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At the core of EU’s complex agenda stands the Cohesion Policy, which has been renewed for the following stage, namely 2021-2027. The new cohesion policy places great focus on the territorial sustainable development, particularly for cities, by introducing a supplementary objective titled “Europe closer to Citizens”. The present article offers an analysis of the main elements of this renewed agenda on sustainable development of the cities and the instruments to reinforce convergence of its implementation, across European local communities.

Le présent article est articulé autour de la problématique de la convergence du secteur bancaire congolais vers l’économie numérique. En appliquant les éléments du cadre théorique en la matière sur 4 banques commerciales retenues par procédé aléatoire parmi 15 en activité en République Démocratique du Congo, il ressort que le système bancaire congolais converge vers l’économie numérique au regard de l’indice de convergence 0.51 obtenu, ledit indice variant dans l’intervalle [0;1].

This paper investigates the effects of the employment rate on economic growth during the transition process. We start with the mainstream growth econometrics approach that controls for convergence and, in order to control for heterogeneity of countries in our sample, we control our estimates for transition-specific indicators such as initial conditions (pre-transition history), governance quality, privatisation methods as well as various indicators of institutional development. We use a wide range of model specifications using fixed effects as well as Bayesian averaging to address the problem of model uncertainty in 24 countries during the 1995-2019 period. Contrary to the neoclassical growth model assumptions, we find that the employment rate is one of the most important growth factors even after three decades. Results also indicate that convergence (initial level of development) robustly explains a part of cross-country growth rate differentials, while the effects of the initial conditions (pre-transition history) are robust, but fade out after the first decade. We do not find evidence that physical capital and population growth explain the growth in our sample.

New mathematical and numerical results are given for the coupling of the temperature equation of a fluid with radiative transfer: existence and uniqueness and a convergent monotone numerical scheme. The technique is shown to be feasible for studying the temperature of the Lake Leman heated by the sun and for studying the effects of greenhouse gases on earth’s atmosphere.

Dünya Bankası’nın kişi başına GSYH ülke sınıflandırmasına göre Türkiye 1955 yılından araştırmanın yapıldığı 2021’e kadar geçen dönemde orta gelirli ülkeler grubunda yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Türkiye ekonomisinin karşılaştığı durumun orta gelir tuzağı olup olmadığı Türkiye ve referans ülke olarak alınan ABD GSYH’lerinin 1960 – 2021 dönemindeki yıllık farklarına bir geleneksel ve üç farklı yapısal kırılmalı birim kök test uygulanmak suretiyle araştırılmıştır. Bir yapısal kırılmalı test dışındaki tüm birim kök sınamalarının bulguları serinin durağan olmadığını göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan Türkiye’nin kişi başına GSYH’sinin referans ülke ABD GSYH’sine oranı ilgili dönem için nispi eşik olarak belirlenen 0,08 – 0,36 aralığında kalmıştır. Bulgular Türkiye’nin orta gelir tuzağına takıldığına dair kesin kanıtlar sağlamamakla birlikte bu riskin söz konusu olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Daha sonra Türkiye ve ABD GSYH’leri yakınsaması ile ticari açıklık, imalat sanayi ürünleri ithalatı ve ihracatı, tarımsal ürünler ithalatı ve ihracatı, ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı, reel efektif döviz kuru arasındaki uzun ve kısa dönem ilişkiler 1990–2021 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanılmak suretiyle araştırılmıştır. Uygulanan ARDL sınır testinin bulguları ticari açıklık düzeyindeki artışların uzun dönemde Türkiye ile ABD kişi başına GSYH’lerinin yakınsamasına neden olduğunu göstermektedir. İmalat sanayi ürünleri ithalatının toplam GSYH içindeki payındaki artışlar hem uzun hem de kısa dönemde, tarımsal ürünler ithalatının payındaki artışlar ise uzun dönemde ıraksamaya yol açmaktadır.

Land in Ethiopia is held by the state and the people; while landholders guaranteed a lifetime ‘holding’ right (any right except sell and mortgage per se). Women have equal rights to men in the formal legal system, despite, in pastoral areas, women’s land rights are highly influenced by religious and customary systems: rights are meaningless unless they are socially recognized and effectively enforced. Studies on women’s land rights comparing between formal and customary land laws are rare. The aim of this paper is to understand what land rights women have under formal and customary legal systems in pastoral areas of Ethiopia, how these are implemented and what their impact is, and to make recommendations for their convergence. It focuses on two pastoral regions of Ethiopia: Afar and Oromia. The research revealed that there is a high disparity between the formal law and what the practice in one hand, and the customary and religious systems, and the formal state system. Afar society is patriarchal: women are still inferior to men in terms of use of and access to land. Customary and religious systems are applicable more than state laws. Women don’t resolve disputes except in certain exceptional circumstances, they involve indirect. They cannot inherit property either from their husband or families through the customary system. Land titling is conducted in the region by considering the rights of women which brings improvements. Women have started to obtain private holdings from the government in villagization areas: accounted for 24% of the total, despite several challenges. In Oromia pastoral areas, women have relatively equal rights: they have their own clear responsibilities according to custom. Transactions of matrimonial properties is not possible without the consent of the wife. In many places, women have their own private land, and they participate directly and indirectly in the management of communal lands. But there is discrimination for women as far as inheritance is concerned. Inheritance of land and dispute settlements are common problems of the two study areas. It is not an easy task to converge the formal and informal systems on women land rights. Replacing the customary system with the formal is not the solution. Legal pluralism may be an option and advantageous. The research recommends for promulgation of pastoral land administration laws acknowledging and incorporating customary and religious laws (one umbrella pastoral ‘code’ that bring together statutory, customary, and religious laws); awareness creation and legal empowerment of societies; certification of private holdings including photographs of both the husband and wife/wives; integration of the customary and religious systems into criminal law; a mobile free legal service; a thorough study to understand the pros and cons of polygamy for women and the society in general; and a process of cultural mapping and monitoring.

We present a (partial) historical summary of the mathematical analysis of finite difference and finite volume methods, paying special attention to the Lax–Richtmyer and Lax–Wendroff theorems. We then state a Lax–Wendroff consistency result for convection operators on staggered grids (often used in fluid flow simulations), which illustrates a recent generalization of the flux consistency notion designed to cope with general discrete functions.

The present paper is aimed at studying the artistic mind of the modern English writer John Fowles as the creator of the original worldview in its postmodern style. It has been specified that British artistic culture does not demonstrate neither the extremes, peculiar to the art of “transition” or “frontier” nor sharp denial of everything that seemed inviolable. Inclining towards realistic forms of the English classics, a lot of postmodern authors, including Fowles, prefer a synthesis of the old with the new. This applies both to postmodernism and all avant-garde and neo-avant-garde movements, aimed at fundamental changing of the general ideas about the beauty and ugliness. “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”, written by John Fowles, proposes such a postmodern synthesis in the context of the “playing with the past” thesis. In his novel, the author presents a special type of “new reality”, corresponding to the period of the profound changes inside the movement during the period starting from the end of the 19th century till the end of the 20th century. Instead of the typical for English literature “hero in search”, the novel under consideration demonstrates an existential type of a man. The above-mentioned hero, who is embodied in the images of Charles and Sarah, seeks his individual freedom and “corrects” his own destiny. It should be emphasized that gaining true freedom is possible only through overcoming various life and social obstacles associated with breaking class and social ties, as well as with great internal suffering. Fowles’s peculiar style of narration helps to reveal the main theme of the novel. The author uses postmodern irony, which is meta-irony, and pastiche. The method of “overlapping epochs” forms an original intertext whereby the semantic field of the novel increases. The literary significance of the outlined method is multifaceted: an elitist reader perceives text-subtext-intertext; a “mass” reader gets acquainted with the work at the level of an entertaining storyline. The author of the article also analyses a mythological component of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”. A mention should also be made that Fowles in the analysed work acts both as a creator and a destroyer of the socio-ethical and literary myth of the Victorian era. Of primary interest to the writer was the literary myth of the time of Queen Victoria, which in the minds of readers has long been romanticized and become a legend. Therefore, the article shows the connection of everything that happens according to the tradition of English romantic narration and the principles of reformation of characters and situations that no longer correspond to the romantic worldview. The ironic understanding of the gentleman’s code of honor and the object of his passion, the reduction of love conflicts and places of romantic meetings are illustrated by specific examples from the text of the novel. The present paper has also devoted considerable attention to the psychology of the protagonists as well as the problem of the plot and compositional unity of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”. It is proved that the development of the storyline of the novel is a polystructural and polysemantic phenomenon. If Sarah’s character combines the traditional features of both “woman with a secret” and “infernal woman”, then respect for Charles’s traditional aristocracy is being called into question: it is repeatedly mentioned that he did not receive a Cambridge diploma, that he is an amateur paleontologist, that he considers the possibility of getting married for money, and that there is a very strong element of carnal passion in his romantic relationship with Sarah. The article offers the author’s commentary on the compositional completion of the novel. It is argued that the trinity of the epilogue, first of all, explains the “world-chaos” antithesis. The formula of the dissipating world, according to the author of the article, was supposed to become the basis of the postmodernist text in the original version of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”.

The emergence of new languages out of languages in contact is a phenomenon that can be observed with a naked eye on the African terrain (see Abidjan French, Sango, Swahili for example). Relexification by borrowing of the lexicon of one of the languages in contact and nativization of the new vehicular language are processes of creolization which seem to have also presided over the emergence of Eastern Yiddish. In this contribution, we would like to reconstruct the glottogenesis of historically attested Indo-European languages by using the model of creolization that may be observed in the genesis of Creoles in the colonies of the Caribean Islands and the Indian Ocean. We will begin by examining some mechanisms of linguistic emergence which are deemed to have participated in the development of Creole languages during the European colonial expansion (16th-19th centuries). We will then consider an even older phase in the history of nativized hybrid languages by reconstructing analogous processes of grammaticalization induced by contact and relexification during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.The emergence of French Creole languages between the end of the 17th and 18th centuries provides a fine illustration of the interweaving of socio-economic and cultural factors and linguistic data. The origin of slaves in the French colonies of the Caribbean and Indian Ocean differs. A majority of speakers of Bantu languages were present in the early years of the founding of Martinique whereas Saint Domingue-Haiti was primarily populated by speakers of Gbe languages. In the Creoles of the Indian Ocean, the Bantu and Malagasy languages were strongly represented among the slave population. Thus, the languages brought into contact with varieties of French in the two colonial settings belonged to partly distinct linguistic types.Structural convergences between the languages in contact favored the emergence of new structures, different from their source languages. Convergence, conservation understood here as the maintenance and reanalysis of units and functions of substrate or superstrate languages, and hybridization conspired to produce new or partly new linguistic units and functions. Thus, the personal object pronouns of Reunionese Creole exhibit a remarkable analogy with the equivalent pronominal series in Malagasy, hence the idea that convergence could be at the inception of the Creole system. The successors of the preposition “avec” (with) in Seychellois Creole (and in Mauritian Creole) show the influence by convergence with the Bantu source languages. The absence of opposition between /s/ and /ʃ/ in all Indian Ocean French Creoles testifies to the role of Malagasy, where this phonemic distinction is unknown, in the development of Indian Ocean Creole systems. The organization of various dimensions of noun phrases in French Creole languages, including nominal agglutination, provides fine examples of convergence, conservation and hybridization.At an earlier phase in the history of hybrid nativized languages, it is possible to reconstruct analogous processes of grammaticalization induced by contact and relexification. The second half of the 3rd millennium BC saw the spread of late Indo-European (or perhaps already different dialects of late Indo-European) following an expansion which was accompanied by contacts with people speaking very different languages from Indo-European. From these contacts between the intrusive language of the invaders and the epichoric languages of the regions where Indo-European spread, new languages arose which are the historically attested Indo-European languages. Their structure bears the trace of the hybridization of their grammatical systems. As for the lexicon of these languages, the large proportion of words with an Indo-European root suggests that the emergence of historically attested Indo-European languages involved relexification processes that could be two-fold. On the one hand, epichoric substratic languages were partially or totally relexified by means of an Indo-European vocabulary that created totally new languages in their context of emergence. Thus, we can consider Armenian the product of the relexification of substratic Hurro-Urartian or more probably Proto-Kartvelian languages by means of a lexicon provided by Proto-Armenians, Indo-European-speaking people who came from the Balkans, gained a foothold in Asia Minor around 1200 and progressed towards the east until their installation in the Armenian high plateau around 590 BC. On the other hand, it is also conceivable that the various ramifications of late Indo-European were in part relexified by means of the vocabulary of the epichoric languages. This would explain the high proportion of words of non-Indo-European origin in most of the ancient Indo-European languages: Hittite; Sanskrit; Avestan; ancient Greek; Italic languages; Celtic languages; Germanic languages; Slavic languages; Baltic languages; Tocharian.This study carried out jointly by two Creolists and a specialist in historical and comparative grammar makes it possible to recall what is at stake in the notion of glottogenesis: not only an awareness of the fact that languages have a beginning, which may be more or less calculated, but also that these beginnings, far from being creations ex nihilo, result from new syntheses obtained from pre-existing languages. The dynamics perceptible to the naked eye in an African context (Nouchi ; Sango ; Lingala) allows us to reconstruct the processes of the emergence of Creoles in the context of European colonies founded overseas in the 17th and 18th centuries. In turn, the scenarios proposed to understand the genesis of Creoles make it possible to question the linearity of the lineage of historically attested Indo-European languages compared to the common stock of Proto-Indo-European. These languages, some of which were particularly called upon to reconstruct Proto-Indo-European (Hittite; Sanskrit; Ancient Greek; Lithuanian) would not be the direct extensions of the proto-language but rather innovative syntheses whose grammar and even vocabulary testify of the impact exerted by substratic languages.Traditional Indo-Europeanism viewed these underlying influences as marginal remnants. In our approach, inspired by the study of linguistic hybridizations of a more or less recent past, the part of the alloglot environment of endolectalized Indo-European languages is certainly much more than a slag resistant to analysis: it allows not only to take into account the emergence of the specific grammatical systems of the first attested Indo-European languages but also to understand that the lexicon inherited from the Proto-Indo-European strain is not a static heritage but rather the product of partial relexification of a non-Indo-European language using Indo-European vocabulary. The fact that the Indo-European languages never completely continue the reconstituted system of Proto-Indo-European even when they share, each in its own way, a common lexical reservoir, leads to consider these various Indo-European languages mixed creations whose latent structure is not necessarily Indo-European even though the morphemic and lexical signifiers undoubtedly continue the morphology and lexicon of Proto-Indo-European.

It is valuable to take note that the majority of financial reporting pundits are in agreement that the financial reporting system of a country depends on several factors that include the legal, economic, and cultural background; The development of tasks performed by accounting is persistently inspired by needs of practice. It is clear of that accounting schemes play an essential role in the market economy, particularly in face of globalization of capital markets, where increasing need for comparable, transparent financial statements for the companies. Rather, it is proposed to present information that is used in making reasoned options amongst alternative uses of limited resources in the conduct of business and economic activities. The present paper discusses the possibilities to improve the accounting policies and procedures in Jordan and other Middle East countries in accordance with commitment of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Throughout this study we used a qualitative approach, to outline an overview of the history of financial reporting and its evolution from the origin, to the growth and development of accounting systems by studying a considerable amount of bibliographic material, using different textbooks and journals on accounting theories but also public information presented by the accounting organisations and the government of the two analysed countries. Furthermore, the paper reviewed the achievements made in the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), in the Middle East countries, in Jordanian context and in the European Union, specifically the case of Romania. International financial reporting standard (IFRS) implementation in Jordan has departed through several transitional phases wile in our previous work we noticed that Romania can be considered a benchmark of high degree convergence to IFRS.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021 6(1), 141-154 | European Forum Insight of 14 May 2021 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Possible models of cooperation with the EU and their implications. - III. The mixed mode of cooperation: the adoption of the Global Human Rights Sanctions Regulations as the first instance of the UK independent sanction policy and examples of UK alignment to the EU. - IV. The incorporation of the EU acquis in the field of sanctions in the UK legal order at the end of the transition period: toward broad but not full convergence with EU sanctions. - V. An assessment of the UK model of cooperation with the EU in the area of restrictive measures: broad convergence. - VI. Concluding remarks. | (Abstract) This Insight examines how the UK has shaped its sanctions policy from the start of the transition period until the first three months following the UK's withdrawal from the EU. The objective of the Insight is to assess whether the UK has aligned with the EU restrictive measures based on art. 215 TFEU or has made political choices that significantly depart from those of the EU in the adoption of sanctions regimes. The following trends may be high-lighted. On the one hand, the UK has shaped its sanctions policy independently of the EU. In particular, the UK enacted a global human rights sanctions regime that presents differences from that of the EU and has on several occasions been applied independently of the EU in the practice. On the other hand, the UK has incorporated most of the EU sanctions acquis and has also aligned with the restrictive measures adopted by the EU in specific cases. Despite the presence of differences in the sanctions regimes of the EU and the UK, at the moment the policy choices of the two subjects of international law are similar. However, in the future, the divergence between the sanctions regimes applicable in the EU and UK legal orders may grow, for instance with respect to the designations of the addressees of restrictive measures.

CRISPR is currently viewed as the central tool for future gene therapy. Yet, many prominent scientists and bioethicists have expressed ethical concerns around CRISPR gene therapy. This paper provides a critical review of concerns about CRISPR gene therapy as expressed in the mainstream academic literature, paired with replies also generally found in that literature. The expressed concerns can be categorised into three types depending on whether they stress risk/benefit ratio, autonomy and informed consent, or concerns related to various aspects of justice. In the reviewed literature, we found no intrinsic objections to CRISPR gene therapy, even though many such objections were present in discussions of gene editing in the 1990s. The paper then proposes a brief outline for a practically applicable moral framework for public decision-making about CRISPR gene therapy and suggests how such a framework might be supported. We also suggest that this framework should govern public engagement about CRISPR gene therapy in order to reduce the risk that we make decisions about CRISPR gene therapy based on misperceptions, inflated views of risk, or unreasonable moral or religious views.

Going beyond the expected constraints of a monomedia seriality largely based on an expected return of the characters or the variation of a plot from the cinematographic pilot, the Disney + series are rooted in shared universes and therefore transfictional (Saint-Gelais, 2011) much broader by bringing together narrative information given on other media (video games, animation, comics, etc.) that they absorb and claim. The Mandalorian (2020) and WandaVision (2021) are no longer reduced to domestic exploitations of commercial success but as the exploration of intrigue more or less on the sidelines of an initial canon. Adopting short formats renewed by broadcasting in streaming channels, these two series opt for a strong narrative identity, even unprecedented in terms of production. Science fiction is being developed, questioned or more massively rewritten here from other popular genres (western, soap, family comedy, etc.). These series are therefore part of a process of renewal of the genre by upsetting serial standardization (unequal duration of episodes, varied tones, creation of new narrative arcs, etc.) and in turn pose themselves as laboratories of science fiction telecine to come. The analysis carried out here proposes to study first of all the construction of a fiction from the Star Wars franchise by Disney studios with regard to the historical participation of the fan community in the process of creativity before returning on the media convergence strategy involved in the realization of WandaVision.

Purpose / Research Significance: This chapter aims to discuss and analyse the role of Media in the promotion of various events and festivals using different tools of communication such as Newspaper, Local Television Channels and Online Websites, Social Media specifically. The study also offers practical and strategic advice for event planners, brand communicators, and destination marketer sin the major Asian tourism markets, such as India and its neighbours. Study Design/Methodology/Approach: The outcomes of the study were derived using aqualitative technique. The Prisma technique was used to examine prior literature. Prisma is a set of evidence-based reporting questions for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. There search takes a special review of social media plat forms available to promote an event online. Finding: The study’s findings provide insight for event/festival organizers and destination marketers interested in achieving success with destination marketing, branding, and promotion. Implications: The chapter suggests the challenges and opportunities lies in the promotion of an event / festival in the age of social media and making the best use of local media tools available.

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Economic growth is a frequently analyzed aspect, both from theoretical and empirical standpoint, under the impact of the influence factors, while the issue of economic growth was studied by applying different methods and obtaining different results. In the case of EU28, the problem of economic convergence has to take into consideration the fact that the Member States are heterogeneous in terms of development and rate of growth. In the present paper, by using Markov chains we have made, a forecast of the GDP per capita evolution for the economies of the EU28 members, starting from the known time horizon – 1997-2016 as to approach a forecast horizon – 2017-2028. The results obtained show that the convergence process will be a slow one in the case of some Member States, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe. The future economic dynamics will intensify growth divergences, especially in the case of the European periphery, which will suffer minor modifications; the states with the most significant gaps will remain Bulgaria and Romania.

The issue of convergence has been discussed in many theoretical and empirical studies. Because per capita electricity consumption is considered as an indication of economic development, this study aims to determine the presence of “absolute and conditional beta (β) convergence” of per capita total electricity consumption across the provinces of Turkey between 1986 and 2013. This work is the first investigation of electricity consumption convergence in Turkey. Based on the annual balanced panel data and the spatial panel data model, our findings indicate absolute β convergence of per capita electricity consumption across the provinces of Turkey. We conclude that regional policies are successful in reducing regional disparities in per capita electricity consumption among the provinces of Turkey. However, other indicators of economic development should be examined to determine the overall convergence.

Congruence and convergence are frequently mentioned to explain crosslinguistic phenomena, such as code alternations, borrowings etc., which arise when languages are in contact (Matras 2009). As a rule, these linguistic processes are generated by the coexistence of languages in the same area over a long period of time (hence the creation of sprachbünde), and by situations of language acquisition and bilingualism. These processes are fueled by the acquisition strategies developed by plurilingual speakers (Haspelmath 1998). Congruence and convergence are often used as synonyms to name the linguistic factors that shape the material (linguistic matter) and the modes of organization (patterns) of languages in contact (Matras 2009: 148), but sometimes these terms may refer to distinct linguistic processes. In this contribution, convergence and congruence are discussed in the light of the socio-historical and linguistic development of Creole languages. The meaning and use of these notions are examined through a discussion of the case of nominal agglutination (i.e. the reanalysis of the French Determiner + Noun sequences into new lexical units), presented by Baker (1984) as an example of transfer of a Bantu substratum in the development of Isle de France Creole (i.e. French Creoles from Mauritius, Rodrigues and Seychelles). Since Weinreich (1953) and Haugen (1956), language contacts are known to foster the emergence of diaphonemes and diamorphemes, that is linguistic units which span languages in contact and are perceived by bilingual speakers as identical. These interlingual phenomena bear both on linguistic materials and on modes of organization. The notion of conceptual change of Jarvis and Pavlenko (2008) describes the conditions that trigger these crosslinguistic effects. To pose that the appropriation of the dominant language of a colony by plurilingual subalterns is at the origin of creolization is to accept that the emergence of Creole languages follows a course where transfer, convergence and congruence between languages in contact, and other general learning processes are at play. The crystallization of these learner varieties is made possible because of the development of socialization among the slaves, and of the related sociolinguistic phenomenon of focussing (Lepage & Tabouret-Keller 1985). Gumperz and Wilson (1971) and Myers-Scotton (2002) define the socio-linguistic and cognitive dimensions of convergence while Baptista (2020) uses the notion of congruence to describe the same linguistic phenomena. For these researchers, convergence and congruence, are unitary processes that engender new combinations of units and functions in languages in contact. For other researchers (for instance, Olko, Borges and Sullivan 2018), convergence or congruence is the result of a sum of mechanisms of linguistic change, including grammaticalization, lexical and grammatical borrowing and reanalysis. In the present paper, convergence and congruence are defined as processes based on targeted linguistic transfer which, according to the dynamics of the languages in contact, give rise to reanalysis of the model languages, leading to the creation of new grammatical meanings in the replica languages. If the link is direct between congruence, convergence and reanalysis, i.e. the reinterpretation of the units and categories of the model language, it is indirect vis a vis grammaticalization (Hopper & Closs-Traugott 1993: 220). Convergence and congruence, like other processes, contribute to the development of grammaticalization in emerging languages. Nominal agglutination in French-related Creoles is of two types: a) a consonant is added to a French etymon beginning with an initial vowel; b) a syllable derived from the French determiner (mau. di, li etc.) agglutinates with the French lexical etymon to form new Creole lexemes, examples lera (rat) (from) < (fr. le rat), dizef (eggs) < (fr. de l’œuf), lizje (eyes) < (fr. les yeux) etc. According to Baker (1984), the massive presence of agglutinated nominal forms of the second type in the Creoles of Mauritius, Rodrigues and the Seychelles is due to the presence of Bantuphone slaves in Mauritius during the period of formation of the so-called Isle de France Creole (IdFC), i.e. between 1773 and 1810. Baker (1984: 111) sketches an acquisition scenario whereby the Bantuphone slaves, the majority of the inhabitants of Ile de France at that time, reanalyze the Determiner + Noun sequences of French into unique lexical items because of the transfer of their knowledge of Bantu class markers, leading to a case of isomorphic convergence (Baptista 2020). The paper attempts to show that factors other than convergence and congruence could be at play in the inception of nominal agglutination and more widely of creolization in French Creoles. In the light of the definitions of convergence and congruence proposed, the paper investigates the phenomenon of lexical reanalysis called nominal agglutination, keeping in mind that transfer presupposes the identification of similar sites in the target language and that any isomorphic convergence or any congruence implies that identities have been perceived between the languages in contact. The paper claims that nominal agglutination in French Creoles cannot be considered to constitute a strict case of convergence or congruence in spite of Baker (1984), Myers-Scotton (2002) and Baptista (2020)’s analyses. A cursory examination of the system of class markers in Bantu languages shows that the nominal morphology of these languages is different from that of French. The nominal classes of the Bantu languages and the French NP and its agreement specifiers are organized differently on the morphological and semantic levels. Of course, speakers of Bantu languages tend to be sensitive to prefixes in the model NP and tend to add augments to the substantival base of the model language in certain contexts. However, these arguments are not sufficient to prove that nominal agglutination in French-related Creoles a case of congruence or convergence. Nominal agglutination in French Creoles has been and is produced by multiple factors, from the conservation and the intra-systemic generalization of regional uses of French to possible partial transfers between the languages of the slave populations and colonial French during creolization. Understanding creolization as a case of acquisition of the dominant language of the colony by multilingual adults presupposes an understanding of the conditions that govern the mobilization of convergence or congruence and other linguistic and cognitive mechanisms of transfer, analogy, reanalysis, convergence and congruence. Sociohistorical factors are also to be taken into account in creolization because they shape the very nature of inter-linguistic contacts.

Tasahlit is a Northern Berber language spoken in the Babor Mountains, off the northeast coast of Algeria. It is spoken close to the linguistic area of Jijel Arabic: a Maghrebi Arabic variety considered to be “pre-Hilalian”, that is to say originated from the first wave of Arabization of North Africa (7th-9th century). Both of these languages belong to the Afro-Asian phylum (formerly Hamito-Semitic).This Berber-Arabic contact situation at the heart of Eastern Kabylia is the source of deep convergence in the two systems, at different linguistic levels. The morphosyntax of negation is one of the areas that are most affected by this contact in Tasahlit. The developments that we noted, more or less appropriable to convergence, by no means simplified the whole but rather caused a multiplication of forms and rules. Negation is one of the most studied morphosyntactic areas in both Berber languages and Maghrebi Arabic (Galand, 1994; Chaker & Caubet, 1996; Mettouchi, 1996, 2009; Lucas, 2007, 2013; Lafkioui & Brugnatelli, 2017, 2020), and it has often been discussed in relation to Berber-Arabic convergence (Brugnatelli, 2014; Lafkioui & Brugnatelli, 2020; Kahlouche, 2000; Mettouchi, 2012; Kossmann, 2013; Lucas, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2017; Souag, 2018). In this article, convergence is understood as a trans-linguistic change characterized by approximation between structures of different linguistic systems. This convergence is mainly observable in extensive contact situations (Thomason & Kaufman, 1988). The old and intense contact between Maghrebi Arabic and Berber is sometimes part of convergence dynamics, which vary in intensity from one contact area to another (Kossmann, 2013). Observable differences between Arabic-Berber contact situations provide us with valuable data about the diversity of their sociohistorical conditions (Souag, 2009).Negation presents a certain number of characteristics in Tasahlit: this language has the highest diversity of negation markers in Berber. Each of these varieties certifies the use of a series of preverbal and postverbal negators that are sometimes specific to a certain language. Among the latter, multiple borrowings from Arabic continue to be grammaticalized as markers which were added to the plurality of preexisting negation markers of Berber origin. Moreover, the syntax of negation in Berber presents variability in particular developments depending on the Berber language it concerns. Again, the different Tasahlit varieties show original results, marked by the erosion of the old system, more or less preserved.In the present work, we need to describe “neo-negators”, their origins through their grammaticalization path, as well as the changes that they cause on the morphosyntax of negation in Tasahlit Berber. This analysis is conducted by interrogating convergence between Northern Berber and Maghrebi Arabic. The Tasahlit Berber area (≈ 200,000 speakers) comprises close to fifteen varieties, most of which were never described. In March 2020, we investigated the issue of negation in Tasahlit through fieldwork, in addition to the data gathered since 2018 through multiple other fieldworks. During this investigation, we held some taped interviews with speakers originating from 9 Tasahlit-speaking confederations. The gathered data was then compared to that of other Berber languages, of Maghrebi Arabic, of Levantine Arabic, and of Classical Arabic.We have prepared the etymons of negation markers of Berber origin collected from the different varieties, along with two series of verbal negators grammaticalized through elements borrowed from Arabic: ṭḥu and xṭu. The first series comes from an original grammaticalization of the Arabic verb ʔaḍḥā “make/become in the morning (ḍuḥā)”.The second one is more predictable, since its value XṬ “lack” is already negative. We have shown that these grammaticalizations of words borrowed as modal/non-declarative verbal negation markers occurred through their use in emphatic or nominal and non-modal negation.These neo-negators cause or complement multiple morphosyntactic changes. These transformations result in forms that are closer to Arabic than to conservative Berber. This issue deserves to be studied from the perspective of convergence, even though most of the time internal motivations could be raised. We have noted that the use of neo-negators resulted in:- The reinforcement of the tendency to drop the negative perfect.- The erosion of the phenomenon of attraction of satellite verbs. - The emergence of the possibility of negatively flexing a statement in aorist + particle.- The reinforcement of verbal negation through one unique preverbal negator. Multiple noted phenomena correspond to simplifications of the system caused by an exhaustion of specific markings. In other Berber varieties, many syntactic evolutions caused by the use of neo-negators are known at different degrees, but their combination in Tasahlit constitutes a particularly original case. We believe that, in the event that these neo-negators totally replace their pan-berber correspondents, and in one that the syntactic erosions currently underway come to an end, one could speak about a typological shift of negation in Tasahlit Berber, marked by an approximation with data from Maghrebi Arabic.

This contribution aims at a better understanding of the emergence of creole languages by examining the role of convergence in the evolution of the perfect marker (f)in/’n in Mauritian and Seychelles Creoles. Section 1 gives a brief historical outline of the use of the notion of convergence in Romance and in Creole studies. After a short discussion of early work e. g. by Gumperz & Wilson (1971), it introduces the first precise definition of the notion given by Bollée (1982) in the context of Creole studies: according to her, convergence characterizes the phenomenon (…) that similar structures of two languages in contact meet and reinforce one another, or that a tendency observable in one language becomes grammaticalised through the influence of a structure existing in the other. (Bollée, 1982: 392, my translation) Building on Bollée’s findings, I will then present the approach proposed by Kriegel et al. (2019) which develops the notions of similarity and grammaticalization. Language learners might perceive similarities between linguistic codes where linguists might not see them at first sight. In other words, convergence is a function of speakers who rely on perceiving similarities. A perceived similarity is a conscious or unconscious judgment that a form, structure, meaning, function, or pattern that an L2 user has encountered in the input of the recipient language is similar to a corresponding feature of the source language. (Jarvis & Pavlenko, 2008: 179) As to the second important point in Bollée’s definition, Kriegel et al. (2019) propose an extended notion of grammaticalization, traditionally used in a monolingual frame (e.g. Lehmann, 1995) and consider it in the plurilingual ecologies creole languages use to evolve in (e.g. Bruyn, 2009; Heine & Kuteva, 2005; Kriegel, 2003). In section 2, I will distinguish convergence from other central notions used in contact linguistics and in Creole studies: first, convergence processes are often described in terms of borrowing, replication, or transfer. Instead of using this terminology, Kriegel et al. (2019) work with an elaborated version of Johanson’s (2002, 2005, 2008) notion of code copying. The term copy simply refers to the fact that a feature in code A is copied (entirely or partially) into code B, independently from the question of perceived similarity. In convergence, the copy takes place because the speakers (learners) perceive a similarity between a feature in code A and in code B. Second, I refer to congruence as a static notion opposed to convergence as a dynamic one. The paper will then present a case study (section 3): the perfect marker (f)in/’n in Mauritian and in Seychelles Creoles. Undoubtedly the “construction material” is French because it is possible to distinguish the French verbal periphrasis ‘finir de’. However, the grammaticalization of (f)in/’n in Mauritian and in Seychelles Creoles is very advanced because the marker belongs to the closed set of the core TMA markers. This is not the case in the French creoles of the Caribbean where the verbal periphrasis ‘finir de’ left its traces but did not reach an advanced degree of grammaticalization. Contrary to Kriegel et al. (2019), which studies a case of convergence (the body reflexive) by focusing on the continuity with the French dialects spoken by the colonizers, the present contribution deals with a case of convergence (the perfect marker (f)in/’n) by insisting on the crucial role of the languages spoken by the enslaved populations in the Indian Ocean. I will show that these languages have played an essential catalytic role in the grammaticalization of (f)in/’n. This interaction between the languages in contact is all the more noteworthy if we consider that they belong to very different language families: on the one hand we have Eastern Bantu languages, on the other Malagasy, an Austronesian language. Concerning the expression of the perfect (or completivity) speakers of Malagasy, then speakers of Eastern Bantu languages would have perceived similarities (Jarvis & Pavlenko, 2008) between their first language and the target language, the French variety on its way to becoming a Creole during the 18th century. As to the evolution of the marker (f)in/’n, I suggest speaking of a double convergence during the evolution from French to Mauritian Creole, a convergence with Malagasy and with the Eastern Bantu languages spoken by the slaves.

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Copyright of I2D: Information, Données & Documents is the property of ADBS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of I2D: Information, Données & Documents is the property of ADBS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Mathematics, Mechanics & Computer Science is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Stories and narrative represent meaningful communicative events, typical of human beings’ nature since everybody loves reading, telling, and listening to them. They may also constitute digital events, conveyed through virtual resources, and inserted in the convergence culture (Jenkins, 2006). Within this culture and responding to media expansion, there is transmedia, disseminating diverse but related contents, spread out through multiple media platforms, allowing meaning to converge from one to another. This context supports the transmedia storytelling concept: A transversal narrative process investigated by many researchers, but particularly by Jenkins (2006, 2011), Scolari (2013), and Gosciola (2014). This concept motivates the debate about transliteracy: a synchronized movement across, through and beyond contents and multiple media platforms. Considering this scenario, this article aims at presenting transmedia storytelling conceptually to exploit its potential to promote transliteracy. To reach this goal, transmedia storytelling concepts and features are discussed. After that, considerations are directed towards the transliteracy concept and implications. To conclude, remarks on the target relationship pointed out as the objective of the paper are addressed together with reflections upon the perception of transmedia storytelling and transliteracy as a concept and an area that are transdisciplinary, respectively.

In this preface I try to briefly illustrate the methodological perspective with which this special issue of Between Journal, edited by Hans-Joachim Backe, Massimo Fusillo and myself, analyses the intrinsic complexity of the concepts of inter-mediality, trans-mediality and cross-mediality. The aim of this research is to further extend the field under investigation interlinking directions and perspectives, methods and approaches, to understanding the hermeneutic dimension of inter-trans-cross-mediality. Concentrating on the complexity of the texts and present-day medial contents, we have tried to contemplate actual methodology, gathering together contributions from different sectors scholars (comparative literature, film, Tv and media studies, game studies, etc.), with particular attention to the innovations brought about by the ubiquity of digital technology and the osmosis between cultural institutions and productive processes.

Les résultats de recherche présentés dans cet article concernent la première phase d’un processus de création. Ils sont issus d’une démarche de théorisation empirique et inductive (la « grounded theory » de Glaser et Strauss, 1967; Strauss et Corbin, 1998). Ils proviennent de l’analyse de différentes collectes de données recueillies entre 2008 et 2015 auprès de personnes ayant participé à divers projets de création (comme élève, interprète, responsable de la mise en scène ou de la formation en art dramatique). Ces résultats soulèvent des dimensions implicites qui semblent avoir une incidence sur tout le processus : l’expérience ludique et symbolique. Les prendre en compte favoriserait une convergence des propositions de chaque personne impliquée. Dans cette première phase, les ajustements continuels entre chacun·e dépendent de la conscience de soi et du rapport de soi à l’autre. Ils cautionnent la potentielle fécondité du projet.

In the diegesis of Hardy’s novels, when movements converge to a centre, it means that we are approaching ‘the central place’, ‘the intimate exteriority or “extimacy”’ which Lacan calls the Thing (Lacan 2008, 171). It means that the subject (i.e. the character) is very close to reaching Das Ding, the only true object of his desire, ‘the absolute Other of the subject’ (Lacan 2008, 65). That may be said of all Hardy’s tragic novels: in Tess of the d’Urbervilles for instance, where Tess, lying on an altar stone at Stonehenge, soon to be surrounded by the police looking for her, is the very last picture that we have of her. We will focus on scenarios that show human destinies converging towards that central point, as well as on strategies used to revolve around the object of desire and keep it at a distance in Hardy’s non tragic novels, in Far from the Madding Crowd for instance. For it is only by going round the object that desire may be sustained and tragedy avoided—as illustrated by the archaic French word ‘quérir’, which refers to circa, detour (Lacan 2008, 71). We will show that Hardy’s écriture is not characterized by convergence but by divergence, by the dispersal of meaning into a multiplicity of possible interpretations. Unlike the ‘crushing, killing’ red letters painted by a religious fanatic which are ‘driven well home’ to Tess’s heart, Hardy’s poetic writing does not assign a unique place to its reader, who is not subjected to the tyranny of a centre. It encourages her/him to look awry, and allows meaning to flicker through the poetic play on language.

In this paper, I intend to evaluate if Michael Smith’s account in support of a substantive convergence among agents’ idealized desires is compelling enough to show us that such agreement would be possible. Smith claims that moral argument tends to elicit moral agreement among agents’ opinions and that this gives us a reason to believe that there would be a convergence in desires under conditions of full rationality. He maintains that the best explanation of that historical tendency is our substantive convergence upon a set of extremely unobvious a priori moral truths. However, I think he fails to provide us with any convincing reason to expect that a substantive convergence would be attained. I argue Smith’s consensus on moral issues is less probable than disagreement if there is no normative standard for the correctness of the desires we would want ourselves to have in conditions of full rationality. If my argument succeeds it follows that Smith’s account is a sort of error theory of normative reasons, rather than a realistic one. [Neste artigo, pretendo avaliar se a abordagem de Michael Smith apoiando uma convergência substantiva entre os desejos idealizados dos agentes é convincente a ponto de nos mostrar que tal acordo seria possível. Smith afirma que a discussão moral tende a gerar acordo moral entre as opiniões dos agentes e que isso nos dá uma boa razão para acreditarmos que haverá uma convergência em desejos sob condições de racionalidade plena. Ele defende que a melhor explicação dessa tendência histórica é nossa convergência substantiva a respeito de um conjunto de verdades morais a priori pouco óbvias. Contudo, penso que ele falha em oferecer qualquer razão convincente para esperarmos que uma convergência substantiva seria alcançada. Argumento que o consenso de Smith sobre questões morais é menos provável do que o desacordo caso não haja nenhum padrão normativo de correção dos desejos que esperaríamos ter em condições de racionalidade plena. Se meu argumento é bem-sucedido, segue-se que a abordagem de Smith é um tipo teoria do erro de razões normativas, ao invés de um tipo de teoria realista.]

This paper seeks to extend the debate on growth and convergence by estimating growth equations which allow for varying rate of change in technology (TFP) as well as the standard assumption of uniform rate. Rate of change of TFP is proxied using an index of patent protection. The dataset used in the paper includes 25 high income countries, 20 middle income countries, 28 low income countries and 16 countries which have transitioned across income categories during the time period considered in this paper. The results of the paper, estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach, show significant differences when the rate of change of TFP is assumed to be varying as opposed to being uniform. Significantly, the rate of convergence differs significantly across the subgroups of countries under the assumption of varying rate of change of TFP. Rates of convergence under the assumption of varying rates are clearly higher than those under the uniform rate for high income countries while the results for countries in other income categories are mixed.

The article analyzes media concentration process and convergent activities such as telecommunications and the Internet in Latin America, as this process is one of the main reasons for the adoption, by the governments of the region, of new regulations for a decade. Analyzing the concentration of the activities of production, storage, distribution and exhibition of information and communication, this article characterizes the main conglomerates working in the region, compares their economic scope and their main sectors of intervention. Indicators of the concentration process that contribute to its quantification are also presented.

This article is devoted to the impact of the Eastern Partnership on agricultural production of the member states. ENPARD basic parameters are examined. The results of agricultural development of the states participating in ENPARD and states preparing to join the project was monitored. The Eastern partnership is based on a deep and comprehensive free trade area (DCFTA), economic integration and convergence with EU policies, energy security, human contacts etc. The absolute and relative indicators of agricultural development of the Eastern Partnership countries are analysed. The general and individual problems of the countries are studied. The analysis showed an unequal economic potential for agricultural development. It was noted that the strategic partnership involves interstate cooperation to achieve mutually beneficial internal and external goals.

Although a key condition for the creation of a monetary union is the existence of similar structural characteristics that reduce the existence and incidence of asymmetric shocks, in the case of the Eurozone, most, if not all, studies have emphasized the existence of sizeable divergences both in the macroeconomic performances and in the structural elements of the Eurozone countries. The objective of the paper is to analyse whether the economic and financial crisis that is affecting the Eurozone since the year 2008 has had any impact of the coherence of the Eurozone, that is, whether after 2008 the differences in the macroeconomic performance of the euro counties are declining (convergence) or increasing (divergence).

This article explores differential fertility according to the level of education in the Mediterranean. Our approach integrates the spatial and temporal dimensions of the phenomenon. It explores subnational administrative levels in Morocco, Turkey, France and Spain for about 30 years. The national censuses allow us to observe a general decline in fertility and regional convergence within each country. Underneath this general movement, a diversity of trajectories remains. Based on the fertility transition discussed by J. Bongaarts[2003], differences in behaviour according to education level are highlighted during the transition. A more detailed exploration of the case of Turkey sheds light on the spatial dimension of the differential fertility decline. A more detailed exploration of the case of Turkey sheds light on the spatial dimension of the differential fertility decline. In addition, the convergence of fertility towards low levels leads to homogenization, which does not necessarily mean that differences between territories and education groups have completely disappeared.

The research of socio-economic differentiation and regional convergence development allows us to give an objective assessment of the current state of the country's economy at the sub-territorial level. Research of the process of industrial regions convergence of the Russian Federation for the development of proposals aimed at eliminating the identified proportions. Check the scientific hypothesis about the presence of significant differences in the degree of development processes convergence among various groups of Russian regions, formed according to the principle of industry specialization of the production complex. The research uses economic, mathematical, and statistical information processing methods. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the works of Russian and foreign researchers in the field of regional development. The information basis includes statistical databases for the period 1999-2019. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that for the regions of the Russian Federation it can be considered that there are no convergence processes. When conducting research on industrial regions with different specialization of the industrial complex, it was revealed that convergence processes were periodically observed among agricultural ones, including due to β-convergence, while regions with raw materials and industrial specialization had a pronounced divergence of development.

Researchers of hysteresis outline the long-term change in growth paths of economies. It entails the post-crisis change in growth paths of economies through the change of macroeconomic indicators, such as employment and output. Recessionary shocks might have positive or negative impacts on economies’ growth paths which in turn affects convergence and divergence in economies. In this research, hysteresis is explored in convergence across 110 countries induced by the global financial recession of 2007. Findings suggest that as a post-crisis change, hysteresis in convergence is in place. The difference arises in adaptability of economies to changes. The reason for convergence of poor and rich countries might be more intensive foreign investments in developing nations. These investments have a positive influence on economic performance in developing countries by increasing employment rates.

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Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the convergence of regional house prices and its complexity in China. In this purpose it used nonlinear time varying factor model. The obtained results have provided evidences for the existence of some degree of segmentation in China’s housing market. By further dynamic analysis of the convergence, we have found that important housing policies from Chinese central government can significantly alter the housing market but with a time lag of 4 to 5 months, and that quite different behaviors exist between the new house market and the second-hand house market in China, which provides the evidence for the complexity of housing market in China. Multiple factors together are the driving forces for the regional house price convergence. And the driving forces differ among three clubs. The basic conclusion provided from the realized research is that the conventional definitions of economic regions may not be appropriate to analyze house price segregation in China. Heterogeneous convergence exists in China’s regional house prices, indicating the complexity of regional house prices in China. And housing policies should be implemented with different focus among the regions. The way of the central government is to make housing policies aiming at different sub-markets of the new house market and the second-hand house market.

Louis Porcher publie, en 1985, un article intitulé «L’intéressant et le démonstratif : à propos du statut de la didactique des langues et des cultures», (pré)texte à provocation intellective, dans la mesure où ses recherches et ses réflexions se penchent alors, de façon résolues, sur les interrelations entre l’école, les médias et la culture. Dans le cadre de ces interrelations, Louis Porcher souligne autant la portée comme la force des modes et des modalités de la communication non verbale, laquelle est répandue dès lors de façon décisive dans et par les médias, notamment au sein de la communication académique. En 2015, qu’en est-il de l’intéressant et du démonstratif en matière des interrelations des communications médiatiques et académiques ? Pour répondre à cette question, et prenant appui à la fois sur ledit article de Louis Porcher, sur la première partie, intitulée «DIDACTIQUE : pour la beauté du geste ?», de son ouvrage Geste et communication (1989) et sur son livre Télévision, culture, éducation (1994), je présente dans cet article les fils conducteurs que me suis efforcée de tisser dans mon parcours de recherche en éducation aux et par les langues-cultures et les médias.

The article, on the basis of domestic and foreign experience, the problems of possible limitations in the short term, natural resources, as well as the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of the solution of global problems of natural resources and sustainable development of society by improving innovation, creating natural-like technology, the convergence of technological innovation, organizational transformation and designing new business models. The examples of the development of innovative technologies, the creation of technical equipment and their practical use in the interaction of universities and industrial enterprises are considered. The possibilities of increasing synergies through the use of business incubators, science and technology parks, technology clusters as well as partnerships between universities and industrial enterprises are considered. The foreign experience and successful domestic experience of innovative activity of the regions confirming the prospects of creating innovative territories of priority development using the integration of scientific, educational and industrialentrepreneurial activities of various forms of organization and support of innovative activities are presented. The analysis of the competencies and characteristics of an engineer-entrepreneur necessary for successful work in the modern conditions of an innovative economy is carried out, as well as recommendations for the successful formation of the required competencies and characteristics.

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)