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La Conquête et l’esclavage des Africains sont des traumatismes originels qui forment le substrat des cultures et des mémoires des pays de l’Amérique latine. La violence d’État à la période contemporaine reflète les inégalités structurelles et les dominations sociales qui en procèdent.The Conquest and the enslavement of Africans are the original traumas that form the substratum of the cultures and memories of the countries of Latin America; State violence in the contemporary period reflects the structural inequalities and social dominations that result from them.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the schools or “peasant universities” of the Latin American Coordination of Rural Organizations (CLOC) and La Via Campesina (LVC) in Latin America and the Caribbean, and of the Peasant Movement of Papaye (MPP) in Haiti, with emphasis on the Latin American Agroecological Institutes (IALA), which exist to offer agroecological, political and organizational training especially to peasant, indigenous and Afro-descendant youth in the region. The objective is to systematize and compare the training programs of the CLOC/VC schools and the MPP school, to extract useful lessons that can support the advancement of both, as well as provide important elements for the promotion of agroecology and social transformation in the region, in order to better understand the educational practices and pedagogical approaches used in different contexts. And also, to explore in depth, the structure, functioning, impact and current challenges of the CLOC/VC schools in the region. It highlights the importance of these institutions in the training of women, men and young peasant leaders, and in the promotion of agroecology and food sovereignty in the region. The study includes a literature review, a detailed analysis of the schools in different countries, with interviews with members of the coordinations, and focuses on the organizational structure, educational programs and social impact. Differences in infrastructure and resources, and similarities in pedagogical approaches are revealed. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for strengthening peasant education and the massification and territorialization of peasant agroecology, and strategies are proposed to improve the quality and sustainability of the schools. The importance of supporting CLOC/VC and MPP schools to ensure their impact on rural communities in the region is emphasized.

As the popularity of virtual exchange (VE) has increased worldwide in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, many higher education institutions are seeking the most efficient ways of building capacity for this practice. Using the context of VE implementations between the United States and Mexico as a case study, this research aimed to identify strategies for VE capacity-building that can be useful to institutions in a variety of contexts. The study included only instructors with experience implementing VE, the majority of whom had implemented VE multiple times, and used mixed methods data gathered via a questionnaire and focus groups. The findings identified specific examples of the types of resources that higher education institutions in the U.S. and Mexico may consider investing in, such as increased support for teaching with technology and different types of incentives for instructors’ continued VE engagement. Based on these findings, recommendations are made for strategies that universities worldwide can use to enhance the support they offer their VE instructors, including resource sharing with partner institutions and VE organizations.

The paper concerns the contribution given by Calamandrei with the Mexican conferences to the transformative constitutionalism that spread in Latin America. In particular, it dwells on the role of the judge as an engine of social transformation. After a brief introduction on the role of the judge in pre-1944 works, the Author emphasizes the liberal-socialist culture as the matrix of the social justice promised in the Republican Constitution. Secondly, the Author focuses on the inaugural conference of the 1950 International Congress, in which Calamandrei invites us to read the trial in the light of the constitutional principles of the welfare state. The Mexican conferences, in which the judge becomes an engine of social transformation, are then analysed. The paper concludes with an analysis of the legacy of the Mexican conferences in Latin America: the ‘transformative constitutionalism’.

The relationship between Latin America and the so-called ‘Muslim World’ is a tenuous one, as public perceptions of Muslims are generally quite negative despite consistent, typically economically beneficial historical and contemporary immigration from the Middle East. Indeed, despite Muslims constituting less than one-tenth of one percent (0.011%) of the total population in the predominantly Catholic country of Ecuador, which is located in northwestern South America, anti-Muslim sentiments are increasing both in frequency and severity. As a result, this article contextualizes the reality and challenges of Muslims in Ecuador by offering a thematic analysis of almost one-thousand articles concerning Muslims in El Comercio, the Quito-based, leading newspaper of Ecuador. Two subcorpora were created and are referenced here, one containing article titles (3,095 words) and one containing article content (543,389 words). By utilizing a computationally-driven, mixed methods approach to extract and examine these articles, this analysis is couched within the understanding that discourses surrounding Muslims overwhelmingly perpetuate and reinforce negative stereotypes through deliberate rhetorical choices.

Abstract During the last decade, Latin America has witnessed an unprecedented massive current of migration flows. This migration crisis has been well documented by the local and international press. This article focuses on the reporting of the internal migration crisis in Latin America, particularly how the media has negatively framed migrants. The main objective focuses on understanding how Latin American newspapers have covered the internal migration flows? And what kind of frames promote a negative image towards migrants? As final outcomes will show, it is possible to observe how local newspapers have promoted an adverse vision towards migrants based on traditional stereotypes and prejudices.

The purpose of this paper is to give an account of the journey that Spinoza’s philosophy made in the last fifty years through Spain, from the final years of the Franco regime till today. Our aim is to show the foundational role played by Spinoza’s philosophy during the decisive moments of the transformation of Spanish society and the Spanish university. We start by addressing the revival of Spinoza’s philosophy at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) during the final years of the Franco regime (1966-1975). We then divide the last fifty years of Spinozism in Spain into three periods: (1) the consolidation and the institutionalization of Spinozism (1975-1990); (2) the expansion of Spinoza’s influence through the University of Castilla-La Mancha, the Seminario Spinoza and the first three International Spinoza Conferences (1990-2000); (3) the diverse and manifold Spinoza of the third millennium (2000-2023). In the appendix we briefly address the state of Spinozism in Latin America and its relations with Spinozism in Spain.

Background: This article affirms and confirms the existence of evaluation epistemologies and methods that are unique to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Objectives: Inspired by the Dr Sulley Gariba Memorial Lecture series, ‘Made in Africa Evaluation’, which has been hosted in various continents, Latin America has delved into the matter, setting out to explore the differences and similarities between us and our sister continent, Africa, and comparing our practice and worldviews with those of others in the Global South. Method: The preliminary results of that research were used to spark debate and collective reflection at the 2022 LAC Evaluation Conference in Quito, Ecuador. Results: The aim of this article is to share some key elements of evaluation from a decolonisation perspective that explains and denounces inequities while enabling us to imagine fairer democratic systems in LAC. Conclusion: ReLAC – our own regional evaluation network – is proud to have spent the last 20 years strengthening the monitoring evaluation (ME) profession and sharing the distinctive ways that our evaluation communities experience, perceive and understand knowledge in highly diverse cultural, political, social and economic territories throughout the region. Contribution: We show that evaluation theory and practice must begin with a study of the past, our ancestral and local cultures in order to learn from them and construct our present accordingly. We urge to face the challenge of working with respect, otherness and the dignity of communities, their peoples and territories as we build horizons of meaning for our evaluative practices.

The review focuses on the book On “El Tungsteno” by César Vallejo (Sobre “El Tungsteno” de César Vallejo) by Carlos Fernández and Valentino Gianuzzi, published in 2021 in honor of the 90th anniversary of the publication of the novel in Spain. César Vallejo at the turn of the 1920s–1930s collaborated with the USSR, and his novel El Tungsteno became one of the key texts of his creative biography, especially its Soviet page. The book reconstructs the history of the writer's work on the text, identifies possible sources of the novel’s idea, and studies the book's reception in Spain, Latin America and the USSR. The novel El Tungsteno is considered in the context of César Vallejo’s literary contacts with the Soviet Union, his activities in Spain, and interaction with publishers. The second part of the book contains reviews of the novel from Latin American, Spanish and Soviet periodicals, as well as prefaces to the Soviet and Ukrainian editions translated into Spanish. The book by C. Fernández and V. Gianuzzi makes a significant contribution to the study of the work of C. Vallejo, to the study of his Soviet literary connections, outlines further trajectories of development of César Vallejo studies and fills many gaps in Latin American literary studies in Latin America, Europe and Russia.

This article examines the different forms of structural, everyday, and symbolic violence brought about by the sweeping expansion of agribusiness in Paraguay over the past few decades. This discussion is framed around the protest slogan of the organized campesino movement: "Soja = Glifosato + Paramilitares" ["Soy = Glyphosate + Paramilitary"]. The banner encapsulates the twin forces of environmental violence and toxic dispossession faced by the peasant and Indigenous communities who live near soybean fields. On the one hand, the quotidian violence caused by agrochemical drifts – accumulation by fumigation – that leads to various forms of toxification, slow death and corporeal attrition that reduce populations through ill health, infertility, and furtive modes of displacement. On the other hand, the more open, direct, and deadly violence involving the assassination of peasant activists and local leaders along with the criminalization of social protests. The adamant and visceral dismissals by agribusiness elites of the grievances of campesinos represents another form of symbolic violence, highlighting the obstacles that rural communities and peasant social movements face in addressing toxic landscapes and environmental violence of the agro-extractivism.

Purpose: This paper provides an overview of financial inclusion in the Latin America and Caribbean region during the COVID pandemic based on 2021 Global Findex data. Methodology: The study used descriptive data analysis to show the trend in financial inclusion during the pandemic. Results: The study found that there was low level of financial inclusion in the LAC region. Account ownership and formal savings of the LAC region were below the world average in all population categories during the pandemic. The female, poor and uneducated population were the most adversely affected during the pandemic. This calls for urgent need to accelerate recovery from the pandemic and increase financial inclusion interventions for the vulnerable members of the population in the LAC region. Originality: Existing financial inclusion studies focusing on LAC countries have not provided an overview of the state of financial inclusion in Latin America and Caribbean countries during the COVID pandemic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the current state of financial inclusion in the Latin American and Caribbean region during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract In this Dossier, four scholars reflect on Nicholas Onuf’s leading article, ‘Metaphoricizing modernity’, (re)engaging with – and celebrating – more broadly Onuf’s groundbreaking work from different places, perspectives, and angles. Part II rethinks (with) Onuf from Latin America, questioning and provincializing (certain) metaphors and metaphoricizing. Manuela Trindade Viana analyzes the conditions of possibility and the effects of ‘Colombianization’ as a powerful metaphor that came to circulate in Latin America since the late 2000s, in reference both to a specific diagnosis of a problem of violence and the solutions implemented to confront it. Challenging (certain) aspects of Onuf’s account about what metaphors do in our worlds, she argues that the security policy domain valorizes the universal push underlying the imperative to make models travel as a condition for the legitimation of their work in crafting solutions that fit to ‘similar problematically violent’ situations in Latin America. Roberto Vilchez Yamato offers an-other (re)reading of Onuf’s work. (Re)turning to Onuf’s World of Our Making, he (re)thinks the correlation(s) between metaphors, rules, and the conditions of rule, drawing attention to the crucial place of language within Onuf’s work. Supplementarily, Yamato engages with Onuf’s more recent The Mightie Frame, ‘the second half’ of his ‘decades-long project’, suggesting a certain rethinking of the ‘microphysics’ of language, the conditions of thought, and the conditions of rule, within which metaphors and metaphorical complexes are given center stage. (Re)reading (some of) Onuf’s work, he concludes his article wondering about how Onuf would respond to the question of provincializing metaphors.

Violence against women and femicide are two of the most profound problems facing today’s society. This article deals with the theatrical piece The Incredible Disappearing Woman (2003), by the Cuban-American artist Coco Fusco, in dialogue with other performative aesthetics from the Mexican and Guatemalan context, in particular, the work Mientras dormíamos (2002) by Lorena Wolffer and Extensión (2008) by Regina José Galindo. Based on these works, the article investigates the cyberperformance, as well as the role of the archive and the judicial-forensic material to shape their discourses on women spectralized by femicide.

Burnout stands out globally as one of the most worrisome occupational psychosocial factors. The objective of the present review was to analyze scientific studies on burnout in Latin American health professionals. A total of 52 article published between 2015 and 2021 is the sample for this research. Peer and judge analyses were performed with the PRISMA method, in addition to N-VIVO and bibliometrics for data interpretation. The findings indicate that sociodemographic factors have an important role for the syndrome. However, the ones of greater labor risk are work shifts, exacerbated demands, lack of rest periods, routine changes, and labor violence. The most significant factors in protecting burnout are having children, a healthy lifestyle, social support, work engagement, and sufficient work resources. It was concluded that the symptoms and comorbidities need to be better investigated in the differentiation of clinical pictures and in the management strategies at early stages of this syndrome.

The young field of Publishing Studies has made valuable contributions to the understanding of literature and culture, but has disregarded the participation of women, which recent studies seek to discuss. This article reviews a group of women book publishers –from the 20th and 21st centuries in Latin America– and focuses on four areas ( fields, objects, variables, and problems) to underscore relevant questions for Gender and Cultural Studies.

Abstract Historically, the Latin American region presents evident social and educational inequalities that are represented in the educational trajectories of its youth populations; conditions that seem to be exacerbated in a pandemic. The objective of this text is to analyze the situation of secondary education in Latin America and in Argentina, in particular. To that end, regional data is provided referring to the family educational environment, geographical region, age and the characteristics of the educational institution matrix that refer to and constitute abandonment processes. Finally, this article advances on a series of contributions as to young people and feelings in pandemic context that endow the conclusions aimed at exploring renewed lines of approach to the study of education and youth.

In this text, pianist Daniel Áñez outlines his activities as a programmer and project manager. He focuses on his artistic mission to promote contemporary Latin American music. He also describes his contrasting perceptions of the paradigms and motivations of musicians in Bogotá and Montreal. On a more personal note, this article discusses his experiences and "status changes" in relation to his transition from student to international student, and then to self-employed musician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Since the turn of the 21st century, the circulation of people from West Africa in and out of the African continent has intensified, turning Latin America into an emergent destination and transit zone. Drawing both from scholarly works and fiction, this article reflects on tropes of social becoming within a history of West African human movement that precedes present day circulation. By tropes of social becoming, I mean narratives around people realizing aspirations, in which scholars, storytellers, literary persons, and the media bring it into existence. While some of the tropes this article addresses seem to stretch to pre-colonial times, others are the product of colonial rule, and yet others emerge in times of structural adjustment. These tropes offer an entry point to understanding how present circulations of Africans in West Africa and Latin America relate to continuity and change.

The idea of environmental racism has been gradually gaining visibility in the Brazilian environmental agenda after its emergence in the United States. It is present in academic narratives and environmental activism, generally associated with the concept of environmental injustice and based on political ecology, which has been occupying a prominent position in Latin America. We propose to discuss this concept without pretending to be exhaustive, considering its origin, trajectory, uses, controversies, and limits. We make a parallel between the U.S. and Latin America, underlining some common elements but also the differences in terms of posture, especially in the face of colonialism and capitalism. Then our attention is drawn to the Brazilian case, analyzing some peculiarities of the justice-injustice-environmental racism interface. Finally, we underscore the alternative horizons opened by this issue, based on local life models, ontologies, and cosmologies that increasingly find a prominent place on the environmental agenda, notably discussing the issue of human rights, the rights of nature and territories. In this article, the central ideas presented are guided by a critical and decolonial-inspired analysis of environmental issues.

Latin America has long been a key site of resource extraction, acting as a sacrifice zone for the Global North's fossil fuel needs. Now, the region is pushing for an "energy transition" by opening its own electric grid to renewable sources. Using a case study from La Guajira, in Northeastern Colombia, we argue that energy corporations are appropriating and deploying the concept of energy transitions to fashion themselves as climate conscious, post-extractive, and environmentally caring actors. Based on ethnographic evidence from coal mining and wind energy companies, we argue that the corporate co-optation of the energy transition agenda plays out in public narratives and representations, environmental projects, and community relations. Drawing on insights from the political ecology of energy transitions and low-carbon infrastructures, we contend that corporate transition agendas are more than smoke and mirrors; they are tangible and consequential processes that perpetuate environmental conflicts, sustain forms of "green" accumulation, and foreclose the possibility of a just transition. In unraveling the competing yet entangled agendas of coal and wind companies, this article renders visible the continuities between fossil fuels and renewable energy in Latin America and beyond.

The article is dedicated to the history of the interaction of the Peruvian poet, writer, essayist and public figure César Vallejo with the Soviet Union, mainly after his three trips there in 1928, 1929 and 1931. Relying on the materials of the Russian archives RGALI and RGASPI, the creative and publishing plans of the writer are reconstructed. Vallejo repeatedly made attempts to return to the USSR, publish his reports and books in Russian, stage his plays Lock-out (1930) and Presidents of America (1934) on the Soviet stage. The correspondence with International Union of Revolutionary Writers (IURW) in 1933–1935 was not productive: Vallejo's Moscow correspondent F.V. Kelin did not answer the writer regularly and did not explain the reasons for his silence. The article contains fragments of diary entries by F.V. Kelin and his reports to the IURW, which indicate that the figure of Vallejo in the USSR was considered in the context of the author's social activities in Spain and work in the Union of Revolutionary Writers of Spain. Soviet literary functionaries tried to instruct the writer, expected active cooperation with the IURW, which for various reasons Vallejo could not carry out. Despite the irregular interaction, the Soviet episodes of the writer's work have become very important components of his creative biography, and his literary ties with Soviet Russia are a unique example of the cooperation of a Latin American poet with the literary institutions of the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s — at the stage of emergence and consolidation of contacts with writers of leftist views in Spain and Latin America. The appendix contains letters from C. Vallejo to F.V. Kelin, as well as a letter from the IURW to Vallejo (1931) and a memorandum from F. Kelin to the IURW (1931).

Latin American educational institutions report some of the lowest internationalization rates in the world (OECD, 2019). Historically, recognized barriers to internationalization have included programs based largely on student mobility as well as a lack of systematic implementation and funding (De Wit, Gacel-Ávila, & Knobel, 2017). In order to increase student and faculty access to international education experiences, Latin American universities are working to offer more inclusive, cost-effective methods of curricular diversification via Virtual Exchange (VE) (Lafont Castillo, Echeverría King, & Álvarez Ruíz, 2021). Given the limited publications currently available regarding VE in this region, this article seeks to establish a profile of Latin American faculty and staff who are presently engaged in VE initiatives as well as identify resources they need to ensure that VE programs are sustainable at their home institutions. The data presented in this article resulted from a mix-methods survey carried out among the Latin American Collaborative Online International Learning (LatAm COIL) network membership. These data provide important insights to the current trends and future possibilities for VE programs in this region.

Departing from the analysis of different international congresses concerning criminal issues carried out between 1870 and 1945 mostly in Europe, the article traces the expansion of the category of »dangerousness« (estado de peligrosidad) in Latin America at discursive and normative levels. It focuses on the particular role that these congresses played as tools for the universalization of norms and in the production of modes of subjectivity based on a racist social classification, which was widely accepted by Latin-American elites. Thus, the presence of the Latin American delegations in these congresses gave rise to theoretical frameworks for social control and transnational criminal law regimes. The article shows how the construction of »dangerousness« as a transnational criminal legal-political concept could become an instrument of control and consolidation of a new world order.

Copyright of Études Caribéennes is the property of Etudes Caribeennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although it has been repeatedly suggested in western media coverage that the countries of Latin America are currently or could become future covert breeding grounds for Muslim extremism, there is no substantive evidence to support this otherwise imagined threat. On the contrary, Catholicism is so widespread that the estimated Muslim population across the continent is projected for the next forty years to remain the same relative to the whole (0.1%). Despite this realization, however, Islamophobia is on the rise even in Latin America. In this context, the present study extracts and examines the most comment-provoking statuses posted during a two-year period on the Facebook page of the Ahmadiyya community of Quito, Ecuador, in order to identify the ideological-linguistic stances reflected in and discursively created, reproduced, and reified through almost 600 responses by other users. In doing so, this study employs Critical Discourse Analysis to examine (1) the types of multimodal messages presented to the public; (2) the way in which the ‘Other’ is conclusively, collaboratively defined; and (3) the discursive strategies employed both in negative Other-presentation and in solidarity-building measures, ultimately indicating religious, linguistic, and nationalistic group positioning recreated in the ‘online world.’

The article provides a linguo-cultural and linguo-pragmatic analysis of the Hispanic toponymy of Chile. Geographical names are considered from historical, geographical, and linguistic perspectives. A semantic classification of the Chilean Hispanic geonames is presented. Examples of hagiotoponyms, anthropotoponyms, military toponyms, descriptive, expressive toponyms, etc. are provided, and their etymology and morphological structure are analyzed. The author concludes that, in general, the toponymic system of Chile is characterized by both universal features of Latin American toponymy and unique linguo-culturological, morphological, and semantic features.

La investigación desarrollada en el hemisferio Norte sobre el abuso de poder, conciencia y sexualidad en la Iglesia concluye que el clericalismo, como una perversión del ejercicio de la autoridad, es el principal responsable de la crisis actual, conclusión repetida y frecuentemente comentada por el papa Francisco. Para las autoras, el fenómeno no corresponde a debilidades individuales sino a una organización institucional que lo favorece. Ciertos componentes del clericalismo son universales, consecuencia de las estructuras uniformes de la Iglesia, por otro lado, otras características corresponden a la organización social y cultural local. Basado en un estudio en Argentina y Perú, resultado de un proyecto de investigación financiado por el Intercambio Cultural Alemán-Latinoamericano, Icala, y proyectos anteriores, este artículo propone llenar un vacío analizando el clericalismo y su impacto en la crisis del abuso, desde el contexto latinoamericano. Los componentes universales del fenómeno se están fortaleciendo y adquiriendo nuevas características en América Latina. Las múltiples facetas del clericalismo se unen en torno a un núcleo común, el ejercicio desequilibrado del poder. Varios factores, co mo el prestigio de la Iglesia, la debilidad de las instituciones gubernamentales, el uso discrecio nal de los recursos, el machismo, las tendencias culturales hacia el autoritarismo y la europeización de las formaciones seminaristas, transforman a los sacerdotes en seres de excepción y exacerban su poder de tipo monárquico sobre laicos pasivos, sin capacidad ni voluntad para fiscalizar (Schickendantz). Además, el aura de sagrado que tiende a conferir el sacramento del orden, en general, adquiere nuevas dimensiones en el contexto de la modernidad encantada lati noamericana (Morello et al.). Con sus bendiciones, los sacerdotes santifican y purifican todos los objetos cotidianos, transformándolos en una fuente de bienestar. Los cambios actuales en las prácticas devocionales populares refuerzan estas tendencias, convirtiendo a los sacerdotes en proveedores de bendiciones a voluntad. Para romper los múltiples refuerzos que justifican este estilo de gobierno, sería necesario desarrollar en la Iglesia una cultura de la vulnerabilidad (Keenan): considerar al sacerdote no solo como un clérigo al servicio de los laicos, sino también como un hombre que necesita a los laicos para ser verdaderamente un sacerdote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electoral victory of Lula Inácio da Silva in Brazil consolidates the affirmation of a new progressive wave in the Latin American region. However, left-wing governments will have to face serious constraints, between the need to find agreements with the more moderate parliamentary forces and the aggressiveness of the neo-conservative right, starting with Bolsonarism.

This paper analyses the distribution channels for law books in the Hispanic Atlantic world, the agents who took part in the circulation of books, and the recipients of consignments of books. The aim is to identify the infrastructure that underpinned the transport of books from Europe to the Spanish Crown’s American territories. In addition, an analysis of the distribution spaces and characteristics of supply provides an overview of the mechanisms that operated in the market for law books in the early modern period. As a result, it has been possible to identify instances of law libraries belonging to Crown and ecclesiastical officials as well as shipments delivered to booksellers, students and holders of civilian or ecclesiastical offices. It has also been possible to demonstrate the presence of pragmatic texts intended for a variety of audiences and to trace consignments bound for judicial officials and notaries, who needed compendiums of the laws and rules in effect in Spain’s overseas possessions.

Abstract Latin America is the most violent region in the world. Yet, decades of political and financial investment by the international community have not had the desired results. Using the work of the European Union in the Northern Triangle of Central America as a case study, this article asks what explains this failure. Utilizing the conceptual framework of Complexity and Human System Dynamics, it argues that current policies actually entrench the pattern of conditions which lead to, and sustain, violence. It shows how, by reconceptualizing this problem using the concepts of Complexity, policies could be made more effective and sustainable.

The article proposes to know and better understand the convergence between the renewal processes of some segments of Uruguayan Catholicism and the institutionalization and professionalization of the social sciences in the Uruguayan higher education system. As a strategy of analysis, the militant trajectory of the architect, sociologist and Catholic politician Juan Pablo Terra is studied, taking him as the guiding thread of the story in articulation with other experiences and actors of the time at national, regional and global level. It also takes into account the circulation in Latin America of the ideas of Christian humanism and especially the networks with the French movement Economy and Humanism, led by Louis-Joseph Lebret and its reception at the local level. We used as primary sources published and unpublished documents coming mainly from the private collection of Juan Pablo Terra kept at the Christian Humanist Institute that bears his name. This collection is still almost unexplored by researchers and, as is the case with other archives on the recent past, with little systematization.

The essay is focused on a specific component of the Italian solidarity toward the victims of Latin American military coups: women’s association, as widely known, a plural world. Based on primary sources, it considers the time span included between the first episode of that kind – the Brazilian coup of 1964 – and Chile’s 1973 one, an experience that produced a widespread and constant interaction between civil society and political institutions in our country. Through fund raising, counter information and multiple forms of denounce, several female associations in Italy have made their voice heard in support of the victims – women themselves – of political repression in Latin America during the ‘long seventies’. It was a decade in which, along with women’s enhanced participation in the public sphere, transnational activism began to denounce authoritarian regimes’ human rights abuses.

The question of the nationality of Spaniards born in the monarchy’s European territories but living in America was complex and was debated in the States that had gained independence. Opinions oscillated between the universal declaration of citizenship and the equally universal expulsion of the natives of the old metropolis, both at times occurring within the same country. This work offers an analysis of the way in which this was resolved by the various new Nation-States, with particular attention to the Mexican case, on the assumption that it was not only an administrative problem, but that it formed part of the process of national construction in Latin America. A problem of nation rather than State.

This article analyzes the complex process that Latin American regionalism has experienced in the two decades of the 21st century and its current impasse. The first part of the paper discusses the era of post-hegemonic regionalism and its limitations. The second part contemplates the arrival of conservative governments and their impact on regionalist strategy, especially in South America. Finally, the response of the Latin American blocs to the Covid-19 pandemic is examined.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of carrying out empirical work during the COVID-19 pandemic. By these means, it aims to contribute to the yet incipient analyses of how the circumstances created by the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as government restrictions on gatherings and mobility, impacted social research practice during 2020. For this purpose, the article presents two experiences of qualitative socio-legal fieldwork at graduate degree level, carried out during the early months of the COVID-19 outbreak, one in Brazil and the other in Colombia. In doing so, it also emphasizes particularities of the pandemic response in Latin America. Our central arguments are (i) that the flexible logic that characterizes qualitative research practice allowed for creative solutions to the problems posed by COVID-19, and (ii) that careful examination and heightened sensibility were needed to deal with the novel ethical dilemmas that arose during this process. El presente artículo analiza los desafíos y oportunidades de realizar un trabajo empírico durante la pandemia de COVID-19. De esta manera, pretende contribuir a los emergentes estudios sobre las formas en que las circunstancias creadas por la propagación global del virus SARS-CoV-2, tales como restricciones gubernamentales a reuniones sociales y a la movilidad, impactaron la práctica de la investigación social durante 2020. Para tal fin, el artículo presenta dos experiencias cualitativas de trabajo de campo socio-jurídico a nivel de posgrado, realizadas durante los primeros meses del brote de COVID-19, una en Brasil y otra en Colombia, enfatizando las particularidades de la respuesta a la pandemia en Latinoamerica. Nuestros argumentos centrales son (i) que la lógica flexible que caracteriza la práctica de la investigación cualitativa permitió la creación de soluciones creativas a los problemas planteados por COVID-19, y (ii) que, para abordar dilemas que surgieron durante el desarrollo de las investigación aquí descritas, fue necesaria una examinación compleja y sensible de la coyuntura.