations. This allows us to conclude that the French language the text has been written in is completely new and lawless, owing to the constant mingling of the different cultures that lie beneath.

These reflections, composed during a period of self-isolation in Lisbon, begin by sketching how Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) finds its origins in Simon Dik’s Functional Grammar and then briefly set out some of the major principles of FDG. The article focuses on an interpretation of FDG that, like Dik's model of verbal interaction, gives a prominent place to dialogue. The article deals with speakers’ discursive and lexical strategies, and ends with analysis of the relatively new phenomenon of self-prefixed verbs in English, culminating in a discussion of the new verb self-isolate (and also self-quarantine), created in the early days of the coronavirus crisis.

The paper firstly surveys the historical controversy over Balzac’s style, praised and rejected by critics throughout time, while underlining hyperbole as a relevant figure behind some of Balzac’s stylistic choices. In a second section, the article deals with the impact of such controversy on the Spanish translation of Balzac’s style with examples of adjectives and neologisms taken from the so called “Vautrin cycle”, consisting of Le père Goriot, Illusions perdues and Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, highly representative novels of the whole of La Comédie humaine. The paper ultimately aims at considering translatology as a necessary perspective, though still undeveloped in Balzac’s studies, for the production of more accurate translations of Balzac’s original stylistic intentions.

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Algérie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to present how the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has changed our language and the way we communicate. The article focuses on the recent Spanish neologisms that have appeared during the pandemic year 2020 and attempts to analyze their word-formation process. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the classification of neologisms proposed by M.T. Cabré Castellví (2006). Firstly, the paper highlights semantic innovations, that is, neologisms which are formed through broadening, narrowing or change of the meaning of the base form. Secondly, different types of word formation mechanisms, such as affixations, compounding, conversion or shortening are discussed. The paper also gives new insights into the most creative ways that vocabulary related to coronavirus (COVID-19) has expanded (lexical borrowing, wordplay). The data were collected from articles, books, dictionaries, social media and various websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper, although ostensibly out of context geographically speaking with the theme of the La Bretagne linguistique colloquium at which it was presented, was nevertheless situated within the same thematic framework from the point of view of some of the diachronic and synchronic aspects that have marked the evolution in the use of vernacular languages throughout history and their relationship to the so-called national languages. There are probable similarities in this respect between some of the sociolinguistic relationships maintained over the centuries between Breton and first Latin then French and between Nahuatl and Spanish. This paper begins by defining the polysynthetic nature of the Aztecs’ language and then considers the specific modalities of language contact between Nahuatl and Spanish throughout history. It looks at the neologisms created in both languages, the religious leaders’ exploitation of the particular discursiveness of the Nahuatl language, the stigma attached to speaking Nahuatl after Mexico’s Independence and the prolific interpenetration of Nahuatl and the Iberian language in the Spanish spoken in Mexico today.

This study investigates lexical blending from a synchronic perspective, with special focus on new blends in English. It analyses a sample of 245 English blends dated 1950-2010, from both quantitative and qualitative viewpoints, with the purpose of reassessing the importance of the blending phenomenon in terms of 1) its suitability in the coinage of new specialized vocabulary, and 2) its regularity in the creation of words containing frequent splinters. From the theoretical viewpoint, the study contributes to the issue of whether blending should be considered an extra-grammatical phenomenon of word-creation or a regular process of word-formation. It supports the claim that while some blends (e.g. glam-ma ← glamour + grandma) are unique instances, others are part of series (e.g. eatertainment, irritainment, shoppertainment, all obtained from the splinter -tainment ← entertainment), and therefore show a tendency towards greater regularity and productivity. The goal of the study is fourfold. First, it aims at identifying the contexts/registers which favour the formation of blend words, ranging from slang/colloquial registers to specialized domains. Second, this study addresses the question of whether blends are created with the intention of designating a new referent or to give a new name to an existing referent. Third, the study focuses on a particular type of blending, called ‘attributive’ or ‘headed’, which displays an endocentric relation with its head, as in rockumentary (← rock + documentary) and Clintonomics (← Clinton + economics). In particular, some attributive blends will be viewed as possible schema models for new lexical blends, with the second splinter -umentary and-(o)nomics as potential combining forms or secreted affixes for novel formations.

This study is part of a series of research studies relating to the terms and expressions that French soldiers used at the front during the period 1914-1918. In World War I, the first large-scale mechanised war, intensive use of previously known as well as new weapons took place. To these weapons, as well as to other death machines of the time, correspond both old designations and neologisms used by the soldeirs. In this article, the names of military devices are presented along with the trems referring to injuries caused by them.

Romanian language is a very receptive language to neologisms, which allows not only its continuous enrichment, but also the modernization, abstraction and even the internationalization of the Romanian vocabulary. Neologisms constitute the newest layer of the literary language lexicon, an index of its connection to modern civilization, from a dual perspective: diachronous and synchronous. Thanks to neologisms, first of all, we are able to give expression to a more subtle, more nuanced, more elevated thinking. The need for precision, accuracy, the desire for clarity or plasticity of expression, as well as the need to name new material and spiritual realities led to the lending of a large number of neologisms of Latin-Romanic and Germanic origin, most of which - won a definitive place in the contemporary Romanian lexicon. Used in literature as a resource for language renewal, the arrogant stylistic register creates semantic figures by new meanings attributed to common language, to regionalisms, archaisms, neologisms, or words borrowed from the Romany language, generating a vague language. Artistic expressiveness is determined by metaphor, metonymy, euphemism etc. through which the semantic transfer occurs and the conversion of the argotic terms into artistic signifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Białostockie Archiwum Językowe is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The emergence and usage of new words in the texts of different genres makes a problem of author’s new formations’ typology in different genres and areas of functioning of language and speech as one of the central problems in modern Linguistics. Interest in the neology due to the important role of neologisms is defined as the process of language development that reflects the language adaptation to changing external factors for its functioning.

The subject of the investigation is the translation of neologism and culture-bound items based on the first chapter of the third book of The Witcher Saga, entitled Baptism of Fire. The analyzed fragment abounds in neologisms and nomenclature; therefore, the processes of word formation are briefly described. Furthermore, some of Hejwowski’s ([2004] 2009, pp. 76–83) procedures are cited to present methods of dealing with the creativity resulting from word formation processes. It is shown that a translator, when translating culture-bound items, is not always able to find an equivalent in the target language and may try either to describe a certain phenomenon or to use a literal translation. The way in which neologisms are coined in a fictional novel may differ from the coinage of words in the standard language; nevertheless, the word formation processes are the same as in Standard English or Standard Polish. Moreover, there is still little evidence of what makes a borrowed word catch on in the standard language.

Specialized lexis used by American military personnel includes an official technolect, technical nomenclatures, tactical codes, as well as an abundant, diversified jargon. The latter is spontaneously created by the members of military units, and relies on several lexicogenic matrices, which we attempt to classify in this study by reformulating available descriptions of lexicogenic mechanisms. Metaphors and abbreviations account for a significant proportion of the 190 items in our dataset. An analysis of the institutional roles played by U.S. military jargon was also carried out: alongside bonding, humor and encryption, this lexical material also serves to recount implicit narratives, express negative stance about the military, and formulate stereotypes about the constraints of military life. Building “role diagrams” allows to visualize the balance between these six roles for an individual lexical item.

The Amharic language is the second most widely spoken Semitic language in the world, used by around 25 million speakers. Even though the Amharic language is successfully used in many domains, it still needs appropriate neologisms to give name to notions typical for Western European culture which increasingly influences not only the language but also the culture of Ethiopia. Even though loanwords from European languages were ubiquitous in Amharic for many decades, in recent years the lexicon of the extinct Geʿez language is partially used to coin a number of neologisms by means of metaphors or different juxtaposed parts of speech. In the beginning, the compounds in the form of the Amharic and Geʿez construct state (status constructus) are discussed; this is followed by an analysis of adjective-noun compounds, constructions with the nouns derived from verbs and verb and noun compounds. In the next part of the article the compounds with Geʿez prefixes are considered. The analysis of hybridised compounds and loan translations is the final point of the paper.

Copyright of Neologica is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neologica is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica is the property of Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses possible differences between translations of fantasy executed by translators who are themselves members of the source text’s audience, i.e. readers and enthusiasts of the genre, and those who are not, on the example of strategies used to render names of fantastic creatures in the several English translations of works by Andrzej Sapkowski. The examined translations differ in terms of translators’ experience (from amateurs to professionals), competence in the source and target languages and cultures, as well as the presence or absence of series and franchise pressure on consistency. The chief comparison concerns the rendering of nonce formations (mispronounced names) and neosemanticisms (names borrowed by the author from real species for their evocative etymology).

Le verbe gérer, tel qu’il est utilisé par les Ivoiriens, présente des caractéristiques syntaxiques et sémantiques particulières par rapport à celles du français standard. Pour bien comprendre le phénomène, nous avons enquêté trois catégories d’usagers du français : les élèves et étudiants, les locuteurs peu on non lettrés et enfin les cadres subalternes de l’administration et les universitaires. L’analyse du corpus oral a révélé un emploi abusif de gérer par les locuteurs là où on attend d’autres concepts. En fait, les énonciateurs agissent comme si ces termes du français standard ne parviennent pas à traduire explicitement la sensibilité et la culture ivoirienne. Mais cette trouvaille produit des néologismes suffisamment riches. Ils témoignent en même temps de la vitalité du français dans le pays au moment où chaque communauté francophone se bat pour légitimer au sein de la francophonie ses propres usances. The verb « gérer », as used by Ivorians, shows particular syntactic and semantic characteristics compared to those of standard French. To understand this phenomenon, we studied the discourse of three categories of French speakers : pupils and students, semiliterate and illiterate speakers, and finally administration officials and university teachers. The analysis of oral corpus revealed a misuse of the verb « gérer », where other concepts are expected. In fact, speakers act as if these terms of standard French fail to explicitly reflect the sensitivity and the Ivorian culture. But this discovery produces rather rich neologisms. They show the same time the vitality of French in the country when each French-speaking community is struggling to legitimize its own customary practices.

The current paper focuses on the study of novel lexical items, i. e. the processes involved in the making of new words, in order to discover which methods contribute to the expansion of the current English lexicon. The research is based on the new words coined since 2004 which are included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online (ensuring that the items in the sample cover various semantic fields, are of diverse origins, and all are already accepted into the working vocabulary). Two objectives are completed to explore the subject and achieve its aim: 1) to establish the concept of new words and to overview the processes of lexical expansion in the English language, and 2) to determine which methods are employed and which are absent in the creation of new words in current English by analyzing the novel lexical items retrieved from the OED Online. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied in this study. The results indicate that the concept of new words is not straightforward in the English language. More often than not, the terms neologisms and new words are used synonymously to refer to recent, novel lexical items recognized and used by the language community. English has an extensive inventory of word-forming tools classified into these distinct categories: word-formation, semantic change, borrowing, and other; each further subdivided into various processes. Overall, the subtypes of word-formation – derivation, shortening and compounding – are used the most in the creation of recent additions to the lexicon. Predominantly, the findings are consistent with the tendencies of lexical expansion observed in previous studies.

The lexicon of languages spoken in Algeria, namely the French, is constantly evolving. The corollary of democracy: freedom of opinion and expression make the transitional period (1988-1990) with the emergence of independent media, such as the private press in particular, a good time to creativity activity of new words. This mutation, especially media that knows Algeria for more than thirty years, has a direct impact on the dynamics and the evolution of language practices among journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afrikaanse Spreekwoorde en Uitdrukkings: A Macrostructural Study. A restricted synchronic dictionary such as Afrikaanse Spreekwoorde en Uitdrukkings has an important role to play in modern lexicography where user-friendly reference sources facilitate communication. A considerable number of theoretical guidelines exist for the choice of lexicon items to be included in a dictionary, and this review article attempts to provide some pointers. The research also includes sociolinguistic implications which result from the compilation of the macrostructure of a particular dictionary. The focal points are firstly taboos to which lexicographers of Afrikaans dictionaries are subjected, and secondly establishing which expressions fall within the limits of idiomatic language usage. The treatment of idiom-like collocations particularly appears to be problematic. Another issue which will be considered briefly, is the morphological presentation of lemmas.

Study deals with the consideration of The Art of English Poesy by George Puttenham in the sociocultural context of the Elizabethan period. It focuses on linguistic questions – creation of neologisms, synonyms and transliteration of words. This study pays attention to Puttenham’s original linguistic contribution of the Elizabethan literary culture.

The lexical norm is highly dynamic today. This is particularly evident in the written media. It is the written language that leads the whole linguistic process of a language. Nevertheless, the lexical norm is flexible and accepts more easily linguistic neologisms.

This paper concerns the process of coining words like “brasiguaio”, “eurocrata” and “diciopédia”, which are called by some linguistics portmanteau words. After discussing the ample and somewhat controversial nomenclature currently in use, the new term palavra síntese [synthetical word] is introduced and a characterization is given of these lexical constructions and the various possible processes of their creation. Special attention is given to the intentional, arbitrary, ephemeral and creative nature of these lexical products. Also an explanation is presented for the remarkable fact that this type of words are so often overlooked by linguistics and lexicographers.

Elocutio in Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria, Book Eight The rhetorical art is the skill of speaking well, it is useful, it is an art, and it has virtus. The Greek concept of fra;sivj is rendered by Roman authors as elocutio, i.e. style. Quintilian believes clarity of speech is the basic element of good style. Words should be apt, order – direct, conclusion – not too distant, and everything should have adequate proportions. Words should be selected depending on the context. The words used in a metaphorical sense gain appreciation only in a specific context. Ability to present facts clearly and vividly is a great asset. Even the natural and unsophisticated simplicity, which the Greeks call afeleia, contains some decorativeness, while punctilious scrupulosity in adhering to grammatical correctness gives the impression of sophistication and subtlety. The real power of the speaker lies in his ability to strengthen or weaken the power of words. The last, sixth chapter of book eight contains Quintilian’s thoughts on the rhetorical tropes. A trope (tro;povj) is an artistic (cum virtute) change of a word or an expression from the original and proper one to another.

If one is to believe novelist Jerome Charyn, what has happened since Trump's election is the following: we have gone through the looking-glass into the land of Humpty Dumpty where a word means whatever the president-King wants it to mean, where truth is whatever His Majesty Humpty-Trumpy wants it to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While purism seems to be based largely on mythical conceptions of language, it is nevertheless a widespread tendency. While the phenomenon is well known in the case of languages newly promoted to the rank of national languages after having been kept in the shadow of a more prestigious language, Victorian English was also the subject of projects aimed at purging it of non-Germanic influences. The undertaking met with little success though. This was due as much to the internal contradictions of the language reformers as to the lack of interest shown by the language's users, an essential condition for the success of such a project.