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This article, first published in Japanese in 1957, is divided into three main parts. It begins with a history of the introduction of pragmatism to Japan since the Meiji era. It continues with a critical analysis of the evolution of pragmatism in the United States after the Second World War. The article concludes with a reflection on the possibility of accommodating pragmatism in Japan in a popular rather than technocratic mode.

Hermeneutical scholars doubt whether many past authors really existed. They are only a sort of construction built with the passing of time. Indeed, Zeno of Elea, for instance, was real, and historians attempted to establish what he wrote and intended to say. Our most important source for Zeno is Aristotle. Zeno’s paradoxes deeply influenced the latter’s Physics. Is Aristotle’s physics relevant to us? Yes, because philosophical problems are too complex not to be considered in their historical development as well. In reading Zeno and Aristotle, we can see physical problems from a completely different perspective and learn a lot. In other terms, the historical Zeno is disorienting for us. On the other hand, Zeno’s historical legacy is extremely interesting for us. Indeed, we will see how Zeno’s and Aristotle’s reflections on continuum, extension, and movement could contribute to a better understanding of these notions in the contemporary debate.

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The study presents the Russian historical-philosophical process in the context of the discovery of a new object, themes, personae, set of reactions and formation of a product for the intellectual community. The author's reliance on philosophical empirical material and appropriate hermeneutics in its processing allows the author to highlight those factors that influenced individual and collective reception. The author sees as a convenient case study the “discovery” by the Russian philosophical community of the early 20th century of both American philosophy in general and C.S. Peirce in particular. Since the beginning of the 19th century, Russian thinkers have turned their attention to American philosophy in all the diversity of its manifestations. Russian intellectuals paid special attention to American pragmatism and everything associated with it. In Russia, in addition to translations, numerous reviews of foreign publications on this topic are appearing. Of particular interest to us in the Russian “collective reflection” of American ideas is the system of preferences for ideas, texts, events, and names. The point is that what might have been a priority for a European thinker, for a Russian one turned out to be on the “periphery” of his consciousness, as well as vice versa. While James appeared among the priority figures for Russian thinkers, Peirce was in his “shadow”. Using rich empirical material, the author shows all the stages of Peirce’s image formation in the Russian intellectual community. The research shows that “image” of Peirce, which represents not so much the thinker himself, but characterizes the intellectual community that turned to him. The results of the study may be useful both for contemporary foreign and Russian interpreters of Peirce and for historians of philosophy who are rethinking the past and forming in the present new objects of reception and reflection.

The study provides an overview of the discussion “What is the philosophy we need?”, that took place in the frames of “Modern Ontology - XI: Ontology and Religion” International Scientific and Practical Conference. The discussion spread around three main areas of philosophy teaching: philosophy as the history of philosophy, philosophy as the basis for the worldview, and philosophy as a system-categorical knowledge about the world as a whole. Supporters of the first position demonstrated the content diversity of philosophy, often emphasizing the teacher’s right to choose historical and philosophical material, this position caused criticism from other conference participants, whose main argument was the erosion of the philosophy content. Regarding the second position in the frames of discussion, its participants either denied the involvement of philosophy in the worldview formation, or believed that philosophy is the basis for the worldview, and the task of philosophy, in particular, is to form the worldview of students. As arguments, supporters of this approach cited the need for the philosophy in the transformation of modern spiritual life in Russia. This approach was in harmony with the position of the discussion participants, who advocated a system-categorical approach in philosophy teaching. This approach supposed the combination of abstract section (Ontology) with a specific section, where it would be necessary to consider the three following sections of philosophy: 1 - philosophy of nature, 2 - philosophy of socio-anthropological reality, 3 - philosophy of religion. At the same time, the supporters of this approach suggested using the substantive part of Soviet philosophy as a basis, which needs to be transformed taking into account the achievements of modern knowledge.

While reflecting upon the intrinsically multilingual and translational history of philosophy, philosophers and philosophy scholars frequently argue metaphorically in terms of a tradition. The perspectives vary in emphasizing either the tradition’s continuance or its transition, whereas translation is perceived of as the central or an auxiliary force in both processes. Four approaches where a philosophical tradition is differently poeticized are discussed in the paper. They reveal specific operations of transfer and transformation which are claimed to be supported or accelerated by/in translation. Such tradition-related operations appear to qualify for being traced and pinned down in a given philosophical translation. The paper seeks to work out this heuristic potential within the selected poetics of tradition and draws upon the paratextual comments on the first Russian translation of Heidegger’s “Being and Time” to eventually illustrate the translation-induced shifts of whatever might be called a philosophical tradition.

This text is focused on the question of what we should teach in high school philosophy and the relationship of this teaching to recognizing oneself as a good philosophy teacher. We hold that these points are connected to the idea of “canon” and “history of philosophy” that we gained with and despite Ricœur himself. This paper advances a critical view of contemporary practices in philosophy teaching in Colombia through Ricœur’s thought. In the first part, we follow Ricœur’s considerations about the history of philosophy and its connections to the very practice of thinking. In the second part, we concentrate on the question of the canon. At the end of each section, we will give some pedagogical stitches to interweave Ricœur’s philosophical legacy with the didactics and theory of the curriculum, thus forming a tripod that should be part of the didactics of philosophy as an independent discipline.

The article analyses libertine themes and authors of 17th century in articles, critical notes and reviews of three major Italian journals of the 20th century – Rivista di filosofia, Giornale critico della filosofia italiana and Rivista critica di storia della filosofia (since 1984 titled Rivista di storia della filosofia). The category of ‘libertinism’ refers to various disciplinary fields: philosophy, politics, literature, modern history or religious history. This ambiguity influences the analyses of libertinism in the Italian historic-philosophical debate. The last two decades of the 20th century show a renewed interest of the three journals on libertine themes and on the relationship between libertinism and philosophy. Research on libertine thought focuses mainly on French libertinism (i.e. libertinage érudit) and on the philosophical clandestine literature: the journals discuss or review clandestine texts, as the Theophrastus redivivus (1659), whose critical edition was published in Italy in 1981–1982.

This work presents the two surviving letters preserved from the extensive correspondence of V.E. Sesemann, a professor of philosophy at Vilnius University at the time (1961), and B.D. Dandaron, a Buddhist teacher who was a researcher at the Buryat Integrated Research Institute at that time. The letters discuss the authors’ current work and creative plans, as well as everyday life and resettling after release from prison in 1956. In his letter, B.D. Dandaron devotes significant attention to a list of literature that he was using in writing a study on aesthetics and/or that was mentioned in the records of the lectures of V.E. Sesemann in the prison camp. The letters give some idea of the nature of the relations between the correspondents and the areas of their research interests. The publication is preceded by a preface, which offers reflections on the context of the appearance of lectures on aesthetics that formed the basis of B.D. Dandaron’s research interest in this issue. The preface also provides context on the prison camp “seminar” on philosophy, in which the correspondents were active participants. V.E. Sesemann lectured on a wide range of areas in Western philosophy, including aesthetics, the history of philosophy, and philosophical anthropology. B.D. Dandaron lectured on the philosophy and practice of Buddhism. B.D. Dandaron’s particular interest in aesthetic issues was due to the fact that in the system of Buddhist teachings he developed, he paid great attention to the development of emotional intuition (associated with aesthetic perception) as an intermediate link between the rational intuition inherent in every person and the emotional-mystical intuition developed during yogic practice.

The aim of this paper is to present archival discoveries made, among others, by the author in the Archives of the Metropolitan Curia in Cracow. The discoveries concern the manuscript of Karol Wojtyła, and are connected to his work on the postdoctoral thesis. This discovery was also presented in the context of its possible influence on the study of Wojtyła’s philosophy, based on Etienne Gilson’s conception of the method of studying the history of philosophy (the necessity of considering the whole of thought in the context of its individual elements, the context of impersonal necessity, etc.).

Porphyry’s problem can be seen as that of the reference of nominalized forms of common nouns and adjectives; scholars ask themselves, from a metaphysical point of view, how these entities combine to justify the truth of a categorical sentence. This perspective prevails in the Middle Ages after the semantic turn of the twelfth century: If we want to account for the truth, we must account for the relation of meaning, we must say for what kind of objects the expressions of natural language and in particular the general ones can stand. I would like to show how the various theories proposed have been criticized because they were questionable, that is, the position of the metaphysical problem contrasts with the non-metaphysical way we commonly have of speaking of general terms and the truth of sentences.

The occasion of the 100th anniversary of I. Kant’s death was a colossal impulse for many researchers of Immanuel Kant’s legacy. One of the goals of the paper is to introduce one of the less known anniversary critical texts, which appeared in the Russian intellectual milieu. It attempts to disrupt the usual approach regarding the interpretation of Bely’s comprehension of Kant’s legacy, i.e., Kant as a skeleton of philosophy or a police officer of thinking. The paper points to a more systematically conceived scale of Bely’s reflections of Kant. From Bely’s point of view, Kant is the author of firm grounds for the shaping of thought. On the unstable background of philosophy, which during the historical development of thought succumbed to erosion, it is Kant’s philosophy that serves as the stabilizing base. Bely tries to highlight that Kant’s epistemology forms distinctively outlined the foundations of a knowledge of the world and philosophical comprehension not only of history but also of symbolism. The symbolism of Andrei Bely.

The article describes the state of affairs and prospects for research and development in the domain of active use of digitalization and computer programming in the study of the Indian intellectual tradition. The term “Digital Indology” is used this term as an analogy of the expression “Digital Humanities”. Here, it will be understood as the reception and study of philosophical and other classical texts of Ancient and Medieval India with the usage of digital technologies, mathematical statistics, contextual analysis methods alongside with the traditional well-established approaches of philosophy and the humanities. The main trends in the development of digital philosophical Indology are being outlined (viz. the formation of a unified computer database of Indian classical texts, the development of special programs that allow setting and solving new pertaining to the content, as well as historical tasks in the study of various texts of various groups, etc.) The use of mathematical statistics and the methods of contextual analysis are suggested as typical auxiliary methods while analyzing classical texts of India. We do not close our eyes to the possible hidden dangers of a possible fascination with digital methods. Our brief manifesto of Digital Philosophical Indology is to define it exclusively being tool for classical Indological research, which retain its specific philosophical objectives and goals.

According to Antony Kenny, history of philosophy is a special discipline “because the link between philosophy and its history is a far closer one” – i.e. closer than the history of other disciplines. In order to promote philosophical and historico-philosophical understanding, philology (broadly intended as the most accurate attention to philosophical texts) is recommended as a tool against history of philosophy intended as a collection of either heroes or mistakes.

Through a wide range of sources, this study reveals the non-philosophical spread of the ideas of Immanuel Kant in the Slovak regions of Hungary. The flow of philosophical ideas can be demonstrated not only in the works of the Hungarian followers of Kant, but also in censorship sources documenting the import of Kantian texts in the 1790s. The critical debates in correspondences and published texts reveal anti-Kantian argumentations. Information about the advertisements of Kant’s works and subscriptions to them also help form an idea about their popularity. Research on private albums reveals how the philosophical legacy circulated, despite bans and repressions, in non-public communication networks and how its social area extended beyond the sphere of philosophy and education.

The histories of philosophy places Plotinus as the first thinker belonging to the third period of the Platonic school, entitled with a historiographical category renowned as Neoplatonism. On the basis of this assumption, which organizes the tradition of thought according to a chronological succession of ideas and their respective influences, this paper aims to assert a critical distinction regarding the metaphysical originality of the Plotinian principle. Through a textual analysis of sources and specialized bibliography, it is intended to prove that the absolute transcendence of the One-Good with respect to the world strictly belongs to an order of truths much closer to the philosophical course of the subsequent phase.

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Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

L'Instauration philosophique (1939) is one of the most relevant philosophical works by Étienne Souriau. In this book, the French philosopher tries to outline the main laws which define the instauration of a philosophical theory, in order to construct a philosophy of philosophies. Pleroma is one of the key-concepts of this work, and it refers to the dimension that includes all the well-established philosophical perspectives. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct some issues connected to this work, regarding specifically the notion of pleroma. The paper underlines the connection between L'instauration philosophique and the philosophical milieu in which it was written, and then stresses the relevance of artworks and aesthetics for Souriau's idea of instauration. The paper deals with the architecture of pleroma, and finally examines some similarities and some differences between the pleroma and Leibniz's Monadology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the publication in France in 1636 of De praedestinatione et reprobatione auxiliis divinae gratiae, Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639) comes back to the themes of divine grace and predestination, which had already engaged him, especially in youth writings. Among the reasons for this choice, the need to maintain a high level of theological confrontation against representatives of Dominican orthodoxy, who had been the cause of his exile. Campanella carries on his personal battle, by criticizing one of the most daring and original theses of the Spanish Scholasticism, that’s Odium Dei, inserting it within the broader framework of his thought. From the pages of the work, the great originality of Stilese’s proposal on the topics dealt with emerges, which, however, will not prevent the Roman Inquisition from condemning the writing.

This paper provides an examination of a chapter from Machiavelli’s Discourses on Livy (I, 47) in which Machiavelli argues that men deceive themselves in general matters more than they do in particular ones. It contends that in order to defend this claim, Machiavelli tacitly relies on a specific passage from Aristotle’s Metaphysics (I, 2 982a 24-25) which deals with the status of empirical and intellectual knowledge respectively. The passage Machiavelli uses conveyed a well-known tenet of Aristotle’s epistemology, one which was also relayed by all medieval and early modern collections of Auctoritates Aristotelis. Not only does Machiavelli appropriate Aristotle’s account, however, but also reworks it in an original way, giving it a markedly political connotation that was absent in Aristotle.

The critic of substance immobility through negation constitutes the starting point of the ‘voyage of discovery’ of Hegel’s Phänomenologie des Geistes, in which mind and body experiences are considered in terms of mutual recognition, without denying the subjectivity. In this article I am discussing some aspects of Hegel’s philosophy of spirit after Nietzsche’s ‘experimentalism’ and Dennett’s theory of mind, in order to articulate, through Bergson, two fundamental reasons. The first concerns the subject and the dramatic awareness of its constitutional temporality and, at the same time, the possibility to transcend the limit of ‘here’ and ‘now’. On this basis, the second regards the indefensibility of nihilism, because, thanks to consciousness and its continuous activity, the temporal subject, from Hegel to Bergson, persists as a ‘dark side’, in which a constant ‘overcoming’ (élan) of an implicitly normative and essentially social practice takes place.

This paper presents a reconstruction and interpretation of the process of change in Adam Smith’s philosophy basing on the example of changes in fashion. I shall focus on the role of imagination, as well as on the role of the wealthy in the process. I shall analyse how sympathy, respect and cognitive errors result in looking up to and mimicking the great. Something introduced by a small number of people becomes fashionable, as others follow. However, the processes of change will be regarded as an effect of individual behaviour and decisions that affect the society.

In his essay “The Role of Philosophy in the History of Civilization” presented at the 6th International Philosophical Congress at Harvard in 1926, Gilson outlined three general trends among historians of philosophy. Some reduce the history of philosophy to study sources and find explanations of the philosophy beyond itself. Others try to go beyond the source of a given philosophy to find the original intuition that generates it. A third position, which Gilson espoused, is ahistorical. It depends neither on society nor on the creative genius of philosophers; it is simply truth. Systems of philosophy are uniquely conditioned by the necessary relations that link the ideas. If philosophies are expressions of an eternal truth, dominating men and societies, which discovers itself progressively by the mediation of philosophers, philosophy is transcendent with regard to every given state of civilization and the worth of a civilization depends upon the extent it participates in truth. Gilson’s conception of philosophy can go far in restoring Western civilization’s loss of confidence in human reason with its resulting pathologies and threats to human freedom today.

This article examines the fragment on homo-mensura by Protagoras, first by summarizing its possible interpretations, then by presenting the respective and antagonistic positions of Nietzsche and Heidegger. Heidegger, against Nietzsche, places the fragment on an ontological and Platonic background, where measurement is only possible from the ontological opening that precedes it. This interpretation has its historical and philological legitimacy. But Nietzsche understands the fragment as entirely irreducible to Platonism: Protagoras (with Thucydides) conceived knowledge as the study of psychological types, not according to a stable epistemic norm, but according to the variations in intensity that affect every psyche but also every social community. I draw on this last intuition to defend what seems to me to be the richest interpretation of the fragment of the homo-mensura, based on the remarks of Eugène Dupréel – a social and normative interpretation in which Protagoras is the thinker of a praxis (medicine, politics...) which, in a given situation and community, is capable of improving the subjective impressions of the greatest number.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the passages about μετάνοια in Philo's texts, with special attention to the section concerning this subject in On the virtues 175-186, in order to determine what value do repentance and conversion hold for the Jewish philosopher, in which ways they are produced and expressed, and what are their effects from a moral and an eschatological point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicolas Malebranche in Ausonio Franchi’s "Letture per la storia della filosofia moderna" (1860). In 1926 the short monography about Malebranche by Ausonio Franchi (1821-1895) was published in Milan by the Athena Publishers, in the context of the promotion of philosophy beyond the Academies. The article presents the origins of Franchi’s work, his troubled intellectual biography, his peculiar methodology as a historian of philosophy, the main points of his critics of Malebranche’s metaphysics (which focuses on the relationship between theology and philosophy) and his evaluation of the specific contribution the French philosopher gave to the progress of human thought towards a more perfect rationality.

The article consists of the following parts: 1. Spreading É. Gilson’s thought by professor S. Świeżawski: (a) Achievements, (b) The history of contacts as a proof of the acceptance of É. Gilson’s thought. 2. Spreading É. Gilson’s thought through reacting to the translations of his books: (a) Remarks on the role of the translations, (b) The reactions of the philosophy of being proponents, (c) The reactions of the opponents against the philosophy of being. 3. Perfecting É. Gilson’s metaphysics as an actual form of his influence.

The dispute between interventionists and neutralists opposes two fronts in the Italian philosophical landscape, where the Neapolitan pole dominated by Croce opposes the city of Florence - home of the French Institute and seat of literary and artistic circles close to Futurism and Bergsonism. From the beginning of the war, the Florentine journals “La Voce” and “Lacerba” publish frequent attacks on Germanic culture. Croce reacts from the pages of “La Critica” and “Italia Nostra”. The typical themes of French anti-German propaganda reverberate on the Italian political and philosophical debate, adapting to the peculiarity of its cultural context.

Just hearing the names of Brentano and Plato put together is enough to highlight the queerness of a matching which finds almost no evidence in critical literature. The study of the texts in which Brentano explicitly deals with Plato, in particular in his lectures on the history of Greek philosophy, does not change much of the negative impression that emerges from a general overview: the place of Plato in the history of philosophy depends, for Brentano, on Aristotle or, better, on the accomplishment of Greek philosophy occurs in Aristotle's work. We shall turn our attention towards the of certain relevant problems in order to open up, if possible, a less negative prospect for the relationship of Brentano to Plato: not so much directly by examining Platonic philosophy from a Brentanian point of view as by considering the concrete solution that Brentano provides to some Aristotelian questions. To put it differently, we shall take into account not so much what Brentano says of Plato, as what Brentano does with Aristotle, by tracking the Platonizing traces that can be found in the Brentanian commentary to Aristotle's categories, the philosophical consequences of which seem to be reflected in Brentano's overall philosophical project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to clarify the ontological status of Platonic ideas. My considerations are based on the example of mathematical ideas and their relation to the subjects of mathematics and phenomena, since such modes of existence are distinguished in the philosophy of Plato.

Skakun I. History of medicine in philosophical and anthropological dimension. The article considers prerequisites of establishment, peculiarities of the content and methodological potential of concept of anthropocentrism in medical history. The author denotes the role of principle of anthropocentrism in terms of formation of world picture. The history of medicine and the history of philosophy are closely related to the philosophical and anthropological discourse. Forming epistemological and axiological factors medical history. Anthropological Science plays an important role in medicine. Medicine has its own specific historical development. Ancient philosophers Hippocrates, Galen launched philosophical and anthropological dimensions in the history of medicine. This period is characterized by the emergence of anthropological bases. Key words: philosophy, anthropocentrism, history of philosophy, medical history, human, worldview. Скакун Игорь. История медицины в философско- антропологическом измерении. В статье анализируются предпосылки становления, особенности утверждения, содержание и методологический потенциал концепции антропоцентризма в истории медицины. Актуализируется роль принципа антропоцентризма при формировании картины мира. История медицины и история философии тесно связаны в философско - антропологическом дискурсе. Формируются гносеологические и аксиологические факторы медицинской истории. Антропологические науки играют важную роль в медицине. Античные философы Гиппократ, Гален начали философско - антропологические измерения в истории медицины. Этот период характеризуется зарождением антропологических основ. Эпоха Нового времени утвердила научное содержание истории медици- ны. Фейербах, Гелен, Плеснер, Шелер – представители философс- кой антропологии, которые внесли значительный вклад в историю медицины. Ключевые слова: философия, антропоцентризм, история медицины, человек, мировозрение.