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ABSTRACT The methodological rigor and acting according to words make Professor Franco Gnoli an example to follow. The scientific vision that can be obtained from his works of the Roman public and criminal law, which he studied in an era where was instead prevalent the interest in private law, paved the way for a broad revisitation of Mommsen’s theoretical approaches. This perspective was and still is highly fruitful because it highlighted the unity of the legal phenomenon in the thought of the Roman jurists. His memory is alive in all the students he trained through his rigorous and passionate lessons in Roman Law and who then followed his footsteps in the Academia.

Abstract - The transcription of Eugen Huber’s notes on Karl Georg Bruns’ ‘Pandekten’ course held in 1870 in Berlin constitutes a meritorious work that makes a previously unpublished source available: it is an important testimony not only of the romanistic training of Huber, the father of the Swiss Civil Code, but also of the teaching role of Bruns, from whose lectures emerges the awareness of Roman law as a common basis for European legal culture.

Abstract - Some texts by Alfenus Varo and Titius Aristo speak of an actio negatoria granted in cases where the servitude relationship appears difficult to configure: since the formula ‘ius non esse ’ is also used by Alfenus in place of reivindicatio, it appears extremely likely are not hypotheses of edictal actions but of formulas dating back to the procedure of the agere per sponsionem.

Abstract - The paper deals with aequitas and its relationship to ius from the perspective of the declaimers of Seneca the father’s anthology of controversiae, a scholastic practice in many ways connected to the world of jurists, which also teaches to apply rhetorical status theory, in turn of great importance for the development of jurisprudence. In them, aequitas, which appears in the divisio between quaestiones iuris and quaestiones aequitatis or tractationes, adapts the ius, general and abstract, produced by the lex to the individual concrete case without opposing it.

Abstract - From 23 to 25 June 2022, the eighth edition of the ‘Laboratorio Romanistico Gardesano’, organised by the Universities of Milan, Rome 'Sapienza', Trento and Verona, was held in Gargnano (BS). The first part of the event was dedicated to the ‘Moot court competition’, a competitive trial simulation in Roman law aimed at first-year law students. In the second part, the doctoral seminar took place in which many young scholars had the opportunity to present and discuss their research results with a specialist audience.

Abstract - In ancient Rome, the phenomenon of infants fed by hired nurses could be dated back as early as the late republic. The practice became even more widespread during the imperial age, owing to the updating social customs and the medical culture of that time. Although it is widely believed in the literature that the age of the Antonines there was an attempt to curb this tendency, by reverting back to encouraging mothers to assume the role of feeding the infants, there is no specific legislative intervention to attest. However, my research points out that the testimony of Gellius, who reports on Favorinus, a strenuous defender of traditional maternal care for infants, and some other sources from the 2nd century seem to give actual confirmation of the great topicality of this subject at that historical moment.

Abstract - The theme of the lex Voconia is illustrated by the author in an innovative way with respect to the previous bibliography on the subject, focusing on the rationale of the lex of wanting to affect the juridical-social position of women. It is illustrated how the provision was often evaded – also through recourse to historical sources – and how, despite the validity of the law, there were Roman marriages in possession of large assets. The problem of female succession thus presents itself as a starting point for reflection on the juridical status of women.

Abstract - It is known that the hostile attitude of Marcus Aurelius towards Christianity has even an autograph attestation in a famous fragment of Marc. Aur. Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν 11.3, based on this testimony the princeps philosophus, on the one hand reproached the Christians for their lack of reasonableness, on the other the obstinate theatricality with which they faced martyrdom. At the end of an analysis aimed at retracing the testimonies of the acts of the Martyrs, apologists and historians and writers, it was decided to 'drop' the individual episodes attributable to the twenty years of the Aurelian principality in the broader context of administrative and legislative reforms of the princeps . What emerged was the absence of an ad hoc regulatory provision and more generally a hostile attitude of administrators and officials, which also reflected a hostility of the ‘intellighenzia’ of the time. In essence, more elements, local – such as the gladiator shows – and global, such as the plague and religious and normative conservatism, as well as the administrative reorganization, contributed, perhaps beyond an ill-concealed antipathy of the princeps, conservative both in the legislative and in the religious one, to create unfavorable conditions for Christians, during the Aurelian age.

Abstract - The interpretatio Gai Institutionum Augustodunensis is – despite the large lacunae in the manuscript that made it known in 1897 – an exceptionally important document. This scholastic commentary – written at the end of the 4th or on the threshold of the 5th century A.D. – allows us to perceive how the law of the age of the principate still represented the centre of gravity of scholastic education in Late Antiquity. What we hear again, in the Interpretatio of Autun, is precisely the vox magistra celebrated by Justinian in the constitutio Omnem 1. This writing was probably composed in the Galliae, perhaps within the Menianae scholae of Autun.

Abstract - The work examines the involvement in entrepreneurial activity, especially maritime, of alieni iuris and females. In the context of the broad theme relating to the relationships between man, land and sea (on which some preliminary reflections are carried out), the various roles relating to the administration of the ship (exercitor and magister navis) and the possibility of their entrustment to people other than pater familias are briefly reconstructed. A comparison follows between the text contained in D. 14.1.1.16, relating to the actio exercitoria, and the analogous affirmation reported in D. 14.3.7.1 on the actio institoria, from which the irrelevance results of sex and of subjection to potestas, on one side of the exercitor, on the other of the institor. In the light of these sources, the intermediation of filii familias, slaves, women sui iuris and in power, as well as subjects of minor age, is taken into consideration, with a distinction between impuberes and adulescentes.

Abstract - This report retraces the central passages of the conference Classical Jurists of Jewish Origin in German Legal Science in the Nineteenth and First Half of the Twentieth Century, organized by Fulvio Cortese and Luca Nogler of the University of Trent, two days of work in which the figure of Hugo Sinzheimer (1875-1945) and the jurists presented in the work, Jüdische Klassiker der Deutschen Rechtswissenschaft of 1938, were discussed. Scholars of public law, Roman law, labor law, as well as philosophy of law, morality and politics were confronted with the personalities and works of a selection of the jurists included in Sinzheimer's work.

Abstract - Starting from the 1950s, the reaction to the interpolation critique, on the one hand, allowed the abandonment of an extremism that had led to excesses and apriorisms, and on the other, led to an anti-interpolationist extremism and to a consequent superficiality in the study of the sources, approached in a sectorial and uncritical manner, rejecting any possibility of their alteration. Illustrative of such illogical genuinism are the attempts to save two texts, namely D. 8.5.10. pr.-1 and D. 39.3.1.23, which, despite appearing to raise insurmountable problems both as regards the terminology and therefore the conceptualisations used by them, and especially the legal regulation of iura in re aliena implied by them, are considered classical. Urgent then is the need to revise this tendency, aspiring to a «critical neo-interpolationism», centred on the historical study of the text and on the identification of its possible various drafts - focusing on the specific reasons that led the late antique jurist or the Justinian commissioner to that specific type of intervention on the classical text - with the consequent return of the sources to their intrinsic diachrony.

Abstract - The article aims to illustrate the topic of Consultatio veteris cuiusdam iurisconsulti based on the latest studies, briefly considering its various aspects (bibliography, discovery of the manuscript, its edition, formal and content aspects, nature of the work). The approach is particularly problematic, aimed at pointing out the doubts and perplexities that persist and require new solutions or hypotheses. In particular, the emphasis is placed on the possibility of a more concrete use for the particular study of the sources that appear in it (individual norms of the Gregorian, the Hermogenian, the Theodosian, the Pauli Sententiae) and their development in the Late Antiquity centuries, thanks to the specific comparison with the tradition in common use.

Abstract The contribution focuses on the publication of Diocletian’s edict on prices in Egypt. A scrap of papyrus, from Oxyrhynchus, PSI. XVII 1685 recto, preserves the initial part of a text that the editor Marco Stroppa has recognized as the draft of a publication edict of a strategos, datable between 293 and 305. The PSI. XVII 1685 recto’s review suggests it is the draft of the publication edict of Diocletian’s tariff: it would be an important testimony, which adds to the law’s publication in Phrygia, by Tiberius Fulvius Asticus. Precisely this edict of the praeses provinciae allows to integrate the surviving lines of PSI. XVII 1685 recto, and to reconstruct the entire text.

Resorting to violence on animals, particularly in socially organized forms in public settings for the sole purpose of entertaining a human audience, has been considered a real cultural taboo in modern Western society for some decades. This kind of violent behaviour, judged inhumane and disrespectful of the lives of other animals, has often been presented as normal and widespread in ancient Roman culture. Indeed, the circus and the amphitheatre games are normally portrayed as occasions where Roman society as a whole ritually enjoyed the bloody spectacle of killing animals. By analysing a specific episode where an elephant hunt, presented as a fictional entertainment, is interrupted and fails miserably, this article will try to offer a different perspective on the treatment of animal violence in Roman culture. This paper will focus on the particular ecological relationships that ancient Roman culture had established with other living beings and whose transgression could not be accepted in an uncontroversial way, not even in a playful and amusing context such as that of a public show offered by the city magistrates.

The article is an attempt to revise the long-established belief in the alabaster-white exterior shape of Roman antiquity, which in fact turns out to be full of colours that bring life to its image. The authors implement this intention by indicating how intensely the colour red was present in the reality described by classical Latin authors – contrary to the accusation that one of the participants of the discussion on this subject in Aulus Gellius’ Attic Nights (Gell. Noc. Att. 2.26) makes of the alleged poverty regarding various shades of red in Latin terminology. The material presented contradicts the opinion expressed in Gellius’ text, and at the same time makes us realise how colourful and lively the world that emerges from the literary works of the classical Roman period was. In comparison with it, the reality witnessed by the literature of the Christian era – this parallel is what the authors of the article focus on, concluding their deliberations – in which red becomes almost exclusively a sign of shame, turns out to be ascetically sterile and depressingly colourless.

Europe’s oldest children’s book was a bilingual easy reader designed to teach Greek to Roman schoolchildren. Composed perhaps in the first century BC, it described a typical day in the life of a Roman schoolboy: getting ready for school, lessons, interactions with other children, lunch, etc. Although we no longer have this text exactly in its original form, it survives in multiple versions rewritten in subsequent centuries during the Roman empire. Strikingly absent from almost all these versions is any mention of play: the only reference to play is a single line in one version, clearly a late addition to the text, in which a child is accused of playing when he should have been studying. The accusation is indignantly and convincingly refuted: the child was in fact doing something more worthwhile. This absence of play must be connected to the fact that the child depicted in this text is normally an idealized one, for other evidence for Roman attitudes towards children’s play suggests that it was often seen primarily as an obstacle to learning. In this book, therefore, play is depicted not as a typical characteristic of children, but rather as deviant behaviour, something that children should not do at all.

The word “prison” applied to the prison realities of Ancient Rome is misleading, even anachronistic. Originally a place of execution (by abandonment or strangulation), the dungeon has always had a preventive function for the detention of remand prisoners or convicted prisoners awaiting execution. During the imperial period, the Acts of the Martyrs testify to this during the persecution of Christians. Moreover, sentences involving imprisonment or putting in chains were always associated with the performance of labour (mines, quarries, forced labour, etc.), which treated convicts of free origin as slaves, either for a fixed period or for life.

True to the memorialists and satirists of the seventeenth century, contemporary historiography generally assesses Gaston d’Orléans’s political activities of the 1630s with reference to ‘ancient Rome’s’ republican values, celebrated by Balzac and Corneille. However, the successive translations of Tacitus by Rodolphe Le Maistre (Gaston’s physician and pedagogue from 1615 to 1636) permit a better understanding of the respective actions and political positions of both the king and his brother in relation to contemporary Tacitist culture.

The article focuses on ancient Roman reliefs and their potential for reflexivity. It looks at the echoes of images and sacrificial rituals by analyzing mainly three monuments. The Ara Pacis in Rome makes it possible to reflect on the internal resonances of the images of the enclosure and of the altar itself, and on the external resonances with the rituals that were performed on the altar. The second monument kept in Padua allows us to continue the questioning of the adequacy between the function of the altar and its ornament, a carved altar. Finally, the monument of Pozzuoli, displayed at the archaeological museum of the Phlegraean Fields of Baia, works like a rebus, presenting in a procession, the images of sacrificial animals, a suovetaurile, which have slipped in sculpture on the altar. The entire article therefore sheds light on the complex games put forward by the sculptors and sponsors both at the ritual and iconic levels, and on the dialogues maintained with the spectators.

Roma in Tabula is an application which allows everyone to visualize, on mobile devices or computers, part of the research work on the virtual restitution of 4th-century Rome carried out at the University of Caen Normandy. The replica models reflect an as careful and exhaustive as possible analysis of ancient sources (textual, archaeological and iconographical). The choices for replication are explained throughout documentations (primary sources, interpretations, bibliographies…) so that the user can personally evaluate the reliability level of the image. The point is not in any way to impose a historical truth, but rather to offer possible approaches which may be valid at one point in the research process but are still intended to be continually evolving. Virtual reality is an original, funny and instructive way to bring light on traditional academic achievements. In the particular case of the monuments to be found in Rome, the use of augmented reality and of the interactive virtual visit allows a dual approach of the replicated edifices. The augmented reality feature also allows users to see a building rising up in its ancient state (elevations and textures) through the embedded camera. The interactive virtual visit offers a unique immersion experiment on a human scale: light and motion capture systems are used to reproduce the disappeared reality.This paper sets out the scientific framework in which the application has been developed, illustrates the issues of making interactive and documented models available to different communities, and focuses on 3D technologies currently being used.

Is there an ancient “ecological awareness” and is it conceivable to refer to it as a legacy that feeds contemporary efforts to innovate in environmental protection? Following an interdisciplinary approach, an innovative research project (ERA - Ecology of Ancient Rome) –whose promising scientific perspectives emerged during the I Colloquium ERA: The ecological awareness in Ancient Rome: origin and evolution (Florence, November 6-7, 2019)– tries to analyse different historical orientations in environmental matters from ancient Rome to Modern Age. Starting from the project’s theme, this paper focuses on the relationship between “gender question” and “environmental question” as well as on the historical reading of the relationship between woman and nature, in order to highlight the limits of the approach to environmental culture still based on categories inspired by discriminatory models.

This essay fits in the tradition of writing lictional life stories according to the bioarchaeology Of personhood model, with much attention for objects, care and anthropological comparison. As a starting point, it takes recent excavations at Ostia and environs. Ever since the nineteenth century, both writers and historians have tried to come closer to the voices ofthe past by writing faction. This is, however, thefirst attempt to bring disabled persons from the Roman period to life. The essay tries to do do justice to the multifaceted experiences of disabled people, who were never categorized as such in the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the different images of Lydia and Lydians as they are depicted in Herodotus’ Histories and in the earlier Greek literary tradition, focusing especially on the double-sided portrait of this civilization which seems to stem from the historian’s narrative. It discusses the origins of this ambivalent presentation, due to many reasons, among which the different status of Lydia as an Anatolian region/ethnos and as a powerful State/nation is singled out. Archaeological data and ideological interpretations by the Greek sources are also taken into account, to help clarify the possible roots of the tradition, which made Lydia (and Lydians) a so far, so close world to their Greek neighbours.

Introduzione.

The aim of this paper is to take into consideration the traditions about autochtony in five poleis of Asia Minor: Miletus, Ephesus, Samos, Chios and Smyrna. From this analysis the autocthony emerges as an element of the community’s collective identity and as such is used within a process of writing and rewriting of the history of the poleis. In the first four poleis the concept of autochtony is inserted in a debate between different groups in the same city; in Smyrna the concept is linked with a different perspective of celebrative traditions of the various Ionic poleis in the age of the Roman Empire.

This paper reconsiders our evidence on Demodamas of Miletus, his relations with the temple and the cult of Apollo in Didyma and with the Seleucid dynasty, highlighting his promotion of the Ionian identity and ethnicity in the Hellenistic oriental world.

European countries share certain features, roots and, to a large extent, history. In the present article attention is paid to the Greek and Roman influence on European civilisation, or “Western Civilisation.” To this day Europeans refer to broadly understood models of ancient culture contained in the concept of polis as a community of equal citizens, in promoting representative bodies, appreciation of elements of merchant culture, rationality and emancipation, the concept of Roman Law that together represent the signa specifica of the Western civilisation. If one adds to this the contribution of Christianity and barbarian tribes, one may reconstruct an adequate representation of the “roots of Europe.”

Though the seemingly excessive position of the discourses within the Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Roman Antiquities remained a polemical matter, it may be justified by his literary project. However the linguistic theory based on enunciation levels, whom origin came from imperial rhetoric, allows us to go deeper into the difference between speeches and narratives. It especially emphasizes the « historian discourse » by which the author went through the story in the way to give a frame to it (« back references ») or a kind of proof (talking about the likelihood of the written narrative). The author may also bring pieces of evidence which reinforce him : extradiegetic narrative far from written events, legislative text making a self-sufficient discourse. Within the Roman Antiquities the discrimination between those different levels, which were numerous, shows how Dionysius’ writing was complex. However the author always kept in mind his proper aim in the way to offer the best to his reader : teaching the ancient Rome.

Transcendentalist New England was animated by utopian dreams throughout the 1840s, but even as she occupied its intellectual center, Margaret Fuller stood apart from these enthusiastic projections. Instead, she expressed skepticism of Brook Farm and Fruitlands, predicting empty rhetoric and certain failure. As she moved onward to New York and then to Europe, Fuller’s thinking and writing became more and more utopian, fired by the revolutionary impulses at work in France and Italy in the years leading up to 1848. Ancient Rome, once a source of rigid discipline in Fuller’s childhood, became a place of Romantic possibility as she advocated for the cause of the Roman Republic. Unexpectedly aligning herself with Henry David Thoreau’s efforts to give utopianism new roots in his bean field at Walden Pond, Fuller embraced the radicalism of her own transatlantic experiment, hoping for a wider world of innocence born from Transcendental experience.

A partire dal sacco di Roma da parte di Brenno, la coscienza nazionale romana si è costituita attorno al metus Gallicus, che ha avuto un ruolo importante anche per determinare l'identità romana e plasmare il concetto stesso di Italia. S'indaga come, partendo da questa paura, anche rituali religiosi e perfino istituzioni quali l'esercito abbiano conosciuto mutazioni e cambiamenti.

Antonina, Wilkie Colins’s second novel, seems to be one of a kind in the novelist’s work who is known to be one of the Victorian masters of sensationalism. For one who, as Henry James once said, was most gifted to stage “those most mysterious of mysteries, the mysteries that are at our own doors », Collins could not have chosen a more remote scenery for Antonina, both historically and geographically (Ancient Rome at the time of its siege by the Goths). And yet, despite its sometimes heavy, lengthy, even clumsy passages and its apparent and complete Otherness, this early novel is fascinating in what it offers its readers―the metamorphosis of young Collins into a powerful writer, and, more importantly, the very origins of what became his most successful sensational ingredients. Collinsian sensationalism seems to have been born from the metamorphosis of classical standards. Collins mistreats Roman bodies, maims, distorts, weakens, degenerates them, however not to destroy, but to recreate a brand new aesthetic conception of the body, one which prevails in all his later work. In Antonina, the Gothic replaces the Classical, the mental and intellectual relationship to the world becomes intensely physical and sensual, the historical novel slowly moulds itself into a sensational and gothic one, enabling Collins to find his own path.

The etymology of the Latin word jus (law) has long been controversial, and no satisfactory solution has yet been proposed. A new approach is explored herein. Latin had another word ius referring to cooking (juice, sauce), a common term in Indo‑European languages. The ius (law) in dictionaries was, it is argued, formed out of the second ius through a metaphor characteristic of symbolic thought. This argument is based on the anthropology of normative language and on an analysis of correspondences between two symbolic systems – the legal and sacrificial. It sheds new light on the origins of Roman law; ius quiritium is seen as deriving from the swearing of a collective oath in the context of a sacrifice.