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The philosophical foundations of the veg(etari)an diet. Food choices as ethical choices Although recent decades have seen a substantial increase in talking about the moral value of nature, the discussion has not yet undermined the belief according to which we can use nature without restraint, as long as we respects other human beings. The food issue is a classic example: our very existence and survival within planet Earth implies a competition which implies our use and killing of other forms of life, not belonging to our moral community. However, is still really indisputable that only human beings, and no other non-human natural entities, are members of this community? The main aim of this paper is to explore the answers provided to this question by the best-known contemporary philosophers, who defend the need to adopt a vegetarian diet: Peter Singer and Tom Regan. The central assumption of both authors is that, even though there are undoubtedly differences between humans and other natural entities, the ethical principles that underlie relationships between human beings are based and justified on the possession of traits that are also possessed by a large part of the non-human animals. Thus, we do not have to overturn any of the assumptions of traditional ethic. In fact, we have to apply them correctly: if the ability to experience pleasure and pain and/or of being conscious have intrinsic value, as already widely supported by the Western moral tradition, then all the entities with sensitivity and/or cognition abilities have a moral status. Singer’s utilitarian ethics, however, focus on the sensitive analogies between humans and animals. Regan’s deontological ethics discuss cognitive analogies between all sentient beings. Both philosophers claim that the burden of ethically justify nutritional choices is not on veg(etari)ans, but on those whose eating habits produce the same quantity and quality of exploitation and death of non-human animals: habits that can no longer be defended by simply mentioning the pleasure (such as the good taste of meat) that some can derive from the slaughter of animals. The paper also explores critiques and alternative philosophical foundations for a less anthropomorphic, but still ethically bonding, veg(etari)anism. Contributions to debate offered by authors such as Midgley, Goopaster, Callicott, Taylor, Palmer, and Fox have indeed the merit to recognize the same moral value to different natural entities and still promote a more general veg(etarian) lifestyle which appears more aware of our being rooted in a nature made up of complex dynamic relationships whose energy flows are also food flows.

Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E and K, are molecules with no energy value that are essential for the body to function and for life. Their intake is almost exclusively exogenous, i.e. dietary. As a result, deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins are rarer in industrialised countries than in countries with limited resources. However, even in the latter, certain groups of individuals are affected, such as newborns or growing children, pregnant or breast-feeding women and elderly or isolated subjects. Vitamin A, D, E and K deficiencies are also relatively common in people with digestive tract disorders, in patients suffering from chronic pathologies or in intensive care patients. Deficiencies or excesses of fat-soluble vitamins are responsible for a variety of more or less specific clinical symptoms. Treatment of deficiencies requires vitamin supplementation, a well-balanced diet and treatment of the cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France, 49% of adults are overweight and 17% are obese [1]. Its prevalence is increasing in the entire population and much more rapidly in children. Data among 3rd grade adolescents show an increase in overweight and obesity of 20% and 5.4% respectively among girls and 17% and 4.7% among boys [2]. Several types of intervention are proposed to combat obesity, lifestyle interventions, combating a sedentary lifestyle, diet control, medication prescriptions. Anti-obesity drugs have shown great variability in their effectiveness in terms of weight loss, ranging from 5% to 12% in various randomized controlled trials and depending on clinical contexts [3]. Two Glucagon-like peptide1 analog drugs, indicated in the treatment of insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes, semaglutide and liraglutide, are used in obese or overweight non-diabetic adult patients. For what benefit and what disadvantages? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species in the genus Scymnus Kugelann are common, but there is little information available on their defence compounds. Pupae are covered with setae on tips of which there are small droplets of liquid. This study explored the patterns of the distribution of the droplets and the influence of diet on their production in five species of Scymnus. GC-MS analyses were used to determine the chemical identity of droplets.All these species produced droplets, but the patterns in the distributions varied among species. Preliminary data indicates a de novo synthesis of the droplet compounds by these ladybirds. The results of the GC-MS analyses suggest that Scymnus spp. produce azamacrolides, which are fatty acid-derived alkaloids.

Despite advances in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, induction and maintenance of remission are still difficult to achieve in some patients. In this context, a growing number of patients choose complementary approaches to better control their symptoms. Many studies have identified environmental factors that play a significant role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. International recommendations have been developed for the management of these different factors such as diet, physical activity and mental health. These therapies are part of the holistic medicine, which allows a global approach of the patients. Most data on the benefits of these complementary approaches are based on observational studies. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the impact of holistic medicine on the course of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, potentially in combination with drug treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Canine & Féline is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing is the property of Canadian Council of Cardiovascular Nurses (CCCN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work aimed to study the influence of proteins of different origins on the level of faecal Streptococcus. Three series of experiments were performed on 45 model animals (Guinea pigs). The optimal level of Streptococcus is best maintained with diets containing a predominance of proteins of animal origins, primarily fish protein. These proteins contribute to a substantial decrease in conditionally pathogenic Streptococcus, for example, Enteroccocus fecalis (per average with 48.32%, 46.65%, and 44.45% in conformity with the concentration of protein of 10%, 14%, and 16%).

Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Élevages et Santé is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the turn of the xixth and xxth centuries, whereas meat consumption was supported by mainstream medicine and becoming widespread in Western societies, the French and Belgian vegetarian movement evolving in vegetarian circles led by physicians and hygienists was trying to prove scientifically the physical and ethical benefits of a vegetarian diet. This paper deals with the methods that were chosen to offer scientific evidence, in spite of the controversial nature of such results, by focusing on three inquiries whose authors, whether men or women, diverge in their dealings with the scientific field and the vegetarian movement. The paper also shows that the medical inquiry is a fairly adaptable form integrating physiological, experimental and social data, which makes it a relevant tool for the vegetarian movement self-appropriation in order to enhance its legitimacy, especially in the field of social reform. h

Résumé: Les conseils diététiques font partie de la prise en charge systématique du syndrome de l'intestin irritable. Si les conseils diététiques standards ne suffisent pas, un régime pauvre en fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) peut être proposé. Il consiste à diminuer les aliments riches en hydrates de carbone susceptibles d'être mal absorbés, dont la fermentation peut entraîner des troubles digestifs. On les trouve principalement dans les produits laitiers, certaines céréales, de nombreux fruits et légumes. Considéré comme le régime le plus efficace dans la prise en charge du SII, il peut diminuer significativement les douleurs abdominales, les ballonnements, et améliorer la qualité de vie. Si cette phase restrictive de quatre à six semaines diminue de façon efficace les symptômes, elle doit être suivie d'une phase de réintroduction progressive, puis d'une phase de régime personnalisé avec des apports en FODMAP adaptés aux capacités de tolérance du patient. La diminution en FODMAP peut être plus ou moins stricte, en fonction de la sévérité des symptômes et de l'état nutritionnel du patient. Un régime strict est complexe à suivre, peut entraîner une perte de poids, majorer les problèmes d'anxiété liée à l'alimentation souvent présents, et entraîner une dysbiose dont les effets à long terme sont incertains. Il est déconseillé de le suivre de façon stricte au long cours. Aucun facteur prédictif de réponse au régime n'a été clairement identifié. Idéalement effectué avec l'encadrement d'une diététicienne, l'identification des aliments à éviter peut être facilitée par l'utilisation d'applications pour smartphone. En pratique, une simple diminution des FODMAP peut être proposée en première intention et permettre de diminuer efficacement les symptômes avec des inconvénients limités pour le patient. Un régime pauvre en FODMAP strict ne sera proposé qu'en deuxième intention si ces premières mesures sont insuffisantes et chez des patients sélectionnés. Dietary advice is a routine part of the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). If standard dietary advices are not efficient enough, a low FODMAP diet (Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides And Polyols) can be proposed. It consists of reducing foods rich in carbohydrates that can be malabsorbed, the fermentation of which can lead to digestive disorders. They are mainly found in dairy products, certain cereals, many fruits and vegetables. Currently considered as the most effective diet in the management of IBS, it can significantly reduce abdominal pain, bloating, and improves quality of life. If this restrictive phase of 4 to 6 weeks significantly reduces the symptoms, it has to be followed by a phase of gradual reintroduction then by a phase of personalized diet with an adaptation of the FODMAP intake to the patient's tolerance capacities. The reduction in FODMAP can be more or less strict, adapted to the severity of the symptoms and the nutritional state of the patient. A strict diet is complex to follow, can lead to weight loss, can increase the problems of anxiety related to food often present, and can produce a dysbiosis whose long-term effects are uncertain. It is not recommended to follow it strictly in the long term. No predictor of diet response has been clearly identified. Ideally carried out with the supervision of a dietician, it can also be performed using smartphone applications helping the identification of which foods to avoid. A simple reduction in FODMAP can be considered as first-line treatment and can effectively reduce symptoms with limited inconvenience for the patient. A strict low-FODMAP diet should be offered as a second-line treatment if these initial measures are insufficient and in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La majorité des patients souffrant d'un syndrome de l'intestin irritable présentent des symptômes digestifs liés à la consommation d'aliments. Ces symptômes ont un impact majeur, notamment sur la qualité de vie. Une alimentation thérapeutique peut être proposée dans leur prise en charge. Cette prise en charge nécessite un encadrement diététique, afin d'éviter des carences nutritionnelles. Il reste encore difficile de savoir comment sélectionner les patients pouvant bénéficier d'une telle prise en prise en charge diététique. Les tests respiratoires sont des examens non invasifs, facilement disponibles qui permettent de mesurer la malabsorption en carbohydrates (lactose et fructose) ainsi que l'intolérance ou la présence de symptômes. Les carbohydrates mal absorbés peuvent être responsables des symptômes digestifs. Ces tests peuvent être proposés après exclusion d'une maladie organique chez des patients chez qui une intolérance semble une cause plausible à leurs symptômes. Il est conseillé de suivre un régime pauvre en lactose (12 g/j) uniquement chez les patients avec malabsorption associée à une intolérance au lactose. La place du test respiratoire au fructose reste encore à définir. Les tests respiratoires au lactulose et au glucose permettent de poser le diagnostic de pullulation bactérienne endoluminale ou Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO). Ce test est communément utilisé bien qu'imparfait. En cas de positivité, si et seulement si le tableau clinique est évocateur, un traitement antibiotique séquentiel peut être prescrit afin d'améliorer les symptômes. Les tests respiratoires après la prise d'un repas test sont de plus en plus étudiés en recherche clinique et pourraient faire partis de la prise en charge dans le futur. Most of patients suffering of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have gastrointestinal symptoms associated with food intake. These food-related symptoms have a major impact on quality of life. The management of patients with IBS can include diet. Dietary treatments should always involve a dietician in order to avoid nutritional deficiency. Moreover, to select the good patients to a diet remains a challenge. Breath tests are non-invasive and widely available, assessing carbohydrates malabsorption (fructose and lactose), but also intolerance, or the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Malabsorbed carbohydrates can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS. If carbohydrate intolerance is suspected, and after exclusion of an organic disease, breath tests could be proposed. Only patients with lactose malabsorption associated with intolerance should follow a lactose-free diet (12 g/day). The role of fructose breath test need to be defined in the management of patients with IBS. Lactulose and glucose breath tests are useful to diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). This test is imperfect but is commonly used and should be only propose in case of a compatible clinical picture. If positive, antibiotics can improve the symptoms of patients. Meal challenge test associated with breath test might be part of the management in the future, while there are more and more used in clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes management has evolved into a person-centered practice, where specific needs play a central role. Different types of diabetes have different dietary characteristics, depending on the patient's profile. With better access to information, patients are keen to adopt new diets. The needs expressed by each individual must be accommodated, in order to respect their autonomy and improve their quality of life., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

In the early modern period, poor memory was taken care of through a consistent medical discourse, which framed it in terms of humoral imbalance and prescribed external treatments and diets. However, the ”medicalization” process undercome by memory was unfinished, because the resistance of the human nature, according to several authors, made impossible a true therapy, because other ways of reform, through, among other things, the ”arts of memory“ were proposed to individuals, and because the very idea of improving the memory did not seem always relevant. This thwarted use of care was an invitation for the individuals to cope with their intellectuals abilities and to use other technics, more conventional but more effective.

Obesity becomes a chronic disease due to the increasing number of mortality and morbidity cases around the world. In most regions, chronic illnesses, such as obesity, are important sources of morbidity and mortality. Due to a lack of effective strategies for prevention and management, the adverse effects of obesity and related diseases on health continue to be a serious problem. Relevant information was searched from Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed using such different terms as “Obesity”, “Obesity Management”, “Obesity AND Physical activity”, “Obesity AND Genetics”, “Obesity AND Diet”, and “Obesity AND Nutrigenomics”. Obesity is characterized by a complex interaction of hereditary and lifestyle factors, which includes food. Diet is an environmental element that plays an important and considerable role in the management of health and reduces the risk of obesity and its comorbidities. Changes in lifestyle patterns not only help burn extra calories but also prevent the development of obesity via its modulating effect on genetic factors. Different people respond differently to an obesogenic environment. The notion of nutrigenetics emerged as a result of various genetic variations that may explain this heterogeneity. Nutritional genomics, also known as nutrigenetics, is the study that investigates and analyses gene variations linked to varied responses to certain foods; moreover, it links this variation to diseases, such as obesity. As a result, tailored nutrition advice based on a person's genetic profile may improve the outcomes of a specific dietary strategy and offer a novel dietary strategy to improve life quality and preventing obesity. This study concluded that physical activity and dietary interventions play an effective role in the management of obesity. Moreover, understanding of the function of the most prominent obesity-related genes, as well as the interaction between nutrition and gene expression, will help researchers design personalized treatment strategies for humans.

Introduction: The health crisis linked to COVID-19 led to the containment of the general population in order to limit the spread of the virus. With the emergence of this new disease, it was necessary to mobilise in order to limit the transmission of the virus to our obese population, at risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. To do this, we proposed to carry out our TPE workshops by videoconference to all patients included in the TPE "bariatric surgery" programme. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the benefits and drawbacks of this group distance TVE format, their efficiency in terms of learning and behavioural changes, and the different resources of the programme that facilitate their learning for the pre- and post-surgery course. Methods: This is a two-phase mixed-methods study. The first phase of the study consisted of an exploratory qualitative study using semi-directive interviews with 18 patients who had followed the distance TPE from March 2020 to May 2020, to explore their experiences of the different educational sessions. In a second phase, the exploratory study made it possible to draw up a questionnaire to gather the views of all the patients educated from March 2020 to May 2021. The analysis of the answers mobilised the theory of capabilities to identify the positive or negative conversion factors of the programme for the patients' learning. Results: Of the 70 patients included, 43 responded to the questionnaire... This video conferencing TPE enabled the scheduling of surgical procedures to be maintained. Patients reported time savings due to the absence of travel. Patients with low digital literacy were able to access this programme. Participants stressed the importance of continuity of connection with caregivers. Patients reported self-care skills acquired through this distance learning and an average weight loss of 7 kg. Both positive and negative learning factors were identified. Discussion: The results of this study demonstrate the interest in developing e-TPE programmes for several reasons: the difficulties in bringing these patients to the hospital, the geographical inequalities in access to TPE, the absence of reimbursement for transport tickets and the lack of dedicated spaces available. It therefore seems important to train professionals and patients in the digital tool. Conclusion: This study of a population of obese patients who participated in a TVE programme by videoconference during a pandemic and a period of confinement shows the perceived quality of this distance education. In view of the different programmes transposed into distance format, it would be interesting to promote research crossing the experiences of patients and professionals to propose the best educational format to the health authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian molars play a central role during chewing, or food comminution, through cyclic dental occlusion. Mammals fragment food items with varying degrees of efficiency depending on their dental morphology, suggesting an adaptive link that is yet to be assessed. Here, we test the effect of molar morphology at maximum intercuspation (centric occlusion), i.e., between phases I and II, on the comminution of five food items that correspond to different mechanical challenges encountered by catarrhines. Using a chewing simulator, we experimentally measured the number of food fragments produced after five successive intercuspations with two different forces, in order to assess their influence. The sample includes cercopithecid and hominid specimens encompassing the main dental occlusal patterns and dietary habits displayed by extant and fossil catarrhines. We show that increasing bite force results in better food item degradation overall although we report some exceptions, notably for ductile and tough foods (apples, ginger and leaves). Brittle and complex foods (hazelnuts and crickets) are fragmented by intercuspation. This experiment showed that proper occlusion and bite force are sufficient only to fragment brittle food and that additional movements are necessary to fragment tough foods (leaves and grasses). It also highlights the masticatory capacities of various occlusal patterns in primates and our ability to test these with robotics, a breakthrough that will allow investigations of important anthropological questions concerning the evolution of dental morphology.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to present the menu of early Christian monks in the context of the findings of Greek and Roman medicine in the field of dietetics. It draws from the passages of Historia religiosa by Theodoret of Cyrus about the consumption of dates and figs by Syrian ascetics. Both species of fruit did not comprise the basis of the monks’ limited diet. Figs and dates were treated as additional food by them, which they ate rarely and in small quantities. According to Theodoret, they did so especially when their bodies were weakened, during long and exhausting fasts. According to modern dietetics, this was justified as both figs and dates are calorie- and nutrientrich foods, which consumed even in small amounts can significantly supplement an adult’s daily balance in this regard. The authors of ancient and medical texts stemming from the tradition of Antiquity (Galen, Oribasius, Antimus, Aëtius of Amida, Paul of Aegina and others) also drew attention to the nutritious quality of dates and figs, in addition to numerous others health-promoting properties (especially in the context of the latter species). However, they further noted that excessive consumption of both fruits could lead to some health problems. In the context of these findings, occasional consumption of dates and figs by Syrian ascetics appears justified, as they could provide their weakened bodies with food of high energy value and nutritious content, whose small amount – and, therefore, fitting in the ideal of mortification – would suffice to improve their health condition.

The poor quality diet, physical inactivity and overweight are frequently found in cancer patients. These aspects, induced by an inadequate lifestyle, are commonly present at the moment of cancer diagnosis. They could aggravate after the beginning of treatment, leading to a bad prognosis and the increase in mortality. After the diagnosis of breast cancer, some patients become motivated to change their lifestyle by losing weight, following a diet or practicing a physical activity. The paper is part of a biomedical anthropological research of a group of 172 females between 24 and 87 years old from urban and rural environment diagnosed with breast cancer. The women between 50 and 69 years old prevail. Changes in the frequency of sweets, meat and meat products, dairy products, vegetables and fruit consumption after receiving the oncological diagnosis are the mainly aspects taken into account. The women from the group have an average tall stature (163.5 cm) and a BMI which illustrates a weight excess leading to preobesity (26.27). They exceed significantly the country's average values for height and abdominal circumference, placing themselves in «> (M+DS)» interval. The differences of women's alimentary behavior after receiving the oncological diagnosis have been evaluated using inquires, phenotypical frequencies' calculus and the assessment of difference certainty by Chi squarred test (X²). After the diagnosis, the women of the group have significantly reduced the frequency of sweets and meat consumption and have instead started to consume daily more often dairy products, vegetables and fruits. The dietary changes are part of a larger picture of biological, psychological and social changes produced by the oncological diagnosis. The article is a contribution to the complex research on patients with breast cancer, a disease with growing incidence around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La gastro-entérite à éosinophiles est une maladie peu fréquente du tube digestif, probablement sous-évaluée. Elle est la conséquence d'une infiltration de la paroi du tube digestif par des polynucléaires éosinophiles. Elle rassemble l'ensemble des infiltrations pathologiques à éosinophiles du tube digestif à l'exception de l'atteinte isolée de l'œsophage qui est considéré comme une entité indépendante. Son origine est à l'heure actuelle méconnue. Il n'est noté un terrain atopique personnel ou familial que chez moins de la moitié des patients. La symptomatologie clinique, très variable et aspécifique, dépendra de la couche histologique atteinte (muqueuse, musculeuse ou séreuse) et du segment digestif lésé. Le diagnostic en est complexe, reposant à la fois sur des signes évocateurs, sur l'élimination d'autres causes d'hyperéosinophilie digestive notamment parasitaire, et sur une atteinte histologique certaine. La démarche diagnostique repose donc essentiellement sur des examens endoscopiques. L'évolution est variable, le plus souvent bénigne, mais pouvant aller d'une poussée isolée à une activité continue de la maladie. La corticothérapie par voie générale ou topique est le traitement de première intention en phase aiguë. L'éviction systématique de certains allergènes alimentaires, suivie de leur réintroduction progressive, reste actuellement discutée. Dans les formes réfractaires ou récidivantes, les antihistaminiques, les immunosuppresseurs et les nouvelles biothérapies peuvent être utilisés. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon disease of the digestive tract, probably underdiagnosed, due to the infiltration of the different intestinal layers by polymorphonuclear eosinophilic cells. It brings together esophageal, gastric, enteric and colic attacks. Isolated infiltration of the esophagus is considered as an independent disease called eosinophilic esophagitis. Personal or familial atopy is found in less than half of the patients. Its origin is currently unknown. The clinical history, very variable and nonspecific, will depend on the intestinal layer affected, whether it involves either the mucosa, the muscularis or the serosa. The affected digestive segment will also have an impact on the symptomatology. The diagnosis is complex, requiring digestive clinical signs or symptoms associated with histologically proved eosinophilic pathologic infiltration and the elimination of other causes of digestive hypereosinophilia, particularly parasitic infestation. The diagnostic strategy is therefore centered on endoscopic explorations. The course is variable, generally benign, which can range from an isolated flare to continuous active disease. Systemic or topical corticosteroid therapy remains the first-line treatment in the acute phase. The disease-modifying treatment is based on the elimination of food allergens and gradual reintroduction. In refractory or recurrent forms, antihistamines, immunosuppressants or new biologic treatments could be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West African dairy farmers are faced with constraints in feeding their cows during the dry season when rangelands are not rich enough in soft grass. This leads to a drop in the supply of local milk. To address this problem, farmers purchase expensive feedstuffs that they use sporadically. Some seem to cope by combining grazing, fodder and cattle feed. However, these strategies remain poorly known. This study aimed at characterizing dry season feeding practices of dairy cows in extensive farms in the South Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso in order to identify and promote innovative and economically viable feeding strategies. A household survey was conducted among 134 farmers supplying dairy processors in the cities of Banfora and Bobo-Dioulasso, in western Burkina Faso. The interviews aimed at characterizing the feeding practices of dairy cows during the dry season. The study presents a typology of dairy cows feeding systems, highlighting a technically and economically promising feeding system, however practiced only by few farmers. In this system, the dairy cows receive good quality fodder in sufficient quantity (3360 ± 1424 kg dry matter/cow/year) and moderate quantities of feed concentrates (253 ± 244 kg gross weight/cow/year) during the dry season, in addition to a reasonable duration of grazing (9 h/d). This practice maintains milk production and provides a steady income to the farmer. It appears therefore appropriate to support the co-design of feeding systems integrating forage crops, grazing and moderate use of concentrate feed. The improvement of dairy cow diet appears to be mainly motivated by the organization of the collection and the incentives offered to farmers. In order to amplify the dynamics of agro-ecological intensification of milk production, and in particular this type of dairy cows feeding system, upstream operators of the local dairy value chain could develop an economic model that creates more incentives for the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Much of the research in obesity has explored the role of social networks in promoting health through social influence and selection. However, little research has examined how social networks themselves could condition health behaviours. Research began to address more detailed questions regarding peer socialization process and network properties. One of the key questions is whether behaviour association (either peer socialization or selection) is dependent on the local network structure. Examining social network position, structure, and how they interact with behaviour provide valuable insight on how to modify these behaviours. The objective of the study was to examine the moderating role of friendship network properties on the association between individual’s and friends’ weight-related behaviours among adolescents. Materials and methods. Methods are drawn from a set of analytical tools known as ‘Social Network Analysis’, which uses friendship nomination data from a complete network (socio-metric), along with reported data on diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep deprivation. Results. A total of 673 adolescents aged between 11-15 years, from four schools in Kingdom of Bahrain, participated in this study. Findings from binary logistic regression models suggest that there are associations between adolescents and their friends’ in multiple weight-related behaviours. There is also evidence for the moderating role of some network properties on these associations. Conclusion. Properties of friendship network are critical in conditioning associations between individuals and their friends’ weight-related behaviours. However, findings are gender specific, which has implications for gender-tailored interventions.

In order to determine the feeding preferences of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes 1844)fryin the nursery ponds of the Deroua station (Fkih ben Saleh, Morocco) and to understand their evolution according to the size, a study was carried out between April and June 2014 on 81 specimensdivided into three size classes (1: 0.7 to 0.8 cm; 2: 0.81 to2.2 cm and 3: 2.3 to 3.9 cm). These size classes were chosen to study the effect of size on the diet of this species.The results showed that fry found in class 1 (0.7-0.8 cm) feed particularly on Chlorococcales (Chlorophyceae) such as Scenedesmus protuberans, Coelastrum microporum var. Microporum, Scenedesmus smithiiand Scenedesmus serratus, subsequently Class 2 individuals (0.81 to 2.2 cm) preferentially consume Copepod and insect larvae. Individuals in class 3 consume mainly Spirogyra variansand Spirogyra majuscula.It is clearly significant that beyond the size of 2.3 cm (after 4weeks), the diet of grass carpbecomes exclusively herbivorous. Thus size > 2.3 cm can be considered as the suitablesize for stocking water bodiesto fight against macrphytes.

Today's society, with its fast pace and growing stress, leads to a complex motivation for the modern person's need for exercise. For the middle age adults (50-60 years old), the stimulation of their metabolism through physical effort has become a habit imposed also by changes in their lifestyle. This paper started from the hypothesis stating that the systematic practice of physical exercise under the form of fast pace walking, doubled by an adequate diet can contribute to one's weight loss and improve one's health, especially their blood pressure. This research represents a case study conducted on a over 50 years old male, former professional athlete. The experiment was based on two independent variables: nutritional and motor, with initial and final measurements. The final blood test results emphasize the beneficial role played by exercise and a balanced diet in regulating the human body. Basically, there was a shift from a pathological level to an almost normal state of health. The motor analysis shows that the optimal markers of energy consumption are, besides distance, the average pace and speed; thus, the authors are able to say that the exercise performed by the subject while fatigued did not have any effect on his body mass loss.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and altered microarchitecture, exposing to bone fragility and an increased risk of fracture. Several therapeutic modalities can effectively reduce the risk of fractures both vertebral and non-vertebral. While a significant part of bone strength and structure is genetically determined, it should be recalled that the environment also plays a significant role in these parameters and the risk of fracture, thus offering preventive opportunities thanks to lifestyle. In this article, we review the common misconceptions and myths about the influence of diet and physical activity on bone mineral density and fracture risk.

Preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health objective. CKD leads to significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with a negative impact on quality of life and significant societal repercussions. Several drugs are effective in preventing and curbing CKD, including blockers of the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system and inhibitors of the SGLT2 co-transporter. New molecules are currently in clinical trials focusing on the nephro-protection, such as non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and GPL-1 receptor agonists. In addition to this drug arsenal, CKD prevention also relies on non-pharmacological optimization of hygienic-dietary measures, including smoking avoidance, physical activity and dietetics. The aim of this article is to detail this non-medicinal approach to the prevention and slow down of CKD.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The world's population will reach around 10 billion by 2050, and our global food demand is expected to increase by 60-110% by then. The current trend in food consumption which favors global greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector is expected to increase by 32% by 2050. The EAT Lancet Commission has published a quantitative reference guide intended to help policy makers to achieve successful food transformation for a wider healthy audience and a sustainable planet. This diet is rich in fruits and vegetables, with protein and fat mainly from plant-based foods, unsaturated oils from fish, and carbohydrates from whole grains. More than 2000 years ago, the five-grain diet, first mentioned in Huangdi neijing, provided relevant and practical proposals on diet that were perfectly consistent with the framework of the EAT-Lancet guide. These traditional Chinese eating patterns, recommended for different food groups, can be easily adapted geographically and culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Antik Yunan’da ortaya çıkan felsefe, MÖ 4. yüzyıldan MÖ 1. yüzyıla kadarki süreçte pek çok değişime uğrayarak gelişimini devam ettirmiştir. Felsefe, doğadan insana geçerek ilk değişimini, Platon ve Aristoteles tarafından felsefenin genel çerçevesinin çizildiği sistematik dönemle de ikinci değişimini gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu süreçte çizilen genel çerçevenin felsefenin yanında tıp alanını da etkilediği ve bu etkinin MÖ 1. yüzyılda açıkça ortaya çıktığı görülür. Bu çalışma, söz konusu dönemde filozof olduğu kadar hekim unvanıyla da tanınan Athenaeus’un ruh/beden düalizminde hangi düşünce okullarını benimsediğini ve ne tür kaynaklardan beslenerek mesleğini icra ettiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Buna göre Athenaeus’un felsefesini Platon ve Stoacı görüşlerden hareketle açıklamanın o dönemin önemli bir tartışma zeminini oluşturan ruh/beden ilişkisini daha anlaşılır kılacağı ifade edilebilir. Nitekim Roma İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluş döneminde hekimler, fizyolojik ve zihinsel olduğu farz edilen pek çok hastalığı psikolojik tedavilerle gidermeye çalışmışlardır. Ayrıca bu anlayış, bedensel hastalıkların ruhsal durumlarla ilişkili olduğunu göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Hekimlerin psikolojik rahatsızlığı bulunan hastaları dikkat dağıtıcı egzersizlerle iyileştirme çabaları, böyle bir düşüncenin sonucu olarak okunabilir.

Archaeological human remains (mainly teeth and bones) allow getting numerous information about diet thanks to macro-microscopic scale studies (health, wear, microremains) and chemical analyses (original chemical elements of preserved hard tissues). If the differentiation between aquatic versus terrestrial-based diet is possible at the individual level, to recognize the consumption of food resources specifically coming from the foreshore is extremely challenging and requires a favourable archaeological context. Among the bioarchaeological studies available nowadays, the exploitation of intertidal zone for subsistence is proposed only by body of evidences (eg. site location, palaeoenvironmental studies, preservation conditions of teeth and bones). The improvement of methodologies and past/modern biochemical databases will probably provide in the future further accurate information from human remains.

Laboratory animal models are an important part of test design. Certain conditions such as microbial contamination in diets of these models could affect the results of experiments. One of the most important routes that predispose to contamination is generated through feeding of laboratory animals. This study aimed to show the effect of gamma irradiation in reducing bacteria concentrations, crude nutrient content, and concentrations of some minerals and trace elements in laboratory animal diets. Large-sized pellets with 10–15 mm diameter (commonly used for rats and hamsters) and small-sized pellets with 3–5 mm diameter (used for rabbits and guinea pigs) along with skimmed milk powder (SMP) as a food additive were exposed to gamma irradiation with different doses ranging from 3 to 30 kGy. The total microbial contamination and any possible changes in some mineral nutrient composition and the crude nutrient content were determined pre- and post-irradiation. Our data revealed that 25 kGy in pelleted diets and 18 kGy in SKM had superior effects in the reduction of bacterial contamination with little change in crude nutrient content and minerals and trace elements in nutrient requirements of laboratory animals. According to the results, gamma irradiation had minimal effects on crude nutrient content and the concentrations of some minerals and trace elements of laboratory animal diets, and it also eliminated bacterial and fungal contamination load. By using gamma irradiation, this method could yield a favorable outcome in controlling microbial contamination of animal diets.

For the past fifteen years, two innovations featuring bio-medical and techno-scientific components have entered the food sector: nutri-genetic testing and meat in vitro. This article focuses on the promises which accompany them. To grasp and understand them, the authors have focussed on their introduction in the public sphere, the identity of their developers and the social issues raised. The cross-analysis of these promises leads to critical examination concerning the ‘empowerment’ of the two most meaningful normative injunctions in the dietary sphere: improving one’s health and protecting the environment. While these innovations foster the capacity of people to guide their diets, at the same time they reinforce a dependency on technology and those who possess it.

Résumé: Pour améliorer la prévention des cancers, la nutrition dans son ensemble (alimentation, consommation d'alcool, activité physique, surpoids/obésité) est un des facteurs essentiels sur lesquels il est possible d'agir. Les médias diffusent régulièrement des messages sur le sujet, parfois erronés, et la littérature scientifique regorge de données, parfois contradictoires. Des expertises collectives nationales (Institut National du Cancer et Réseau National Nutrition Cancer) et internationales (World Cancer Research Fund et Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer) permettent de faire régulièrement le point des avancées scientifiques en respectant une méthodologie rigoureuse et élaborer des recommandations basées sur des niveaux suffisants de preuve scientifique. Dans le cas du cancer colorectal, plusieurs facteurs nutritionnels ont ainsi été identifiés comme associés au risque de survenue de ce cancer avec un niveau de preuve « convaincant » ou « probable » : le surpoids et l'obésité, les boissons alcoolisées, la consommation de viandes rouges ou de viandes transformées. À l'inverse, certains facteurs auraient un rôle protecteur : l'activité physique, les aliments riches en fibres et les produits laitiers. Des données scientifiques probantes manquent encore pour confirmer le rôle d'autres facteurs. Suivre les recommandations émises par le Haut Conseil de la Santé Publique et l'Institut National du Cancer pourrait permettre de diminuer le développement de plus de la moitié des cancers colorectaux. Diffuser ces messages auprès des professionnels de Santé et de la population est donc essentiel. In order to improve cancer prevention, nutrition (including: diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body fatness) is one of the key factors that can be modified. The media regularly broadcast messages on the topic, sometimes erroneous and the scientific literature is full of data, but sometimes contradictory also. National and international collective expertises regularly review scientific advances using a rigorous methodology to enable recommendations to be made based on sufficient levels of scientific evidence. In the case of colorectal cancer, several nutritional factors have been identified as associated with the risk of developing this cancer with a level of evidence defined as "probable" or "convincing": overweight and obesity, consumption of red and of processed meats, alcoholic beverages. On the other hand, some factors would have a protective role: physical activity, foods containing fibre and dairy products. There is still a lack of scientific evidence to confirm the role of other factors. To follow the recommendations of the French High Council of Public Health and the French National Cancer Institute could reduce the development of more than half of colorectal cancers. Spreading these messages to health professionals and to the public is therefore essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: There is an existing variability in eating patterns between adolescents and children. Consequently, with the adoption of westernised way of life, this translates to a change in eating habits and food choices. This study was designed to investigate the dietary patterns and nutritional status of the female adolescents in Amai Secondary Commercial School, Delta State, Nigeria. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted among 201 adolescent female students (12-18 years) using simple random sampling techniques. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain the information while anthropometric measurement was carried out to obtain the height and weight of the respondents. Data generated were analysed using SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: majority of the respondents 129 (64.20%) were between the ages of 16-18 years. Measurement of nutritional status confirmed that 46.80% and 31.80% of the respondents were underweight and healthy weight respectively. In addition, the dietary pattern of the respondents demonstrated that they consumed proteinous, carbohydrate, and snacks occasionally. Factors that motivated respondents for good food choices include; nutritional status 71 (35.30%), taste 54 (26.90%), and popularity 15 (7.50%). CONCLUSION: under nutrition remains a challenge among rural adolescent girls in Amai community. Therefore sustained strategic nutritional campaigns should be carried out among female adolescents in Amai community in order to improve their nutritional status.

We develop some aspects of the sharing food, said sharing the salt ; then we evoke the revival of an old institution, among the maghrebian societies : the collective purchase and the sharing of the meat, among those societies, a part of them migrated to Europe yet during the colonization. The returning to the country and the familial reunions revived that institution called by the Kabyls thimecherêt

Competing Interests: Les auteurs déclarent n’avoir aucun conflit d’intérêts.

The body image, defined as an individual's 'inner vision' of himself, stems from the combination of multiple factors. The body dissatisfaction, which represents its negative version, is associated with eating disorders, a sedentary lifestyle and weight gain. Several patients suffering from obesity consider weight loss as a strategy to work on their body image. Multiples studies confirm a positive association between weight loss and improved body images. Nevertheless, few elements seem to predispose to body dissatisfaction persistence, such as a history of strict diets, eating disorders or other psychopathologies. To treat body dissatisfaction, we need to focus our attention on self-esteem, a balanced lifestyle, and media education., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

Copyright of Algerian Journal of Environmental Science & Technology is the property of Algerian Journal of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo presenta un análisis holístico de los restos dentales pertenecientes a tres individuos infantiles del yacimiento de la Edad del Bronce de la Cueva de Valdavara (Becerréa, Lugo), mediante diferentes aproximaciones metodológicas, como es el microdesgaste dental, el estudio anatómico externo e interno, y el análisis de patologías. El objetivo de este estudio es obtener una visión más completa de los factores bioculturales (salud oral, dieta, procesamiento del alimento…) que afectaron a la vida de estos individuos. Los resultados muestran una buena salud oral en los tres individuos, siendo destacable la presencia de agenesia dental en el individuo III identificada mediante el análisis con tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT). Finalmente, los patrones del microdesgaste dental en la superficie bucal revelan una alta abrasividad de los alimentos consumidos, posiblemente por un escaso procesamiento previo de los mismos. _____________________________________________ This article presents a holistic analysis of the dental remains belonging to three children from the Bronze Age site of Valdavara Cave (Becerréa, Lugo), through different methodological approaches, such as dental microwear, external and internal anatomical study, and the analysis of pathologies. The aim of this study is to obtain a comprehensive perspective of the biocultural factors (oral health, diet, food processing...) that affected the life of these individuals. The results show a good oral health in the three individuals, being remarkable the presence of dental agenesis on the individual III, identified by the analysis with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Finally, dental microwear patterns on the buccal surface reveal a high abrasiveness of the diet, possibly due to a scarce processing of the food.

Background: Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 1-10% of the general population. Malassezia yeasts, immune response and emotional stress have been implicated in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis. However, the effect of diet on development of seborrheic dermatitis is still controversial. This study investigates the differences in the frequency of consumption of foods and food groups between patients with seborrheic dermatitis and healthy individuals. Material and Methods: Fifty-one patients with seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp (28 female, 23 male) and 50 healthy individuals within the control group (30 female, 20 male) have been included in this study. The mean age of the patients and control group were 30.6±11.4 years and 32.7±10.7 years, respectively (p=0.35). Dietary habits were evaluated by a questionnaire which includes frequency of intake of meat, processed meat, chicken, fish, egg, legume, milk, dairy products, fruit, vegetable, bread, tea, coffee, coke, fast food, sugar, pasta, rice, chocolate, cake, cookie and pie. The questionnaire included options like every day, 3-5 times a week, 1-2 times a week, twice a month, once a month and none. Results: The frequency of intake of foods in the questionnaire was simlar between patients and healthy individuals except for vegetables. Vegetable consumption was significantly more common among patients than healthy individuals (p=0.04). Conclusions: The results showed that dietary habits were not associated with increased risk of seborrheic dermatitis.

Relationship Diet-sexual Maturity Stage in Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis, Minnaeus 1758) Landing at the Abidjan Fishing Port in Côte d'Ivoire. A study on the variability of the diet according to the state of sexual development was carried out in order to highlight the relationship that might exist. Thus, a sample of 170 skipjack tuna from the commercial catches of the fishing port of Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire, was collected during the year 2016. After measurements, the gonads were taken out for the observations of the stages and the stomach content was analyzed in order to determine the diet. The relative importance index (RII) combining different percentages was used to classify the prey according to the preferences of the different stages. Out of the total of 170 individuals, 85 were females, 76 were males and 9 were undetermined. The items found in the stomach of Katsuwonus pelamis were Trichuridae, Moronidae, Scombridae, Clupeidae and Crustacea. Females of stage I had as preferential prey the Clupeidae and those of stage IIthe Trichuridae. However, in stages IV and V, they had respectively as preferential prey Trichuridae and Moronidae. For the males, the preferred prey of Stage I and Stage IV were Trichuridae. For the Stage II and III the preferential prey were Trichuridae and Scombridae.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Spouses of heart failure patients play a major role in the daily implementation of dietary measures. Although professionals rely heavily on them, the difficulties they encounter and their needs in this particular context are unknown. Objectives: Analyze the experience of wives, identify their difficulties and educational needs in the daily application of dietary recommendations. Methods: Qualitative descriptive survey including ten wives. A global assessment of their experience was first carried out, the verbatims were then analyzed and categorized. The difficulties, gaps and needs expressed were then classified into four themes: relational, emotional, cognitive and physical. Results: Although the experience was mostly positive, many relational and emotional difficulties were expressed. Discussion and conclusion: The educational needs of wives in the application of dietary recommendations are essentially relational and emotional. It suggests that the educational interventions should target the verbalization of emotions, interactions with spouse, peers and caregivers. Support should be provided throughout the illness and educational interventions should be focused on the couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]