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An Australian campaign to promote French second-language instruction uses the motto, "Big Bucks with a Little French." The campaign accompanies publication of the book "French in Australia: New Prospects," which seeks to reinforce and diversify the image of French and its use around the world, for business and pleasure. (MSE)

As a result of the development of commercial French courses in American college language departments, new possibilities are opening up for cooperation in business education and language instruction between Europe and the United States. (MSE)

Despite the importance of financial development-international trade nexus and its implication for growth, studies have yet to look at the impact of new financial development indicators developed by the International Monetary Fund on international trade performance in Nigeria. This is one of the few attempts made to examine the elasticity of trade to financial development, given the inconclusive findings that permeate the literature. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of financial development on aggregate trade performance in Nigeria using annual data from 1980 to 2021. The empirical framework is based on the ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction model. The findings revealed that (i) The ARDL bound test revealed the existence of a long-run equilibrium association between the variables; (ii) We find that a unit improvement in financial development induces a 1.1%-1.2% increase in trade performance in the short-run short term and a 9.7% in the long-run; (iii) The results show that a 1% increase in the exchange rate (depreciation) leads to a 0.01% improvement in trade performance in the short-term. The findings have important policy implications. The paper concludes that financial development contributes to trade performance.

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on differing national regulations and standards regarding how meat for human consumption is produced and what is permissible in that production process. Attempts to harmonize these regulations at the global level to facilitate international trade have proven to be challenging. Such harmonization of regulations is especially important to countries exporting meat, such as Canada. The conflict at the global level reflects a range of differing trade interests and values about what meat is and how it should be produced. One area of disagreement is over the extent to which methods of growth promotion in animals using technology, particularly drugs, is acceptable and safe in terms of human consumption. Canada has taken the position that they are acceptable and safe. Using two case studies of regulations related to the most recent set of beta agonist drugs, ractopamine and zilpatrol, fed to livestock to promote growth, I examine the underlying sources of these conflicts and the extent to which they reflect the interests of various actors and the forms of power they may employ to try to shape global standards at the Codex Alimentarius and the view of what is acceptable meat.

Copyright of Revue Archéologique de Picardie is the property of Revue Archeologique de Picardie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the transformation of state-legal regulation in international trade within the context of contemporary realities and the geopolitical environment. In turn, the foreign policy activities of a state ensure the implementation of priority directions in foreign policy, allocation of resources for its implementation, strategy and tactics of interaction between external and internal factors that influence the system of specific international relations, including their legal framework. In light of this, the objective of this research work is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of state regulation regarding potential risks and possible adverse consequences of international trade for the domestic economy. Therefore, the study of state regulation of international trade and its aspects of modernization in the context of contemporary geopolitical processes becomes important and significant not only for Russia but also for foreign countries, both those displaying unfriendly behavior and exerting sectional pressure, as well as new partner states with which robust foreign economic ties are being established. Based on the research, a well-founded conclusion has been drawn that foreign policy activities are directly and closely linked to state-legal regulation of international trade. Therefore, a sound internal policy of Russia will enable it to reap benefits and pursue an independent foreign policy course, avoiding external pressures.

International trade, as of result of globalization and the consequent exponential growth in the operations volume, has brought a movement of reflection on the disciplinary rules of international trade relations. In this context and considering the significant divergences between the legal regimes of the different States, the instruments of standardization and harmonization of the international contracts’ disciplinary rules assume special importance. Notwithstanding the existence of normative instruments that guide the formation and execution of the signed agreements, it is imperative that the hermeneutic activity of such texts is also harmonious, under penalty of distorting the purpose for which they were conceived. Through the analytical method, we will approach the unifying rules and principles of the process of interpreting contracts in the international scenario. Initially, we will present the principle that guides the entire process of interpreting international contracts, pointing out the fundamental principles in conducting the interpreter's activity. We will also note the importance of usages and customs in the interpretive process. Finally, we will analyze the rules on the interpretation of contracts and unilateral declarations of the parties contained in the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods 1980, CISG, and in the UNIDROIT Principles applicable to international commercial contracts, version 2016.

The contractual relationships in virtual space have acquired a new dimension which is inevitably marked by the unprecedented technological advance. The new technologies tend to replace the human input in the execution of contracts, especially the ones involving a virtual performance, preventing human errors and frauds. Online advertising contracts do not stand as an exception from breaches of contract, neither from digital types of fraud. In this context, the new technologies, especially the blockchain technology, appear to be a solution for the full performance of the contractual terms that are embedded in a smart contract. The traditional contractual elements are transposed into lines of code which become the law of the parties in online advertising, and cryptocurrencies along with tokens become a replacement for the traditional price paid in money.

We live in a highly dynamic world where migration is inevitable and multidimensional. Although the theories developed to understand the processes of international migration and the assumptions and hypotheses of each perspective are not inherently contradictory, they have very different implications for policy implementation. Countries are different, and what works best for one country may not work for another. This study, which aims to examine the relationship between foreign trade and migration in Italy and Spain, covers the period between 1990 and 2018. The data of the study were compiled by using the databases of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat) and the World Bank (World Bank) According to the results of the study, import and export in Italy is the Granger cause of migration. In Spain, on the other hand, immigration is the Granger cause of both exports and imports. In addition to the immigration phenomenon for Spain, Granger was found to be the reason for imports in exports. The long-term validity of the results within the scope of the study was tested with the help of Engle-Granger Cointegration analysis and a long-term relationship was accepted.

2019 yılının Aralık ayında Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde ortaya çıkan Covid-19 virüsü 2020 yılı ile küresel bir salgına dönüşmüştür. Küresel salgından birçok ülke ekonomisi olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, salgının dış ticaret üzerinde de olumsuz etkisi olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin ekonomik büyümesinde büyük itici gücü olan dış ticaretin, salgından nasıl etkilendiğinin analiz edilerek literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Çalışmada Türkiye’nin 2013:01 ile 2020:11 dönemi ihracat ve ithalat verileri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın analizi iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak Bai ve Perron yapısal kırılma testi ile değişkenlerin kırılma tarihleri belirlenmiştir. İkinci olarak ise, bu kırılma tarihleri dikkate alınarak iki değişken için; trendde yapısal değişiklikler analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; ihracat ve ithalat için 2020:2 tarihinde kırılma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yapısal değişiklik analizlerinde ise; salgının Türkiye’nin ihracat ve ithalat eğrilerinin eğimini değiştirdiği fakat ihracat ve ithalatın kısa sürede toparlandığı görülmüştür.

The rapid growth of the dromedary and Bactrian camel population worldwide aims in part at satisfying a growing demand for camel milk. We analyze these changes by studying the recent arrival of online trade of camel milk products. This study highlights the emergence of actors involved in the intensive production of camel milk, but also in the trade of milk powder, fermented milk and cheese. These new camel milk entrepreneurs are located for the most part in countries without camel farms, notably in Europe, the United States, Canada and several emerging countries. The prices of milk sold over the Internet are extremely variable, highlighting a market that is under construction. The emergence of this trade reflects a dualistic innovation process. This entrepreneurial dairy economy based on exchanges between intensive livestock farms and distant consumers sharply contrasts with a local dairy economy based on periurban trade in fresh milk, which is strongly correlated with pastoral systems. We conclude with research and development recommendations to make the online trade of camel milk more inclusive.

In terms of trade, the European Union is at the fore. The European Union is now the biggest player in the global trade scene as a result of the opening up of the trade regime, and it is still a favorable location for business. Trade development is a chance for economic growth. Therefore, through expanding trade and investment opportunities with the rest of the world, the European Union's trade policy aims to promote growth and the creation of jobs. Together, Europe has the ability to create an open, fair, global economic system and ensure that the rules are upheld. The prosperity of the European Union's economic partners in both the developed and developing worlds is intimately connected to that of the European Union. Through trade agreements, the European Union controls its trading connections with other nations. They are made to improve commercial possibilities and lower trade obstacles. Along with the protection of European companies and consumers, the promotion of EU ideals and values is one of the most crucial components of the EU's trade policy. Sustainable development is crucial for trade policy because of this. More than just removing tariffs is involved in free and open commerce. It also includes the elimination of non-tariff restrictions like import permits, valuation guidelines for customs, pre-shipment inspections, or certification processes. Consumers benefit from lower prices and higher value thanks to trade without these frictions. Not only that, but trade agreements that channel foreign investment also significantly increase employment. The aim of the study is to determine the position of the European Union in international trade and what has been the evolution of this position in recent years.

The article analyses the impact of isolation measures applied both nationally and internationally on reducing external demand from the main partners of the Republic of Moldova (Moldova), which has caused and resulted in declining exports, economic measures applied during the pandemic period on international trade in the Republic of Moldova and the impact of these measures on the level of import-export tax revenues. The structure by domains and the evolution of international trade and the main importers and exporters in the Republic of Moldova are also analyzed, identifying the problems that were caused by the pandemic situation.

Copyright of Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française (RIELF) is the property of Poznan University of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas such as coltan, present in all the technological devices that we use on a daily basis, contribute to the exacerbation and escalation of armed conflicts, as well as to prolonging situations of human rights violations in numerous regions of the world and, specially, in Africa. To put an end to this problem, many states and international organizations, such as the United States, the Organization for Cooperation and Development in Europe or the European Union, have adopted different initiatives, all of them focused on the due diligence that agents that participate in the supply chain of all this series of conflict minerals must carry out. However, the fact that some of these initiatives are not even in force has not prevented the possibility of identifying limits that obstruct the achievement of its main objective: to break the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources, the illicit trade of these resources, and the perpetuation of armed conflicts. In this way, it is worth asking if there are more effective viable alternatives to the existing initiatives, such as a certification system similar to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.

Copyright of McGill Journal of Sustainable Development Law is the property of McGill International Journal of Sustainable Development Law & Policy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the paper is to present the advantages of implementing blockchain technology in international commercial transactions, in general, and in carrying out customs clearance activities, in particular. If we refer to the customs clearance of goods, the use of blockchain has a number of advantages, such as: completion of customs clearance formalities in a much shorter time; customs risk management; real-time verification of goods – quantitative, qualitative, of their origin. Nowadays, global supply chains face many challenges posed by the health crisis. The implementation of new technologies, especially blockchain technology, facilitates the tracking of events and the investigation of possible incidents, the settlement of disputes, ensuring the integrity of the cargo, the trust of the parties involved in the process, digitization.

We propose to identify, for the French language, the senses and subsenses of travail in the field of international commerce. We also intend to present the main weak idioms containing this form, from a corpus that has been constituted ex novo in the framework of the DIACOM-fr project (Department of Foreign Languages, University of Verona), part of the Excellence Project "Le Digital Humanities applicate alle lingue e letterature straniere" ("Digital Humanities applied to foreign modern languages and literatures"). The senses and subsenses as well as the weak idioms, classified on the basis of a number of semantic labels, will be represented in a draft of terminological network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Financial, Accounting & Managerial Studies is the property of Journal of Financial, Accounting & Managerial Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dünya ülkeleri arasında yapılmakta olan uluslararası ticaret işlemlerinin İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında hız kazanmasıyla birlikte ülkeler çeşitli düzenleme ve kurallara ihtiyaç duymaya başlamışlardır. Bu nedenle 1948 yılında Gümrük Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anlaşması (GATT), 1995 yılında ise Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) çatısı altında ülkeler dünya ticaretini belirli kurallara bağlamışlardır. Dünya ticaretinin gelişmesi amacıyla ülkelerin birbirlerinin ürünlerine karşı uyguladıkları tarife ve tarife dışı önlemlerin kademeli olarak azaltılması yönünde alınan kararlar başarılı olmuştur. 1964 yılında GATT’ın altıncı görüşmesi olan Kennedy Turu’nda gündeme alınan Anti-damping Kodu ile birlikte, haksız rekabete neden olduğu öne sürülen damping uygulamalarına karşı önlem alınması gerektiği konusunda uluslararası düzeyde bir görüş birliği sağlanmıştır. Anti-damping önlemleri olarak adlandırılan bu yaptırımlar geçici önlemler, fiyat taahhütleri ve nihai anti-damping vergileri olarak uygulanmaktadır. 2010 yılından itibaren dünyada sayıları artan anti-damping önlemlerine en sık başvuran ülke Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye ise üçüncü sırada yer alarak yerli endüstrisini haksız rekabete karşı en çok korumaya çalışan ülkeler arasında sayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin uluslararası ticarette karşılaştığı ve uyguladığı anti-damping vergileri incelenmektedir.

Günümüzde işletmeler uluslararası pazarlara açılma noktasında güçlü bir finansal altyapı tesis etmek durumundadır. Bu çerçevede başta bankalar tarafından arz edilen kaynaklar olmak üzere çeşitli finansal desteklere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Ancak finansal ihtiyaçlar sonrasında alınan yanlış bir aksiyon ve işletmelerin kendi yapısına uygun olmayan banka tercihi, işletmeleri finansal bir çıkmaza sürükleyebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada Türkiye’de dış ticaret faaliyetinde bulunan işletmelerin banka tercihlerinde etkili olan kriterlerin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır. Uzman kişilerle yapılan derinlemesine görüşme ve literatür taraması yöntemlerinin sonucunda elde edilen kriterler Analitik Ağ Süreci (AAS) analizi ile incelenerek önem derecelerine göre sıralanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda işletmelerin banka seçimlerini etkileyen en önemli kriterlerin faiz oranları, vade seçenekleri, personel tutum/davranışları, güvenilirlik ve banka itibarı/imajı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Description of the subject. Rodents may be major pests to crops and stored food, thus threatening food security. Among them, invasive species such as rats and mice are of particular concern since they are disseminated globally following international trade. We investigated the small mammal assemblage within the international seaport of Cotonou, Benin, in order to determine the relative importance and distribution of native vs invasive rodent species, as well as to evaluate the amount and associated costs of rodent-induced damages on imported/exported stored goods (here, rice). Objectives. Description of rodent assemblages within an African seaport, and evaluation of the associated damages on stored food stocks. Method. Rodent communities were described following trapping results while associated damages and costs were evaluated following a 25 days long monitoring campaign and subsequent economic estimation of loss. Results. Our results show that invasive mice and rats are, from far, the most impacting rodents in the storage warehouses, and that the associated economic losses are quite large. Moreover, we point towards a few environmental management procedures that may greatly reduce the impact of rodents on stored goods. Conclusions. Damages and costs due to invasive rodents within the Cotonou Harbor are so that they justify financial investment in rodent population control.

Based on both yearly data of 130 economies, this paper studies the association between the ease of doing business and FDI from three characteristics, i.e., internationalization, legalization, and facilitation. The results demonstrate that the ease of doing business and its three characteristics, i.e., internationalization, legalization, and facilitation all have a statistical positive influence in attracting FDI inflows. Second, this paper finds that in the legalization of doing business, the resolving insolvency indicator is the most statistically positive on attracting FDI, and in the facilitation of doing business, the paying taxes indicator plays an essential role in attracting FDI. Third, this paper finds that the ease of doing business has a vital impact on FDI inflows in developing countries, but not significant for developed countries. The implications of this paper are helpful for local governments optimizing their business environment to attract FDI.

Green technology innovation is one of the important driving forces to promote green development of China’s economy. Based on the panel data of 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China and the mechanism of Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) on green technology innovation, this paper introduced different spatial weights and established a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to study the impact of OFDI on China’s green technology innovation according to the hypothesis proposed in this paper. It is found that OFDI can significantly promote China’s green technology innovation, which is under the influence of different spatial weights, and presents a significant spatial spillover effect. However, there are obvious regional differences in the spatial impact of OFID on green technology innovation, and the spatial spillover effect in some regions is not significant enough. Then the change of international investment environment will affect the spatial spillover effect of OFDI on China’s green technology innovation. Moreover, OFDI has significant nonlinear characteristics in its impact on green technology innovation. After crossing the threshold, OFDI has significantly increased its impact on green technology innovation, which further confirms that OFDI can effectively promote China’s green technology innovation and it can promote China’s green economic development.

Abstract The international trade system has been facing a relative decrease in the relevance of tariffs in favour of non-tariff, regulatory requirements (technical, sanitary and phytosanitary standards). The proliferation of these measures, which essentially consist of rules on product labelling and on production processes and methods, may be explained by the growing influence of private agents, such as corporations and business associations. Although these players are willing to develop and enforce a competing regulatory framework such as this on a broader range of topics, this may also generate more fragmented trade rules at both geographic and substantive levels, thus leading to a significant resistance among governments to integrate private standards into the multilateral trade system. Therefore, a mounting debate emerges on the ways in which private standards have been stonewalled in the current negotiation processes of the World Trade Organization (WTO). By relying on Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), we address this question with a particular focus on the current efforts and struggles within the WTO to incorporate private regulations into the international trade agenda.

Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue du Financier is the property of Societe Cybel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)