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In this paper, we investigate problems of decision making in management systems for the sustainable development of complex technological and socio-economic facilities. We show both the limitations of traditional expert systems and decision support systems, and the necessity of using expert evaluation technologies to find possible development strategies. Based on that we substantiate the need of creating a new class of systems, i.e. Automated eXpert Assessment Systems, and propose their organizational structure and design principles. We substantiate the level of automation of the work performed during the examinations and describe the composition of models and computer programs we recommend for creating effective automated expert assessment systems and corresponding technology. In the paper, we give examples of using the proposed method for various areas of human activity, in the management of urban infrastructure and e-learning at the universities, and show the effectiveness of the developed approach.

Functioning of 51 parasitic systems has been retrospectively ascertained in the South-Eastern agroclimatic zone of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, their co-agents, apart from their excitants, being productive and non-productive domestic and wild animals. For the entire depth of retrospection (82 years) eleven nosounits of infectious pathology in the region (21.6%) dominated in the quantity of epizootic foci and diseased animals (rabies, dictyocaulosis, infectious atrophic rhinitis, classical pig plague, pyroplasmosis, salmonellosis, swine erysipelas, anthrax, fasciolasis, blackleg, aphtha). They accounted for 241 episootic foci in the nosological profile of infectious pathology (68.5% of the total quantity of animal infectious disease epizootic foci in the region throughout the retrospection). At the same time, 13 nosounits in the investigated territory were registered only once during the entire period of retrospection, no expansion of the boundaries of their epizootic manifestation was ascertained, and carryover of the excitant of these infectious diseases beyond the limits of the original epizootic focus was prevented. Relapses of their epizootic occurrences in the region were prevented as well. Ten nosounits of animal infectious pathology (18%) in the aggregate animal pathology in the examined region during the entire period of retrospection were registered twice (hen typhus, swine and cattle taeniasis, swine metastrongylosis, contagious cattle rhinotracheitis, hen ascaridiasis, cattle parainfluenza, bee nosematosis). In addition, potential danger of animal infectious pathology spontaneous emergence and expansion was revealed in the South-Eastern zone of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (anthrax, blackleg, cattle tuberculosis, fasciolasis, classical and African pig plague, pyroplasmosis, echinococcosis, rabies). Schematic models of the biological hazard epizootic component potential threat in the region have been designed. New scientific data have been obtained about the epizootic condition dynamics of rural and urban territories in the region as a biological hazard epizootological component, about regional peculiarities of animal infectious pathology specific nosounits, about their potential epidemic danger in the region.

The article gives the expert assessment data on the selection of the best ways of low-moisture peat harvesting by a milling method. They are essential to reducing the energy expenditure for the artificial drying of peat and ensuring the quality characteristics of raw material required for further thermochemical processing. The R&D efforts towards stimulation of the field drying of crumb peat are analyzed. The method of prioritization is applied in expert assessment. An appropriate significance rank value is assigned to each method. Mathematical estimate of the expert information reliability is made by the range and the variance of total ranks. The consistency of experts’ decisions on the assessment of the milled peat drying stimulation methods was checked by the relative range of significance values as well as the actual and the estimated strength of an expert group. Preference is given to two options: peat drying to harvesting humidity of 35% in thick layers and that on the slopes of pre-formed swaths of raw peat crumb.

In France, levees remain most of the time badly maintained; these long linear structures show signs of weaknesses on numerous occasions. Only incomplete information is usually available. The general lack of data describing the behavior of the infrastructure during unwanted events led to estimate their safety mainly from expert judgment. Thus the ability of the expert to predict the level of functioning of an infrastructure for a type of hazard and its intensity is crucial. An error of judgment can have very serious consequences and the production of reliable information requires the ability of the expert to report accurately the uncertainties in its estimations, as well as associated confidence. In order to meet this need, our research within Incertu project (French Ministry of Ecology funding) aims to produce relevant scientific approaches and tools for the collection and processing reliable experts’ statements or combined with a confidence level in the context of uncertain information and input data.

The importance of the symptoms linked to a frontal disorder in the intellectual and behavioral sequelas of severe cranial trauma, is now measured carefully because these troubles are one of the most important obstacle to the social and professional come-back. The handicap linked to a disorder of the frontal lobe is not well known in all its neurological, mental and sociological dimensions because the diagnosis is not easy. To help to this diagnosis, the study of cerebral blood flow with SPECT is usefull in medical practice. We present here 4 clinical cases of post-trauma frontal syndrome not easy to measure. With a measure of cerebral blood flow with SPECT, it was observed a decrease of frontal blood flow, that allowed to link the neuropsychological symptom to a frontal lobe disorder. It seems that in these conditions the post-trauma frontal syndrome is not so uncommon.

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”Parental skills” are basic to any intervention for the protection of young people. However, the concept itself is controversial and indeterminate, subject to interpretation by a wide range of specialists, with an equally wide range of training backgrounds and methodologies. Nevertheless, although the evidentiary weight of the expert assessments of behaviours has been questioned by many legal scholars, the courts systematically continue to call on them. This failure to examine the skills and working methods of such experts has resulted in the formalization of a system of benchmarks that has been built up insidiously over time, creating a context that leads legal activity to contribute to the upholding of social inequalities.

During a judicial inquiry, the forensic doctor is frequently required to examine the hospitalized fire victim. He has to produce a certificate on the burns, defining their origin, seriousness and prognosis. The expert assessment of serious burn victims consists in an overall evaluation of functional and psychological sequelae, and can be conducted only after the long period of treatment needed for them to heal. The expert must know the forensic rules concerning the specific features of sequelae that follow a cutaneous burn injury. The forensic doctor can intervene where a body is discovered, and the aim of the autopsy is to check if burns were the cause of death. The most common lesions observed are serious thermal burns and they are frequently associated with inhalation of fumes. Often the body is carbonized to conceal a homicide therefore it is crucial that postmortem results are compared with the police investigation data. Due to modifications to the body brought about by fire and charring, a specific protocol for identification is required, especially in the event of a disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'expertise post-accidentelle mobilisée dans le cadre de l'incendie du site Lubrizol/NL Logistique se fonde sur un retour d'expérience d'accidents industriels construit depuis plus de 15 ans. L'Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (Ineris) a pris une part active à l'évolution des pratiques dans ce domaine, notamment sur la base d'études sur des situations concrètes survenues dans l'hexagone. L'expérience acquise a montré la nécessité de renforcer la cohérence des dispositifs de gestion de l'urgence et de gestion à moyen et long termes. Au milieu des années 2000, la recherche des substances disséminées dans l'environnement ne démarrait que longtemps après un accident. Or, il est indispensable que la gestion à plus long terme et l'analyse de l'événement démarrent dès le déclenchement de l'accident, avec la réalisation de prélèvements conservatoires et la mise en œuvre d'une stratégie de prévention des risques pour la santé et l'environnement vis-à-vis des retombées, sans attendre la fin de la phase d'urgence de lutte contre un incendie et de mise en sécurité des populations. Deux difficultés ont été particulièrement mises en évidence : le besoin de caractériser des expositions qui peuvent être fugaces (air au passage d'un nuage, contamination des eaux superficielles) et le besoin de retracer l'impact d'un événement par rapport au « fond » de pollution existant. En effet, les polluants émis ne sont généralement peu spécifiques et déjà présents sur le territoire, qu'il s'agisse de produits de combustion partielle ou complète ou des produits originaux imbrûlés, même quand ceux-ci semblent spécifiques (phytosanitaires par exemple). Des réponses ont été proposées et reprises par les services de l'État dans la circulaire du 20 février 2012 relative à la gestion des impacts environnementaux et sanitaires d'événements d'origine technologique en situation post-accidentelle, qui évoque notamment la mise en œuvre d'une cellule post-accident, et qui est accompagnée d'un guide méthodologique. L'Ineris continue aujourd'hui à réfléchir à l'approfondissement de son expertise post-accidentelle, en cohérence avec ses compétences en matière d'urgence. The post-accident expert assessment implemented during the Lubrizol/NL Logistique fire is based on feedback from industrial accidents over the past 15 years. Ineris has developed practices in this field, based especially on studies of real-life French situations. Experience has shown the need to improve the consistency of emergency management and long-term risk management. In the mid-2000s, investigations into substances in the environment began long after an accident. However, the longer-term management and analysis of the event must begin immediately after the accident by collecting and preserving samples as a precautionary measure and implementing a risk prevention strategy for health and the environment with regard to atmospheric deposition, without waiting for the end of the emergency phase of fighting a fire and bringing people to safety. Two main challenges were highlighted: the need to characterize exposures that may be fleeting (smoke plume, surface water contamination) and the need to trace the impact of an event relative to the "background" existing pollution. Pollutants emitted are generally not specific and are already present in the area, whether they are partial or complete combustion products, or unburnt original products, even when these seem specific (phytosanitary for example). Responses were proposed and taken up by the authorities, in the decree of February 20, 2012 on the management of environmental and health impacts of events of technological origin in post-accident situations, which includes the implementation of a post-accident unit and is accompanied by a methodological guide. Today, Ineris continues to improve its post-accident expert assessments, in line with its emergency skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arctic biodiversity is under threat from both climate induced environmental change and anthropogenic activity. However, the rapid rate of change and the challenging conditions for studying Arctic environments mean that many research questions must be answered before we can strategically allocate resources for management. Addressing threats to biodiversity in the Arctic is further complicated by the region's complex geopolitics, as eight countries claim jurisdiction over the area, with multiple local considerations such as Indigenous sovereignty and resource rights. Here, we identify research priorities to serve as a starting point for addressing the most pressing threats to Arctic biodiversity. We began by collecting pressing research questions about Arctic biodiversity, thematizing them as either threats or actions, and then categorizing them further into 18 groups. Then, drawing on cross-disciplinary and global expertise of professionals in Arctic science, management, and policy, we considered the barriers to answering these questions and proposed potential solutions that could be implemented if barriers were overcome. Overall, our horizon scan provides an expert assessment of threats (e.g., species’ responses to climate change) and actions (e.g., a lack of fundamental information regarding Arctic biodiversity) needing attention and is intended to guide future conservation action within the Arctic.

Copyright of Médecine et Santé Tropicales is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Basic elements of self-awareness emerge and progress differently in different children. These timing peculiarities remain understudied in preschoolers. A comprehensive review revealed no clear guidelines, procedures, or technologies for psychological and pedagogical support of self-awareness in preschoolers. The authors studied the development of each component of self-awareness and the links between them. The research relied on the approach developed by V. S. Mukhina. The methods included psychodiagnostic testing, expert assessment, psychological experiment, statistical analysis, and qualitative data processing. The key components of self-awareness development included the following stages: identification with one’s own name; awareness of one’s own gender identity; use of the pronoun "I", which is an essential self-awareness link in young children. The psychological and pedagogical support of self-awareness development requires target actions for each link, as well as conscious efforts and resources of the family and the educational institution. The process of support is a process of socialization that starts when the child joins an organized group of peers. It lays foundation for the subsequent structural links between different components of self-awareness, i.e., claim to recognition, further awareness of one’s gender, and temporal self-awareness.

This empirical study links emotional burnout with self-attitude. The contemporary pedagogical environment subjects school teachers to emotional burnout and professional deformation. On the one hand, the state and society have extremely high professional requirements for teachers, who strive to improve their psychological, pedagogical, didactic, methodological, and digital competencies. On the other hand, the social and financial insecurity forces school teachers to increase their workload at the expense of their physical and psycho-emotional recovery. The authors hypothesized that a particular self-attitude can trigger the burnout syndrome in teachers. They relied on the subject-activity approach to the emotional burnout syndrome to survey 237 secondary school teachers (169 women, 68 men; 32–40 y.o.). Their self-attitudes were identified by the personal differential method, W. Stephenson’s Self-Image Test, and V. V. Stolin and S. R. Panteleev’s Self-Attitude Test. The level of emotional burnout was measured using V. V. Boyko’s Diagnostics of Emotional Burnout. An expert assessment served as an additional method to identify the performance indicators. The empirical research revealed that the teachers with an adequately positive self-attitude demonstrated fewer symptoms of emotional burnout, which stayed at an initial stage. They managed to maintain high standards of working capacity and professional motivation, as well as effective vertical and horizontal social communication. The teachers with a less positive self-attitude experienced severe symptoms of burnout and professional deformation, which affected their professional activities. They were confrontational and complained about low motivation, poor performance, procrastination, etc. The data obtained may help to improve psychological support programs and psychological counseling in schools.

The article indicates the draft model of an NTI specialist, built on the basis of the generalized opinion of experts. Education as an integrated process is focused on the intellectual, spiritual and moral, creative, physical and/or professional development of a person. Based on the analysis of personality theories, the main criteria of the personality model of an NTI specialist are determined. An algorithm for group expert assessment of the personality model of an NTI specialist is presented. Methods for registering indicators of the formation of personality substructures of NTI specialists are pedagogical and psychological diagnostics and expert assessment. The tendencies of positive changes in the personality development of NTI specialists are revealed.

In the context of a global market, the agro-industrial complex (AIC) system is undergoing continuous modernization in order to respond effectively to market challenges. The project of digitalization of agriculture has a clear character of modernization. It can be assumed that this project of the Ministry of agriculture is based on an optimistic scenario (unconditional implementation of the presented quantitative indicators within the specified time frame). The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of applying expert assessment methods to the problem of digitalization in the agro-industrial complex system. Using the methods of system analysis and, first of all, various methods of expert assessment, cognitive analysis and modeling, as well as scenario development, the weak points of the optimistic scenario of the departmental project were identified and the algorithms of the realistic scenario were determined. A review of scientific publications that reflect the problems of digitalization of agriculture, based mainly on the positions of system analysis. It is based on scientific publications in journals included in the Russian science citation index system, as well as in journals included in international scientometric databases, such as Scopus and Web of Science. The author presents the structure of problems in tabular and graphical form using methods of cognitive analysis and hierarchy analysis. The result was shown two schemes that reflect the structure of socioeconomic, technological and reengineering blocks in the agricultural sector, de-fining the basic contours of the problem field of digitization, as well as the graph structure of the problem field of digitalization of agriculture, showing the interconnection and interaction of individual structural components.

The biological and economic effectiveness of plant protection measures depends not only on the correct choice of pesticide, but also on the quality of its application to the processed target objects. The article discusses the results of assessing the quality of applying herbicides by spraying using low-volume spraying technology, ULV spraying without forced and forced precipitation of small droplets, and treatment with cold aerosol. To assess the impact of the quality of the application of plant protection products on the environmental safety of the use of herbicides, two main indicators were used: – uniform distribution of the working fluid over the treated area: – the amount of drift of small drops from the treatment area. The analysis of methodological approaches and regulatory documents for assessing the potential risk of pesticides for the environment in European countries and in Russia is given.Based on the obtained experimental data on the coefficients of variation in the distribution of the drug over the effective coverage width, an expert assessment of the drug overuse was carried out using various technologies. An expert assessment of the drift of small drops of the working fluid from the treatment zone was also carried out. A comparative assessment of technologies was carried out according to the indicated environmental safety indicators for the use of the herbicide Gezagard WP on potato plantings.

Résumé Les débats législatifs qui ont eu lieu en France entre 1993 et 2014 sur la formation et l’exercice des psychothérapeutes montrent la difficulté de légiférer dans un champ lié par nature à l’engagement dans la pratique et se développant dans un paysage très diversifié. Les questions débattues à l’Assemblée nationale et au Sénat se sont orientées autour de cinq pôles : l’encadrement de la formation aux psychothérapies ; le contrôle de leur exercice ; l’habilitation ou non des universités à encadrer ces formations ; la reconnaissance de compétences de professionnels non-psychologues, non-psychiatres, non-psychanalystes, se formant en dehors des universités ; le contrôle des abus de faiblesse et des mouvances sectaires. Aujourd’hui, l’encadrement légal auquel ils ont abouti n’a pas empêché que se perpétuent des pratiques des psychothérapies hors réglementation, que celles-ci soient sectaires ou non sectaires, faites d’abus ou non. Mais une réflexion à distance sur ces débats intégralement publiés dans les comptes rendus des séances de l’Assemblée nationale et du Sénat, sur les différentes propositions de loi, ses amendements, les différentes versions de ses décrets d’application et sur les rapports des commissions gouvernementales ou expertises collectives sur lesquels ils se sont appuyés – rapport de la mission interministérielle de lutte contre les sectes (MILS) 2001 ; expertise collective de l’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) 2004 « psychothérapie : trois approches évaluées » ; commission d’enquête 2013 « dérives thérapeutiques et dérives sectaires : la santé en danger » : mission gouvernementale sur la santé mentale et l’avenir de la psychiatrie 2013 – montre qu’à l’intérieur des problématiques statutaires, institutionnelles et de politique de santé publique qui ont été soulevées, la question est aussi celle des oppositions structurelles entre les recherches d’objectivation des troubles et leur subjectivation, les conduites de traitement et les rencontres intersubjectives. Ces oppositions sont vécues comme des contradictions particulièrement sensibles en psychiatrie, mais elles la dépassent aussi dans celles plus larges, entre objectivation et subjectivation, intersubjectivité et soin, construction clinique et rapport de pouvoir/savoir. Elles appellent, pour pouvoir être non plus clivées et opposées, mais réfléchies et articulées dans leurs rapports complexes, un questionnement éthique. À défaut, elles pourraient bien soutenir dans l’évolution actuelle de la psychiatrie, d’une part, des attitudes prescriptives normées et désubjectivées et, d’autre part, des positions empathiques empiriques qui, réunies à elles deux – non pas mises en débat à partir de leur opposition, mais additionnées – caractérisent justement les dynamiques des dérives sectaires dont il a été question lors des premiers débats législatifs. The legislative debates that took place in France between 1993 and 2014 on the training and exercise of psychotherapists show the difficulty of legislating in a field linked by its very nature to engagement in practice; a field which is currently developing in France in a highly varied landscape. The questions discussed at the National Assembly and in the Senate were oriented around five poles: supervision of the training of psychotherapists; control of their exercise; recognition of the skills of those professionals who are neither psychologist, psychiatrist, or psychoanalyst, and who train outside universities; control of abuse of weakness; and sect movements. Today, the legal framework that these poles have given rise to has failed to prevent the continuation of psychotherapeutic practices that fall outside the zone of regulation, whether they are sectarian or otherwise, abusive or otherwise. However, when one takes a step back to look at the debates that have been published in their entirety in the collected proceedings of the National Assembly and the Senate, at the various Bills and their amendments, at the different versions of the implementing decrees, and at the reports from the government commissions or collective expert teams that they drew on (the report on the inter-ministerial mission for combating sects from 2001; the collective expert assessment Psychotherapy: Three Approaches Evaluated, by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, from 2004; the 2013 inquiry Therapeutic Excesses and Sectarian Excesses: healthcare in danger; and the 2013 government mission on mental health and the future of psychiatry), we can see how, at the heart of the problematics concerning statutes, institutions and public healthcare policy which have been brought to the fore, the question is also that of the structural points of opposition between, on the one hand, research that objectifies disturbances, and, on the other, their subjectification, the treatment that is carried out, and inter-subjective encounters. These oppositions are being experienced in psychiatry as especially sensitive contradictions, but they also exceed these oppositions by encompassing the wider contradictions between objectification and subjectification, between inter-subjectivity and care, and between clinical construction and the knowledge/power relationship. In order no longer to be divided and opposed, but rather thought through and articulated in all their complexity, these oppositions call upon an ethical mode of questioning. In the direction that psychiatry is currently taking, these oppositions run the risk of supporting normative and prescriptive attitudes that are devoid of subjectification and, on the other hand, empirical empathic positions which, when matched together (rather than being debated on the basis of their opposition) characterise precisely those dynamics of sectarian excess that were in question during the first legislative debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the research article is the risks of natural and technogenic origin produced in the process of nature-use activities in the coastal eco-socio-economic system of the Russian Arctic in the context of global climate change and constantly increasing anthropogenic impact. The purpose of the study is to justify and develop a classification system of risks of Arctic coastal nature-use activities, sources and factors of risk production and possible relationships between their structural elements, which makes it possible to use system analysis in building models of risks of nature-use activities in the Russian Arctic. The paper defines the risk with the developed step-by-step structuring system (risk-source, risk-factor, riskobject) as a process of causing damages, which has the probability of being realized. Classification features and specific types of structural risk elements are shown, as well as an expert assessment of these relationships in the riskfactor – risk-source and risk-object – risk-factor matrices in the form of a matrix analysis of risks of Arctic nature-use activities. The article was written as part of the implementation of an initiative scientific project № 124041100052-8.

Any investor/developer spends considerable time to make a construction decision in analyzing various parameters, such as the building site area, height restrictions, total area, quantity of necessary materials, etc. First of all, this is due to a high level of uncertainty and the complexity of estimating costs for the initial stages of project implementation. The unavailability of detailed design data at the investment justification stage makes it impossible to conduct a sufficiently accurate assessment of the value and period of construction to make highly accurate managerial decisions. However, one of the key issues, namely determining the significant parameters that have the greatest impact on future project-related decisions, has not been studied sufficiently. This article identifies the most significant parameters that impact the future characteristics of residential buildings based on an expert assessment using the a priori ranking method. The reliability of the assessment is confirmed using the coefficient of concordance. A conclusion is provided about their applicability as the input values of a forecasting model that uses machine learning and artificial intelligence to determine various technical and economic characteristics of residential buildings.

The work is devoted to the problems of practical application of artificial neural networks (ANN) for estimation of residual resource of hoisting machines on the example of estimation of residual resource of bridge-type cranes. The work describes in detail the programming process of ANN which allows to determine the residual resource of metal structures of a hoisting crane depending on degradation of hardness of the metal structures material. The purpose of the work was to create new software for solving the problem of estimating the residual resource of the hoisting crane which appointed service life has ended. The basis for training of ANN was the existing knowledge of hoisting cranes operation, namely the statistical database of typical crane damages, expert assessment of the technical condition of hoisting cranes, and recommendations of the existing standards to identify defect indicators of hoisting cranes. The software is written in Python programming language. The work lists different ways of programming a neural network for an estimation of residual resource of hoisting cranes. The first way is more complex and painstaking and consists of writing the programme code of the neural network manually, the second way involves using a free interactive library Skicit-learn. A new software has been created to estimate the residual resource of hoisting cranes depending on degradation of hardness of metal structures material. The programme can be used by specialists and experts as an intellectual decision-making support system for determining the residual resource of hoisting cranes. The detailed algorithm of neural network programming is presented for possible use of this information in other areas of technical diagnostics of various mechanical engineering objects.

The relevance of the study is caused by the complexity of calculations when determining the cost for construction of agricultural facilities due to the multi-parameter system, which includes volume, structure, areas and objects of investment. Ensuring the effectiveness of capital investments through the use and implementation of advanced and latest solutions, technologies and other conditions of the investor in relation to the level of technical equipment and quality of the facility will allow obtaining a competitive facility and a profitable result. As a result of the study, the theoretical foundations of managing the cost of an investment and construction project were studied, an analysis of management methods and practical recommendations for justifying the cost of an investment and construction project were carried out in order to develop recommendations for cost reduction. The methodological basis of the study is: system analysis, methods of expert assessment, comparisons, analogies, analysis of absolute and relative indicators and others. To solve the problems, a combination of general scientific methods such as scientific observation, comparison, measurement, abstraction, modeling, induction and deduction, historical method, abstractions and concretizations, alongside specific methods including economic-statistical, analytical-calculation, functional-cost, and expert approaches were used. The practical significance of the work carried out is the development of a method for assessing cost management of an investment and construction project. The developed method has all the prerequisites for successful application in the real activities of the organization under study.

Résumé Longtemps, l’organisation scolaire française a été dominée et pilotée par la force symbolique de l’institution et par le poids de normes générales, par l’inspection garantissant la conformité des pratiques professionnelles et l’unité du système. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les statistiques, les évaluations et les comparaisons nationales et internationales ont été associées à un profond changement. La légitimité des politiques scolaires s’est déplacée vers l’expertise et les projets ; le pilotage par les objectifs tend à se substituer à la bureaucratie de conformité. Mais l’emprise de ce nouveau modèle n’est pas aussi forte qu’il paraît, car elle se heurte à une conception du métier d’enseignant et de son autonomie indissociable du modèle institutionnel républicain. Dès lors, deux modèles bureaucratiques se combinent et s’affrontent parfois. Le nouveau modèle de gestion porté par les instruments ne se substitue pas à la « vieille » bureaucratie institutionnelle. For a long time, the organization of French schools has been dominated and controlled by the symbolic strength of the institution and by the weight of general norms, with control by the inspectorate ensuring compliance with professional standards and the unity of the system. In the last twenty years, statistics, evaluations and national and international comparisons have brought about a profound change. The legitimacy of school policies has shifted and relies now on the use of expert assessment and planning; management by targets is coming to replace compliance bureaucracy. However, the influence of this new model is not as strong as it seems, because runs up against an image of the teaching profession and its autonomy that is inseparable from the republican institutional tradition. As a result, two bureaucratic models mix and sometimes clash. The new management model supported by instruments has not taken the place of the “old” institutional bureaucracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé En matière d’indemnisation du dommage corporel, un des principes généraux est celui de la réparation intégrale c’est-à-dire que la victime « doit être replacée dans une situation aussi proche que possible de celle qui aurait été la sienne si le fait dommageable ne s’était pas produit » 1 1 Art. 1 Résolution du Conseil de l’Europe relative à la réparation des dommages en cas de lésions corporelles 1975. . Le poste de préjudice de la tierce personne permet de contribuer à respecter ce dogme et en cela apparaît essentiel à la réparation du dommage corporel. Sa détermination par le juge repose essentiellement sur un acte, l’expertise médicale. À ce titre, son évaluation peut apparaître limitée à ce seul champ de compétence médicale. Pourtant du fait de ses caractéristiques et de sa définition juridique complexe, ce poste de préjudice se rapproche de la vaste notion du handicap et aborde des situations multiples, dépassant la seule compétence du médecin expert. À partir d’un cas clinique et juridique, nous montrons toutes les difficultés de l’évaluation de ce poste de préjudice, ces enjeux et les solutions possibles. Regarding compensation for physical injury, complete repair is one of the general principles. The post of damage helps to respect this dogma and as such seems essential in the legal request. Its determination by the judge rests essentially on an act, the medical expert assessment. As such, its evaluation can seem limited to this single area of medical competence. Nevertheless, because of its characteristics and of its complex legal definition, this post of damage is close to the vast notion of disability and addresses multiple situations exceeding the single competence of the medical expert. Through a clinical and legal case, we show the difficulties of the evaluation of this post of damage, its stakes and possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1965 and 1975 French physicians and biologists signed numerous articles, essays, and petitions in favor or against a repeal of the 1920 French abortion law. Taking this literature as a starting point, this article explores the role of biomedical expert opinion in the French abortion debate. The first section discusses the opposed stands taken by Jérôme Lejeune and Jacques Monod. Rather than looking at religious or general political commitments to explain their engagement, the article focuses on their research trajectories and their conflicting visions of genetics and its medical uses. The second section addresses the construction of expert assessment within four settings: the National Population Council, the French Family Planning Association, a gathering of physicians arguing for reform called the National Association for the Study of Abortion, and the leftist Health Information Group which publicly organized illegal abortions. On that basis, one may distinguish four types of engaged scientists, i.e. the institutional expert, the moral patron, the engaged professional, and the technician helping women activists. The latter was a new character close to what Michel Foucault once described as "specific intellectual". In conclusion, the emergence and later transformation of these forms of engagement is interpreted in terms of: a) the changing relationships between science and society triggered by the social critique of the 1970s, and b) the new forms of biomedical management of reproductive choices that supplanted expert advice linked to State management of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern models of analytical support for management decision-making are considered in the article. The authors of the article present the main approaches to data analysis used in modern models of analytical support, as well as the principles and methods of making management decisions. Moreover, the main models of management decision-making, such as the hierarchy analysis method, the SWOT analysis method, the expert assessment method, and other methods are considered in the article. The features of their application and examples of practical use are described. At the end of the article, conclusions about the prospect of accounting and analytical support in the management of modern companies are made.

The paper presents main modern trends in the field of resource conservation and ensuring sustainable consumption and production models in food industry. On the example of burdock root, the possibility of the use of wild plants for ensuring above-mentioned models is studied. In the study, formulation and production technology of “Burdock root – Raspberry” drink were developed and substantiated. The raw material used for the drink was evaluated on microbiological indicators, and the results showed the safety of used ingredients. The optimal ratio of the main drink ingredients was determined by mathematical modeling using the MatLab software product. The obtained drink was evaluated on its sensory characteristics using expert assessment method. Evaluation of burdock influence on the quality of experimental drink sample showed that it had higher sensory characteristics compared to control sample because of its lower astringency. The use of burdock root as a food additive in drink production technology will expand the range of drinks and improve their nutritional value and consumer characteristics.

The aim of this publication is to present key results of an empirical study conducted, affecting the processes of digital transformation of the municipal administration as part of the public sector in Bulgaria. The research section is by planning areas, using methods of analysis such as expert assessment, GAP analysis, induction and deduction. The main results of the study outline challenges to the transformation of the public sector such as the need to change the organizational culture of those employed in the administrations, as well as to increase bilateral interaction with citizens in order to reach a level of personalization of public services.

The issues of managing the sustainable development of an enterprise in the context of digitalization have been studied. The digitalization process is interpreted as a tool for transforming the enterprise at the levels of control, production and management, which ensures the sustainable development of the enterprise. Describes methods and tools for research and implementation of digitalization to manage enterprise development. Based on the results of the study, a formulation was given for defining the digitalization process for sustainable enterprise management at the present stage of the development of digital technologies and the digital economy. A block diagram of the developed algorithm for assessing the impact of the digitalization process on the sustainable development of an enterprise is constructed and described. The proposed algorithm is based on the use of expert assessment methods in determining the impact of the digitalization process on the sustainable development of an enterprise. In this case, the rating of assessments is based on the index of the impact of the digitalization process on the sustainable development of the enterprise using quartile distribution.