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Copyright of Annales Françaises de Médecine d'Urgence is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on how dictionary is a universe in alphabetical order. It mentions work of the lexicographer is constantly shifting between freedoms and constraints to be located in order to avoid being trapped by them. It also mentions search of the secret of words, to free them from their prison and thaws them out, to open up their meaning and power.

This commentary deals with customary early marriages as practiced by some Romani communities in Bulgaria, and the ways in which they are represented in judgments issued by the criminal courts. It traces the legal routes by which this practice is prosecuted, explores who typically faces charges under the relevant criminal texts, and provides examples from case law. The main aims of the text are to demonstrate the value of court records as sources for ethnographic enquiry, to offer examples of the application of these sources to projects of interest to (legal) anthropology, and to encourage their use by both social scientists and lawyers.

From a green criminological perspective, this study examined the dynamics of foreigners and local actors in Nigeria’s forests belts, specifically with regards to deforestation and criminality in agrarian communities. It also highlighted the security lapses and manoeuvring strategies of suspects and arrested foreigners held in custody in the Nigerian Criminal Justice System for violating forest laws. Data collected for the study was basically qualitative, among fifty-five (55) respondents in selected forest belts connecting South and Western Nigeria. It was discovered that a strong network of syndicates (often foreigners with local accomplices) capitalized on the prevailing economic recession and on the high level of unemployment in the country to lure young able-bodied men and women into environmental crime for survival. This is evidenced by the indiscriminate lumbering of precious economic trees that are not fully matured by law for exportation to the international market. These activities have often overwhelmed security personnel, while few foreigners caught; often find their ways out of the Nigerian criminal justice system. The study concluded that there is the urgent need for security operatives to intensify their searchlights on illegal activities of foreigners and local collaborators in the Nigerian forest belts to curtail green crime.

The article analyzes the decisions of the organizations of the federal justice system in Brazil in charge of the cases concerning the international trafficking in persons. The research is an exploratory descriptive, quantitative and qualitative research of data. We analyze the inter-organizational relations and the basic assumptions of the decision making of the criminal justice system. The problem that we focus on answering is: how is the prosecution in criminal proceedings for international trafficking in persons implemented? The research is oriented by the organizational approach of the systemic theory and by the analysis of the network of governance for the fighting of trafficking in persons and it also involved the direct contact with the federal authorities that acted in the conduction of the investigations and criminal processes.

This article examines the behaviour of the variable “victim’s declaration” in the police and the court in criminal proceedings for gender violence, problematizing the results from a sociological and gender perspective. From a quantitative methodology, the analysis of the procedures initiated during 2017 in the Pamplona judicial district allows us to identify frequencies and statistically significant relationships of this variable with others. The importance of the victim is verified so that the process reaches trial phase. It constitutes an empirical contribution to the theoretical and dogmatic works that analyse the criminal justice system from a gender perspective. It contributes to the legal and social debate on the need for the victim's declaration to obtain effective judicial protection, identifying the rationale behind this demand. The ambivalence of the system that requires a moral consensus around the victim to obtain legitimacy is appreciated.

Cet article se propose d’étudier les enjeux soulevés par les inégalités ethnoraciales face au système de justice pénale dans un contexte démocratique, à partir d’une analyse en deux étapes. Nous esquissons d’abord un portrait de ces inégalités au Canada. Nous mettons ensuite en lumière les conséquences de ces inégalités et, notamment, les manières dont elles contreviennent aux principes structurants de la démocratie libérale. Nous concluons en examinant des pistes de solution identifiées dans la littérature sur le sujet pour contrer ces inégalités et, par extension, pour remédier à la perte de confiance qu’elles peuvent provoquer à l’égard du système de justice pénale et, plus largement, de la société dans laquelle les personnes et les communautés concernées vivent.

This article tries to examine the core of the problem, on how legal certainty is implemented in criminal case settlement through the principle of restorative justice. This research is doctrinal legal research that uses a legal approach in addition to a conceptual approach. Meanwhile, the analysis is carried out through qualitative analysis and grammatical interpretation, as well as systematic interpretation. The systematic interpretation is carried out by interpreting laws and regulations as part of the overall system of laws and regulations by connecting them with other laws logically and systematically. This article ends with a suggestion that there is a need for uniformity in regulations regarding the settlement of criminal cases through restorative justice so that it can provide legal certainty to victims and also perpetrators of criminal acts whose cases are resolved through restorative justice.

The article deals with the contours of the criminal law of “treatment” based on the medical-psychiatric discourse, seeking to analyze the consequences of the (criminal) reaction to the “dangerous” and potentially criminal subject, as well as the inheritance of this dangerousness in the Brazilian Criminal Justice System. In this way, it problematizes the penal-psychiatric state that comes to connect the notion of “disease” and “danger” as justification for denial and annihilation of the human being.

Copyright of Revue Generale de Droit is the property of Universite d'Ottawa, Section de Droit Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Generale de Droit is the property of Universite d'Ottawa, Section de Droit Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper outlines the key elements of research that was carried out between 2010 and 2011 at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge by Hales and Gelsthorpe (2012) on the Criminalisation of Migrant Women in terms of goals, research methods, key findings and resultant policy and practice implications. It then goes on to document developments in the UK since publication of the findings and conclusions that we can draw from these in terms of meeting the challenges of combatting human trafficking. Este artículo traza los elementos claves -objetivos, métodos de investigación, hallazgos principales e implicaciones resultantes sobre políticas y prácticas- de la investigación Criminalisation of Migrant Women (criminalización de mujeres migrantes) que realizaron Hales y Gelsthorpe (2012) entre 2010 y 2011 en el Instituto de Criminología de la Universidad de Cambridge. Después, documenta los avances en el Reino Unido desde la publicación de los hallazgos, y las conclusiones que podemos extraer de aquellos en términos de superación de los desafíos que plantea la lucha contra la trata de personas. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0924

Copyright of Insāniyāt / Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales is the property of Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle (CRASC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published research into prison conditions has served as a prism for examining judicial procedures and denouncing miscarriages of justice. This present study will shine new light on the phase leading up to the judicial process, namely the creation and application of criminal policy by the courts. The French context appears particularly relevant for gauging how just the justice system is Though equity has been established by the French Republic as a principle and tenet of its Constitution and thus as a norm of universal justice, in practice, it falls short from being a maxim that prevails over penal repression. Dysfunction in judicial institutions is found to vary according to area, with French courts condemning the same offense more heavily in the most disadvantaged regions. Conciliating critical and quantitative approaches in the vein of Critical Quantitative Geographies, this article provides substantiated evidence of the failure of French institutions revealed in short, to be authors of geographical injustice. The inadequacy of the distribution of means to contend with the constant flow of crime, drives the system to surreptitiously break with the proclaimed standard of distributive justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the criminal process of child sexual abuse (CSA) cases in the province of Québec remains limited. In order to better determine the variables linked to the investigators' decision to substantiate the complaint and the district attorney's to authorize its proceeding in court, characteristics of the child, sexual abuse, shared custody, disclosure context, available evidence and investigative interviews were collected from 169 CSA police files and interview transcripts. Results from the logistic regressions show some common predictors at both professionals' levels in their decision to accept the file: the child's age and the suspect's corroboration. At the investigators' level, additional predictors were significant in finding the case substantiated: an accidental disclosure, the choice of the first person who received the disclosure and the frequency of the abuse. At the district attorneys' level, additional significant predictors were the protection offered by the mother following her child's disclosure, the use of a non-suggestive interview protocol and the corroboration of the witness. These results underline the importance of variables linked to the evidence's strength but also point to the interest of justice and complainant, such as the maternal protection, as predictors of court involvement in CSA cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ayelala is a popular deity in the western part of Nigeria. The deity is well known for its efficacy in punishing offenders of law and order when invoked. With 52 participants, this study investigated whether Ayelala should be incorporated into Nigeria Criminal Justice and political Systems. A total of 94% of the participants agreed in one form or the other that the deity is very efficient in punishing offenders of law and order when invoked. For its inclusion in Nigeria Criminal Justice System, 54% wanted it to be included and implemented. The study, therefore, recommended that survey should be conducted in Nigerian society on whether traditional criminal justice system like Ayelala should be included in the Modern Criminal Justice System or not. If the people so desired that it should be included, government should take steps towards the implementation of the decision of the people. Other recommendations are discussed in this paper.

Le but de cet article est de se focaliser sur l'image de la victime du crime et sur la perception que les étudiants universitaires ont de celle-ci. En particulier, je vais me concentrer sur l'opinion des étudiants à propos de la condition des victimes de crimes dans notre société. Afin de connaître les opinions les plus communes parmi les étudiants, je ferai référence à une recherche réalisée par le biais d'un questionnaire auprès d'un échantillon de 369 étudiants de l'Université de Bologne et j'examinerai quelques sujets, en particulier ceux concernant la définition de victime, les problèmes et les conséquences de la victimisation, les sentiments des étudiants envers la victime, leurs opinions à propos du traitement judiciaire réservé à la victime par rapport à celui réservé au coupable et, enfin, celles sur les centres d'aide aux victimes.AbstractThis article is about the victim of crime and the student’s perception of the victim. In particular, I will analyse the student’s opinion about the state, condition and support of the victims of crime.In order to gauge students opinion, I will present the research perfomed through a questionnaire, which was given to 369 students of the University of Bologna. In particular I will analyze the following items: the definition of the victim, the problems and consequences of the victimisation; the sentiment that the students feel towards the victim, the opinion that the students have about the judicial treatment of the victim as regard to the offender, and about the victim support.

In this article, we will follow the stream of criminal systems in Africa, under the prism of the theory of social systems by Niklas Luhmann. Increasing complexity raises contingency in social systems. Contingency and complexity transform our approach to criminal systems in West Africa. Complexity for Luhmann “is the set of all events (Ereignisse) possible” while contingency is what is “neither necessary nor impossible”. These two concepts are menaces to the maintenance of the systems. Thus, the post-colonial political and legal systems – vulnerable by the complexity and contingency – in the supervision of criminals systems will develop novel structural couplings.

Ayelala is a popular deity in the western part of Nigeria. The deity is well known for its efficacy in punishing offenders of law and order when invoked. With 52 participants, this study investigated whether Ayelala should be incorporated into Nigeria Criminal Justice and political Systems. A total of 94% of the participants agreed in one form or the other that the deity is very efficient in punishing offenders of law and order when invoked. For its inclusion in Nigeria Criminal Justice System, 54% wanted it to be included and implemented. The study, therefore, recommended that survey should be conducted in Nigerian society on whether traditional criminal justice system like Ayelala should be included in the Modern Criminal Justice System or not. If the people so desired that it should be included, government should take steps towards the implementation of the decision of the people. Other recommendations are discussed in this paper.

In this article, we will follow the stream of criminal systems in Africa, under the prism of Niklas Luhmann's theory of social systems. Increasing complexity raises contingency in social systems. Contingency and complexity transform our approach to criminal systems in West Africa. Complexity, for Luhmann, "is the set of all events (Ereignisse) possible" while contingency is what is "neither necessary nor impossible". These two concepts are menaces to the maintenance of the systems. Thus, post-colonial political and legal systems - vulnerable to complexity and contingency - framed within criminal systems will develop new structural couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores to what extent the color of men accused of rape influences decisions made within the criminal justice system. It follows the flow of people and paper through the system?s various arenas, including police departments, the Ministério Público, and criminal courts. Based on data produced by these bodies, it is concluded that black defendants are discriminated against and that race is a factor which breeds inequality in an accumulative fashion, right from the police stage of the process.

Copyright of Politix is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Societes Contemporaines is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The general objective of this paper was to investigate the relevance and efficiency of Yoruba gods in the administration of punishment and justices on crime commitment. Two Yoruba gods (Sango and Ogun) were principally chosen. Six hundred (600) participants were conveniently sampled from three localities from three geo-political states in the western part of Nigeria. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used in the description of the samples and frequency distribution tables were employed in the presentation of the data. The results show that Yoruba natives still fear and respect these gods. The gods are still relevant and efficient in the administration of punishment on crime commission. The Yoruba natives show preference for the non-conventional punishments of these gods to modern criminal justice systems. Finally, the paper recommends the opinion survey polls on the inclusion of the invocations of these gods in the criminal justice systems of Nigeria and the likely implementations of the invocations in official swearing in ceremony for political and public office holders and the administration of the invocations in Nigerian courts of law.

Academic literature about torture has addressed a wide range of questions. An important facet, however, has not yet received sufficient attention. Given that torture tends to occur in secrecy, how does the lack of information that is perceived to be objective and authoritative affect the societal response to allegations of torture and the social consequences of such allegations? In this article, the controversy about torture allegations in Spain is used to examine this issue and explore the insidious effects the uncertainty has on society. The Spanish state is unable to provide a generally accepted account in response to the continuous torture allegations from Basque prisoners accused of terrorism or street violence. Based on ethnographic research, this article describes how Spanish and Basque society can be divided in believers, non-believers and people who do not care about torture allegations. Because of the centrality of such allegations in many criminal cases, this division also polarizes public perceptions of the entire criminal justice system. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1838392

Copyright of Canadian Criminal Law Review is the property of Carswell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pouvoirs is the property of Editions du Seuil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sécurité Globale is the property of Editions ESKA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (University of Toronto Press) is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By laying the foundations of modern criminal law, Beccaria is fully in political and legal philosophy of Montesquieu as both advocate in the XVIIIth century to end arbitrariness and tyranny of the Ancien Regime, and particular, to abolish the death penalty and all the revenge that animated so far the law and criminal justice. In 1764, in fact, Beccaria forcefully demanded the legality of criminal law: criminal law written must be the cornerstone of criminal policy, safeguard the arbitrary and can put pressure on the population to retain commit offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses legal issues related to registration of sexual offenders under the Criminal Code and the Sex Offender Information Registration Act (SOIRA), Canada. It informs that such registration contains principles of natural justice, constitutional punishment, and general principles of sentencing. It provides information that the Act requires a change in constitutionality of registration of sex offenders in order to protect victims of sexual offenders.

The following paper deals with the special criminal court and the principles of the criminal justice. We compare the law of 1961 and 2011, which create these courts. In fact, we appreciate if these courts respect the general principles of the criminal justice in Cameroon. The aim is to have the whole knowledge as far as special criminal courts are concerned and to purpose the manner to improve the 2011 court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitional justice in Belgium after the First World War in the area of criminal justice (1918--1928). -- After the First World War, from 1918 until 1928, Belgium experienced a form of transitional justice, especially in the area of criminal justice. In order to meet demands for revenge fostered among the population against various individuals accused of high treason, the death penalty was reinstated for a number of political crimes, military tribunals were given powers to hear cases of offences against state security committed by civilians, and the judicial branch of Public Prosecutions (Ministère Public) was empowered to prosecute the same offences in connexion with the military prosecuting officers (auditeurs militaires). As a result, arbitrary arrests and detention occurred in several cases, the rights of the defence were curtailed, some criminal statutory provisions were allowed to be applied retrospectively, criminal law tended to be construed extensively, indictments were based on an arbitrary selection, and, although the law excluded forfeiture of private property and assets which had been acquired through dealings and collaboration with the enemy, that hurdle was circumvented by the procedural device of introducing the Belgian State as a private litigant in criminal proceedings (partie civile) in order to obtain compensation for the crimes committed by the defendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Réseaux (07517971) is the property of Editions La Decouverte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article approaches, from the criminal proceedings and crime's perspective, the arrangement of the technical and scientific findings and of the examinations in case of the investigation of offences set forth in art. 1396 of Law no. 8/1996 on the copyright and related rights. The main examined aspects are represented by certain prior specifications regarding the technical and scientific findings and the examinations, the procedure of performing the technical and scientific finding and of the examination, their probative value, as well as by certain theoretical and practical aspects regarding the arrangement of the examinations in case of investigating the offences set forth in art. 1396 of Law no. 8/1996. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: In the French law tradition, jurors and judges have to use their intimate conviction to judge not only the reality of the act, but also the intention of the author and his/her spirit. This article builds upon the logic and confrontation of elements of prosecution and defense; deriving along with other motifs from the necessary personnal implication of the magistrate in the construction of his or her judgement and continued support of it. However, adressing the process of intimate conviction from a psychoanalytic perspective exposes third level of conflict: one between mental cognitions; one between trust and distrust regarding one''s own representations, and another regarding one''s own affective tendencies, which have to keep away. Our objective is to study how the judges, subjectively, appropriate or not the conflict induced by legal texts on intimate conviction. Drawing on an analysis of interviews with judges about a rape case that occurred within a family, with no other element of proof than the weight of the testimony and the avowal of the victim, we extrapolate how the subjectivation of the criminal act is dependent upon the relationship judge had with his or her own capacity to withstand the psychic conflict it induces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Politix is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Politix is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The commission of sexual crimes repesents the exercise of a deeply retardate consciousness, a personality characterized by serious moral deficiencies and an extremely dangerous rampancy. Among the components of a retardate consciousness that generate such an antisocial conduct can be found most of the times the backwardness mentality, the unkindly, primitive and despicable conception which considers women an inferior being, an object of possession which man can abuse of using his physical strength. This criminological description completes the picture of the social danger that this crimes stand for and highlights the importance of the preventive and combating measures carried out by the police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pouvoirs is the property of Editions du Seuil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (University of Toronto Press) is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents research which focuses on the legal aspect of mental illness. Particular attention is given to the theories and opinion of psychiatric and psychological experts who contribute to the legal and criminal justice system in Canada. Topics discussed include the difficulties that Canadian courts face in enforcing laws and diagnosing mental illness, exoneration due to mental illness, and the Rabey judgment by the Supreme Court of Canada (Cour suprême du Canada).