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تعد النقود الإسلامية مصدرا تاريخيا وأثرياً لا يقبل الشك في تحديد العلاقة بين الحكام والدول في العصر الإسلامي سواء علاقات تبعية سياسية أو تبعية مذهبية أو استقلال ذاتي تحت جناح الحكام والدول القوية أو استقلال تام، ومن ثم كانت النقود الإسلامية هي الوسيلة التي نتبين من خلالها أبعاد تلك العلاقات بين الحكام والدول خاصة وأن المصادر التاريخية قد أغفلت الحديث عن بعض هذه العلاقات وهو الأمر الذي يتضح من دراسة النقود الإسلامية، وذلك لأن النقود هي الأداة الرئيسية والوسيلة الإعلامية المهمة التي يعلن من خلالها الحاكم خضوعه لحاكم أخر. وسوف أتناول في هذا البحث دراسة النقود التي سكها بنو قرمان والنقود التي تلقي الضوء علي العلاقة بين دولة بنو قرمان والدولة المملوكية، وذلك من خلال النقود وما أوردته المصادر التاريخية المعاصرة من معلومات توضح أبعاد هذه العلاقة.Islamic coins are an indisputable historical and archaeological source for determining the relationships between rulers and states in the Islamic era. These relationships could involve political or religious subordination, autonomous self-governance under the protection of powerful rulers and states, or complete independence. Therefore, Islamic coins are the medium through which we can discern the dimensions of these relationships, especially since historical sources have often overlooked discussing some of these connections. This is evident from the study of Islamic coins, as they are the main tool and significant means of communication through which a ruler declares his submission to another ruler.In this research examines the coins minted by the Karamanids and the coins that shed light on the relationship between the Karamanid Era and the Mamluk Era. This will be done through the analysis of the coins and the information provided by contemporary historical sources that clarify the dimensions of this relationship.

This study was conducted in the Konya province, which is one of the most important grain production centers of Turkey. The primary data was obtained by questionnaires that were given out to 54 producers. The main purpose of this study is investigating the effects of TMO’s “Appointment System for Procurement (ASP)” on marketing structure of wheat and the decision-making process of farmers. Some general characteristics of the sample farms are as follows; (1) 93% of enterprises are registered to Farmer Register System, (2) registration rate increases as size of enterprises increases, (3) property and land rate (61%) decreases as size of enterprises increases, (4) average parcel number is 8.8, (5) maturity level of product is taken into consideration while determining harvest season of wheat, (6) availability of combine harvester is also an important factor, (7) 77% of producers are not encountering harvest problem, (8) 61% of them sell their products through appointment system of TMO and (9) 36% of them change appointment dates. As a result of factor analysis, we determined 5 factors explaining 79% of the total variance for product marketing condition of producers. The weekend holiday of TMO, small and fragmented parcels and also difficulties in finding combine harvester and in turn problems caused by FRS limitation constitute the first factor. The size of Enterprises was the second factor, the age and education level of producers which is effective in adapting to the appointment system was the third factor. Also, the determination of sale price and institution/person of product was the fourth factor, while the credit-finance structure of the enterprise constituted the fifth factor.