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Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania and is transmitted by sand fly bites. The main clinical forms are visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In Morocco, leishmaniasis is a public health problem, especially in the eastern region. This study aimed to provide an overview of the current epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in this region and to assess its public health implications. A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in the eastern region, covering six years from 2016 to 2021. The data were extracted, completed and cleaned from the leishmaniasis case registry of the Directorate of Epidemiology and Control of Leishmaniasis of the Ministry of Health and then synthesized. The epidemiological results showed that in the eastern region, the majority of cases involved cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (89.45%). These cases are distributed throughout the year, with peaks in autumn (October and November) and winter (January and February). Males are more susceptible than females, with a prevalence of 57% compared to 43%, mainly in the young population (70% of cases are under 40 years of age) and in rural areas (86%). Lesions are mainly found on exposed parts of the body, mainly on the upper limbs (46.51%). Clinically, lesions were most frequently found on the upper limbs (46.51%), followed by the lower limbs (21.39%), the face (15.8%), both the lower and upper limbs (12.09%), the face with the upper limbs (3.2%) and the whole body (0.39%). The results highlight the need to strengthen prophylactic measures, particularly the importance of seasonal surveillance and interventions during the seasonal peaks observed in autumn and winter, given the challenges in rural areas, and the importance of protective measures such as clothing or repellents, including the provision of valuable medical treatment for exposed parts of the body.

Foodborne outbreaks (FBOs) are common and sometimes severe, posing a public health emergency, especially in closed communities (cafeterias, hostels, schools), requiring prompt investigation and mandatory reporting. This retrospective cohort study involving 80 students was conducted in February 2017 following an FBO episode at IFMEREE in Oujda. A clinical and epidemiological definition of cases was developed. A questionnaire was designed to collect information on the implicated foods. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to study the food-related factors associated with this epidemic. In total, 57 respondents, aged 17 to 29 years, with an average of 20 years and a mode of 18 years, participated. The male sex predominated, with a sex ratio (M/F) of 2.16. There were 30 cases, resulting in an attack rate of 52.6%, with a female predominance (72.2% female vs. 43.4% male), and no deaths were reported. Among the foods served during lunch, buttermilk (LBEN) was the only food significantly associated with FBO, with a relative risk (RR) of 2.45, a confidence interval (CI95%: [1.61-3.74], p 0.0012), and an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 17.05 (CI95%: [2.0-145.1], p 0.0096). Following our investigation of the FBO, a new hygiene control and monitoring system involving a new subcontracting company was implemented. This system aims to ensure compliance with the cold chain and update the medical records of kitchen and service staff. It also ensures improved traceability of foods, especially implicated dairy products (LBEN), from production to consumption, encompassing the entire distribution chain, including the requirement for a control meal.

The banks of dayas (temporary pools) is a very interesting environment, characterised by species with extremely strict ecological requirements. Contrary to riparian communities of running water, which are present throughout the year, riparian populations of temporary stagnant environments only occur during the short period of impoundment. The colonisation of these environments depends on various parameters such as rainfall, temperature, and the size and depth of the water bodies. The impoundment of dayas of Sidi Bouhria is done after autumn and spring rains, if they are sufficiently abundant, and they dry up, in all cases, during the summer. This study aims to provide an overall synthesis about the colonisation of banks of dayas by riparian beetles. The samples were taken during the complete impoundment of each daya, from its appearance, after a rainfall, to its drying up. The fauna was collected every two days during one hour of sampling. The colonisation of the banks of the temporary environments studied takes place in three phases. The first phase is dominated by species of terrestrial origin from the vicinity of the dayas, the second phase is dominated by riparian and hygrophilous species that originate from the banks of more or less distant aquatic environments, and the third phase, which occurs with the drying of the environment, marks the return of terrestrial species.

Riparian communities are made up of species that colonise the wet banks of different aquatic environments (ocean, river, torrent, water body, dayas) whatever their size and as long as they are being impounded. These are species that are highly dependent on their biotope, with very strict ecological and ethological requirements, and are vulnerable to any change or disturbance of the environment. Thus, depending on the type of contaminant, pollution can have different effects on this fauna: a lethal, repulsive, or attractive effect. The aim is to study the effect of pollution on the riparian community. We compare between the beetles fauna of banks of two hill dam reservoirs, one polluted and the other unpolluted. The study highlighted the attractive effect of pollution by domestic waste, particularly plastic bags, and other solid debris. Indeed, the latter, having the same physical characteristics (weight, size, thickness, etc.) as stones, leaves, and other microhabitats found in nature, have had the effect of attracting riparian species through the shelter, humidity, and shade they offer.

This paper aims to study the riparian community of coastal dayas at the mouth of the Moulouya River in the northeast of Morocco. We carried out a monthly sampling of riparian fauna on two dayas (EMDI & EMDII) on the Mediterranean coast. Banks of these dayas are an ecotone where terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic species mix. Riparian species dominate the population in richness and abundance: most species are either sporadic (EMDI) or accidental (EMDII). The dominant species are halophilous. Interesting species have been collected from these dayas: Gonocephalum yelamosi, new species for Morocco, Blaps nitens, Dyschirius tensicollis, and Dyschirius africanus, which dayas is a new distribution in the region. Species with the same ecological niches that can compete with each other seem to share the occupation of this environment. The same phenomenon seems to occur for species of the genus Pogonus and Pogonistes, which have populations that reach their maximum expansion at different periods.