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Leprosy remains an endemic infectious disease in many countries. Typical clinical manifestations involve skin and nerves, but bone and joint involvement can be observed. There are either classical rheumatic manifestations (directly due to Hansen bacillus or linked to complications due to nervous involvement), or inflammatory manifestations, which can be acute or chronic, occur during leprosy reactions or not, and which physiopathology remains unclear. Because of their clinical, radiological and biological features, these inflammatory manifestations may mimick some systemic diseases, raising diagnosis difficulties in areas where leprosy is rare. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]