Search

L’intestin est un organe complexe aux fonctions multiples. En effet, il participe à la digestion et l'absorption des nutriments et protège l’individu des agressions par des agents pathogènes intestinaux en assurant un rôle de barrière. L’étude de ce compartiment digestif reste toutefois limitée par l’accès aux tissus que ce soit chez l’Homme ou l’animal. Dans ce contexte, le développement d’organoïdes intestinaux à partir de cellules souches représente une avancée technologique importante dans l’étude de la physiopathologie intestinale. De plus, cet outil permet de répondre à une demande sociétale visant à réduire l’usage d’animaux modèles pour la recherche et s’inscrit dans la démarche des 3Rs (Remplacement, Réduction et Raffinement).L’objectif de cette revue est, à partir de rappels de la fonction digestive, de faire un état des lieux sur les différents types d’organoïdes intestinaux existants dérivés d’animaux de rente et de discuter leurs avantages, leurs limites et surtout leur application.

Break out the cinema like the waves make embracing itself in one violence with the stone. Film as undulating surface, unlimit-membrane passage between the sonorities and visualities. A refrain-image as procedure that feeds the nomadic land of our mecanosphere in catastrophe. The waves, its oceanic depth, which makes explode the eye, cinema no more an optical gesture, but a tactile – handmade cinema. Hands like waves moving on the celluloid, cinema that paints itself in every gesture, in every frame. Variations of a waves-machine, image as vibratile field of experimentation, metallizing matter between milieux. Waves that precipitate itself into sound, into spotcolor as small and large refrain. Jellyfish-image. No man’s land, No human’s land. Anonymous and anomalous, unnamed, only make vary The Waves, Waves that connect the sound of the whale with the one of the comets. Waves, that dry itself having sex with the sand, molecularizing everything and becoming imperceptible in the cosmic dust. Waves that ruin the man’s house. They corrode everything overflowing and being immanent. Cosmopolitics of the image, waves state in the plastic matter of expression. Waves-image, that devours the edge of the world.

Hip-hop culture in general and especially rap music are important ways of expression for urban Algerian and Tunisian youths. Hence rappers use their songs to speak of everyday life and to address personal and socio-political problems. Their lyrics are written in a multitude of languages, mirroring multilingualism and diglossia in the Maghreb. This article examines how the Algerian rapper Lotfi Double Kanon and the Tunisian rapper Balti make use of Arabic, French and English in their songs. It is first analyzed how linguistic conventions limit and structure code-switching from one language to the other. These conventions can also be found in everyday speech and are expressed by the Matrix Language Frame Model. Finally it is explored how the rappers use code-switching within the frame of these limitations in order to enhance their means of artistic expression.

The aim of this study was to report feasibility, the visual outcomes and complications of pediatric cataract surgery with primary intraocular lens implantation in children aged 5 to15 years in local anesthesia. This retrospective interventional case series included 62 eyes from 50 children who underwent pediatrc cataract surgery with primary intraocular lens implantation at the Mana eye Clinic Nkongsamba between 2006 and 2015 Main outcome measures were: best-corrected post operative visual acuity, and intra operative and postoperative complications. Mean age at surgery was 10.18 , 3.21 years. Mean follow up length was 15.75 , 3.36 weeks. Etiology included: 10 congenital cataract (16.12%). 35 developmental cataracts (56.45%) and 17traumatic cataracts (27.41%). The mean preoperative BCVA was logMAR 1.19 ,0.33. (range 0.6-2.3). After cycloplegia refraction 2 weeks after surgery, the mean postoperative BCVA was log MAR 0.58 , 0.88 ( range 0.5-1.8). The mean implanted IOL power was 22.01 ,3.169 D. IOL was succefuly implanted in 54 eyes (87.07%). Eight eyes (9.67%) were leftaphakic. Increase in BCVA of 4 logMAR lines and above was recorded in 27 patients (43.55%). Intra operative complications included: 4 posterior capsule holes with vitrous lost, 3 lenses sub luxation and 1 case of iris dialyse. Late post operative complications included: posterior capsular opacity which occurred in 16 patient, 3 posterior synechia, 2 retina detachment. Peribulbar anaesthesia can be considered as a viable option in selected patients presenting developmental cataract undergoing cataract surgery in developing countries. Effort should be made to improve the early identification of congenital cataract and its early surgical intervention and prompt optical rehabilitation to prevent amblyopia.

Uveal coloboma is a rare eye malformation caused by failure of the optic fissure to close during the fifth to seventh weeks of foetal life. The risk of retinal detachment increases with age in colobomatous eyes. Preventive measures such as early detection of the retinal break , prophylactic laser photocoagulation along the coloboma margin, confer a significant benefit in reducing this risk of retinal detachment. Difficulties linked to the diagnosis and management of uveal colobomas in developing countries setting are presented in this study.

En este artículo se analiza el estado en que se encuentra el proceso de elisión de /d/ intervocálica en un una comunidad de habla andaluza (Granada, España). Se intenta dilucidar si la pérdida de la sonora dental sigue unas pautas de funcionamiento similares a las registradas en la antigüedad; es decir, si está controlada por factores de carácter morfológico y léxico. Asimismo, nuestros datos apuntan a dos formas diferentes de propagarse el proceso: de forma regular, en los morfemas de las palabras, y según la teoría de la “difusión léxica”, cuando el debilitamiento tiene lugar en los lexemas. El análisis arroja unos índices de elisión moderados (23,1%), similares a los registrados en otras comunidades andaluzas, pero que se sitúan muy por encima de lo observado en el resto del mundo hispánico.

Future transport systems will be powered more and more electrically. Generally the energy is stored in batteries. To reduce system weight and volume, multifunctional materials could be the answer. Therefore materials with the capability to store electric energy and to bear mechanical loads, need to be investigated to understand the effect of mechanical load on such structural integrated energy storage devices. In this work a thin film-supercapacitor is build up and integrated within a composite structure. The capacitor is developed to withstand the manufacturing process of a glass-fibre reinforced polymer and to carry mechanical loads, while simultaneously storing electrical energy. By using a supercapacitor housing, which is compatible to epoxy resin, a strong bonding is achieved, leading to a mechanical robust multifunctional composite. An electrolyte with large temperature window, low vapour pressure and the compatibility to a carbon based electrodes is chosen, to meet the requirement regarding the manufacturing process of the supercapacitor itself and the fibre reinforced composite. The composites with integrated thin film-supercapacitor as well as a set of reference samples are mechanically characterised in tensile and four-point bending test. In situ measurements are performed to investigate the influence of mechanical load on the electrical performance.

This article describes the application of Raman microscopy (micro-Raman spectroscopy) to the characterization and identification of alkaline earth copper silicates, which were used in ancient times as blue and purple pigments and were man-made. Thus, Egyptian Blue (CaCuSi4O10), Chinese Blue (BaCuSi4O10) and Chinese Purple (BaCuSi2O6) give rise to well-defined Raman spectra (excitation 514 nm), which allowed the identification of Egyptian Blue in 11 original Egyptian samples from the VIth Dynasty to Roman times and that of Chinese Purple in six ancient Chinese samples dated from the Warring States period to the Han Dynasty (479 BC to 220 AD). One greenish-blue Egyptian sample turned out not to contain Egyptian Blue but rather a mixture of cupro-wollastonite and libethenite. Some of the Egyptian Blue samples showed only minor admixtures of CaSO4 or silica. Four of the Chinese samples were colour sticks. In one original Chinese stick sample Chinese Blue was recognized as an additional pigment component. One colour stick was revealed to be highly contaminated with Sa-silicates, BaCO3, CaCO3, PbSO4, BaSO4, PbO, and SiO2. The investigated two pigment layer samples of the Terracotta Army, Xi'an, China were analysed by Raman spectroscopy and were found to contain, in addition to Chinese Purple, azurite, vermilion, iron oxide red, PbCO3, PbO, and BaSO4, Chinese Blue was not found.

Pharmacological inhibition of capsule opacification e.g. using antimitotics such as daunomycin is a promising concept. Our own in vitro studies on cultured porcine lens epithelial cells have shown, that daunomycin penetrates the cells within at least 5 minutes. It possesses a low acute cytotoxicity and significantly inhibits epithelial cell proliferation at dose dependent concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 mg/l. In addition, in vitro studies on isolated pig corneas showed almost no corneal endothelial toxicity. After 10 resp. 30 min. exposure to 7.5 mg/l daunomycin, there was only 4.8 +/- 1.6 resp. 6.1 +/- 1.5% endothelial damage that dit not significantly differ from BSS serving as control. Encouraged by our clinical experience of good anterior segment tolerance of 7.5 mg/l daunomycin when used during vitrectomy in PVR, we started a prospective clinical trial to assess the effect to daunomycin on capsular opacification after ECCE with endo-capsular IOL implantation using the envelope technique. After agreement of the medical ethic commission we chose 6 patients with a mean age of 78 (72-83), no other ocular or general diseases and bilateral cataract of identical morphology and density. After written consent of the patients their first eye was operated using BSS as control. At least 4 weeks later the second eye was operated and received 0.5 ml of daunomycin (7.5 mg/l) applied during 5 minutes into the cleaned capsular bag, leaving the anterior capsular flap and a Healon filled anterior chamber to protect the surrounding intraocular structures. Mean postoperative control time actually is 12 (6-17) months for the controls and 10 (5-14) months for the eyes treated with daunomycin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is characterized by the periretinal proliferation of nonneoplastic cells complicated by traction retinal detachment. In this study, we report the demonstration of macrophages, which are thought to be involved in the etiology of this intraocular disease, in human periretinal membranes by an immunochemical staining procedure using a monoclonal anti-human macrophage antibody. Fibronectin, a high-molecular protein of plasma and extracellular matrix, may be visualized accordingly and could act concomitantly with macrophages as an important factor in PVR. Fibronectin is shown to be present in high quantities (Elisa) in vitreous aspirates from patients with PVR. We hypothesize that the interaction of macrophages and fibronectin may be a crucial step in the development of PVR.