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Access to drinking water for populations is a major challenge for development "SDG6 aims for universal and equitable access to drinking water, hygiene and sanitation by 2030." The issues linked to access to drinking water are numerous. This article presents the majority of the issues linked to water that must be mastered in order to anticipate the sustainability of resources, the security of equipment, guarantee water of good quality and quantity, promote health, the use of technologies will allow the resolution of problems linked to lack of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution is a major environmental problem that has existed for decades, perhaps even longer, and is becoming more and more serious, necessitating the need for efficient, accurate and if possible inexpensive methods of monitoring and evaluating its impact on aquatic ecosystems. Algae, as photosynthetic organisms, have gained considerable attention as reliable biological indicators of water pollution due to their high sensitivity to environmental changes and their wide distribution in all categories of aquatic habitats. The unique characteristics of algae, a wide variety of species and their ubiquity in different types of water make them suitable candidates for such indicators. Algae respond rapidly to changes in water chemistry, temperature and nutrient levels, making them sensitive to various types of pollution including heavy metal pollution, organic pollutants and excess nutrients, various methods and techniques can be used to measure and assess algae responses to water. Pollution, determining both quantitatively and qualitatively the level of pollution. These techniques range from traditional microscopy-based identification and enumeration to more advanced molecular methods such as DNA barcoding and high-throughput sequencing. In addition, the use of bioindicators derived from algal communities, such as algal and biotic indices, is discussed as a valuable tool in water quality assessment. The potential of algae to detect and monitor pollution events, assess the ecological health of water bodies, and evaluate the effectiveness of pollution control measures is high and incompletely exploited in Romania and beyond. Factors such as natural variability, species-specific responses, and the need for standardized protocols, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors when interpreting algal data, are crucial issues and still need to be well established. Continuing research in this field is crucial for perfecting the use of algae as indicators and developing standardized protocols at the international level (EU and not only) for their application in water quality assessment.

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The development of an integrated theory of subsurface drainage based on hydrology and hydrogeology concepts is presented. The historical context, the main hypothesis derived from the Boussinesq equation and the validation of the model predictions are discussed. Theoretical developments of this equation demonstrate that a single parameter ($\sigma $)—a combination of soil and drainage system properties—is sufficient for predicting the dynamics of subsurface drain flow rates. We also demonstrate that these drain flow rates are a function of the level of water replenishment in the system (classically the water table elevation), of the recharge intensity of the aquifer and of a buffer function related to the swelling or deflation of the water table shape during recharge events. For values of $\sigma >1$, the buffer role of the water table is negligible. In that case approx. 13% of the water table recharge contributes to the flow rate, which is shown to explain the observed disconnection between water table elevations and peak flow rates at the outlet of classic agricultural drainage systems and to predict these peak flow rates accurately. A modelling approach based on this theory and validated experimentally (SIDRA model) allowed us to test the quality of the peak flow prediction. The SIDRA model also includes a surface runoff module and has been coupled to different modelling tools and used to analyse the impacts of subsurface drainage on water quality. The approach contributed towards the development of tools that helped to connect better the drainage systems to the hydrological functioning of watersheds.

The population growth and the extensions of the urban fabric of Abéché city have evolved very quickly, making access to drinking water difficult for the population. This is at the root of several social and environmental issues. In these conditions, this study presents an overview of the current state of access to drinking water in Abéché by evaluating the quality of water consumed in households. To achieve this goal, three approaches have been mobilized. The literature review on access to drinking water helped narrowing the subject. A random survey of a sample of 555 households was used to assess the state of access to water in the city. Physical and chemical analyzes of six rainwater samples and 24 well water samples were made. The results highlight there are several water supply modes in Abéché: wells, boreholes, the STE, watercourses and rains. 44% of the water supply comes from wells, 19% from the STE and 31% from the standpipes. Boreholes, watercourses and rainfalls respectively provide 3.7%, 1.2% and 1.1% of the well water supply. Waste management, water household management and sanitation are factors of drinking water pollution. Diarrhea and typhoid fever are the most common waterborne diseases (60%). They are followed respectively by dermatoses (24.31%) and conjunctivitis (8.48%). The physicochemical analyzes show a basic character of the rainwater and a conductivity and weak turbidity of the well water. Therefore, a program of development, treatment, and sanitation of water sources is essential to prevent the population of waterborne diseases.

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Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Élevages et Santé is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change effects on water quality are related directly and indirectly to the water cycle and human activities. We present examples of these effects using a retrospective analysis across European catchments according to three objectives: (i) identification of extreme or anomalous values in climatic and chemical variables at multiple time scales, (ii) assessment of variability in seasonal and inter-annual chemical cycles, and (iii) identification of a general water chemistry response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. From these examples, we highlight four challenges for research on the relationships between climate and water quality: (i) developing functional typologies of chemical elements, (ii) performing multi-temporal and multi-spatial analysis by aggregating data into water-cycle periods, (iii) decoupling effects of climate conditions and human activities by testing hypotheses using parsimonious models, and (iv) incorporating water quality and aquatic ecosystem health into integrated models. Water quality integrates current and past (legacy) conditions, flow pathways, and biogeochemical reactivity, which themselves depend on the climate. As our results highlight, water quantity and quality need to be studied together.

Starting from the study of the major impacts of human activity in the Seine river basin on ground- and surface water quality, due to domestic and industrial wastewater and to intensive agricultural practices, a research framework was developed, combining the analysis of the agricultural systems, their connection to food requirement by local population and trade exchanges with other regions or countries, as well as the losses to the hydrosphere and atmosphere in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, silica and carbon, and their associated environmental problems. From the Seine basin regional scale, the concept of water agro-food system was enlarged to the national, European and global scales. Coupling the GRAFS approach (Generalized Representation of Agro-Food Systems) to the Riverstrahler model (a biogeochemical drainage network model), allowed to make the link between the different issues of food production, river water quality and nutrient delivery to the coastal zone, as well as to develop an indicator of the risk for coastal water eutrophication (ICEP) now being included as an indicator for the United Nation Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14.

River basins were identified very early on as a key component of chemical fluxes from continents to oceans, driven by weathering and biogeochemical cycles in their basin. Fifty years ago, important riverine changes attributed to human impacts started to be studied at the global scale, an evolution which has been the foundation for Anthropocene studies in hydrosystems since 2000. However, the co-evolution of river basin systems and sociosystems remains poorly addressed, particularly over long periods ($>$100 y). Medium-sized river basins make it possible to perform such detailed analyses, which combines historical river fluxes, material flows, river ecology, environmental history and political ecology.Such an interdisciplinary approach at the scale of the Seine basin, undertaken by the PIREN-Seine research program, started in 1989, has shown how scientific and technological knowledge, environmental awareness, environmental regulations and policies, and political decisions have played a role on water quality during that period.

The Logung Reservoir in Central Java Province is one of 18 new reservoirs developed to support the National Food and Water Security Program. Despite fully operating recently, its water quality is potentially degraded due to existing human activities surrounding this reservoir. Therefore, we conducted a study to assess water quality in this reservoir (from November 2019 to January 2020) and biological productivity status using the Trophic Level Index (TLI) based on the value of brightness, chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen, and total phosphate. The STORET technique with Class II water quality criteria is used to determine water quality based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. This study indicates that general water quality status is classified as class C (moderate) or moderately polluted, with a score of -18 to -20. Parameters that exceed the threshold are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and total P, possibly due to high organic matter from residential and agricultural areas. As for biological productivity, the analysis shows that the waters of Logung Reservoir can be categorized as oligotrophic, with TLI values ranging from 2.6 to 2.8. This study should be conducted regularly since its results are useful for reservoir managers in formulating strategies to improve and maintain water quality standards so that the reservoir can function properly.

— All of Earth’s living things depend on food and clean water to survive. River water monitoring is essential for gathering the data required to manage water quality in the present as well as the future. In this research, the water quality of the Pamba River is monitored and analyzed using the Internet of Things (IoT) during the monsoon and summer seasons. The Pamba River is the third-longest river in the Indian state of Kerala and one of the primary sources of drinking water in Kerala’s Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts. In conventional systems, the monitoring procedure entails manually collecting water samples from various places, followed by testing and analysis in a lab. This is costly and time-consuming. With developments in sensors, communication, and the Internet of Things (IoT), monitoring water contamination has become more and more crucial in recent years and provides accurate data. The system collects information from IoT sensors to evaluate the quality of the water, including pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature changes, and other parameters. The relevant officials are alerted in the case of any variation, and all of this data is stored in the cloud. The system also ensures real-time water quality monitoring.

Human health and sustainable socio-economic growth are closely linked to water quality. Due to increasingly intense human activity, pollutants, and in particular trace elements, are entering the aquatic system and harming humans. The main objective of this study is to analyse and compare the impact of the trace elements on the water quality of natural springs. The concentrations of ten trace elements in 12 spring water samples collected in 2022 were analyzed using ICP-MS to determine the spatial variability of natural water quality in the Ouislane watershed. Nine major trace elements (boron, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc, and vanadium) were measured using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. The average values of these elements followed the descending trend: B > Ni > Cr > Co > Zn > Mn > V > Cu > Pb in spring water samples. Some trace elements measured in certain water samples exceed the upper limits set by Moroccan drinking water quality standards (NM) and the World Health Organization (WHO). From the principal components analysis (PCA), 83% of the variation is explained by the first three main components. B, Co, Cr and Ni have a strongly impact on water quality explain by their strong correlation with CP1 (R2 > 0.70). The calculated water quality index (WQI) values ranged from 61.18 to 95.11, with an average of 78.47. Approximately 17% of the water samples were categorized as excellent quality water (WQI < 50), with the remaining 83% classified as good quality water (50 < WQI < 100). According to the WQI index, all the natural spring waters investigated are deemed suitable for human consumption.

Water resources are vital for life, yet they are exposed to various risks. In the estern Rif of Morocco, the Oued Kert is a crucial water resource for a large population. Therefore, evaluating their health status is essential to ensure their optimal preservation. In this context, five stations (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) were monitored, during the four campaigns (September, December, March, and June 2022), to assess the physicochemical quality of water. In this sense, seven parameters were measured, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrates, and ammonium. In addition, an evaluation of metal contamination was conducted during a single campaign (May 2022) by measuring four elements (Al, Fe, Li, and Mn). The levels of electrical conductivity (greater than 3000 μS cm-1), and COD (greater than 40mg L-1 in S2, S3, and S4) indicate poor water quality, while, the average concentrations of ammonium classify these waters as of moderate quality. The results of metal contamination revealed the presence of iron (Fe) at a concentration of 1.9 mg L-1 in S5, classifying these waters as of moderate quality according to Moroccan water quality standards.

In the Ketama region, irrigation used to depend on rainwater and surface water. However, with drought and water shortages affecting the region, farmers are increasingly relying on groundwater. “Recognizing the critical importance of water quality in irrigation, a total of 164 water samples were collected from various points and subjected to physicochemical analysis. The assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation encompassed several parameters, including chloride, electrical conductivity (EC), percentage of soluble sodium (% Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RCS), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), Kelley ratio (KR), potential salinity (PS), synthetic harmfulness coefficient (K), irrigation coefficient (Ka), chloro-alkaline indices (CAI-1 and CAI-2), and irrigation water quality index (IWQI).”. Results showed that 43.29% (EC), 82% (Na), 68.40% (SAR), and 68.29% (Ka) of groundwater samples were excellent and that 77% (PI) of samples were suitable for irrigation. The IWQI revealed that 21.96% of samples are considered to have high restrictions. This study aims to provide crucial information on irrigation water quality in the region, providing valuable data for various stakeholders to make informed decisions on agricultural practices and the sustainable use of water resources, particularly in the face of challenges posed by climate change and water shortages.

In the context of the challenges imposed by climate change, which exerts constant pressure on water security in Morocco, the Moulouya River, one of the main sources of surface water, frequently undergoes spatiotemporal variations in its quality. This situation is particularly worrying in the upstream part of the river, where the old Zaida mine is located, which is now inactive and leaves significant residues in the form of slag heaps in direct contact with the waters of the Moulouya River. To assess the impact of this abandoned mining waste, eight (08) water sampling stations (S1 to S8) were chosen to analyse the concentrations of two (02) essential metals, namely, lead and zinc. The results revealed lead concentrations of approximately 0.13 mg/L on average during the dry period and 0.09 mg/L during the humid period. The average zinc concentration was 0.29 mg/L during the dry season and 0.32 mg/L during the humid season. The maximum concentrations were recorded at the stations closest to the aforementioned mine, in particular, S1, S2 and S3. Other maximum concentrations were observed at station S6. These results highlighted the significant impact of mining slag heaps exposed to the open sky on the physico-chemical and metallic quality of Moulouya waters. This finding highlights the urgency of continued monitoring of this vital water resource to protect it against potential risks of contamination.

The quality of water serves as a fundamental gauge of environmental health influenced by the interplay between land use practices and climate change. Globally, water quality is deteriorating largely due to the inevitable growth of population. This relationship is complex, land use practices significantly shape climate dynamics, while climate change modifies land use patterns in response to climatic variability. In developing countries like India, currently the most populous nation, around 60% of the population relies on agricultural productivity which is closely tied to water quality. Due to temperature variations brought on by climate change, hydrological patterns and precipitation dynamics are altered resulting in extreme weather events like floods and droughts that have a negative impact on water quality. Moreover, the concentration of pollutants in aquatic bodies is influenced by land use patterns. To analyze these complex interactions, climatic projections, hydrological models, watershed models, and various techniques such as GIS and remote sensing are utilized. This paper aims to review how land use practices intersect with the effects of climate change specifically in relation to water quality in India providing insights on the negative impacts of this interaction in an era of environmental awareness.

Green roof is a green technology innovation in the form of a roof planted with vegetation on a substrate that is an effective solution to replace the role of green open space (GOS) lost due to construction and development. As the main component of green roof, vegetation can significantly affect the quantity and quality of runoff water. This research aims to analyze the quality of rainwater and green roof runoff water on green roofs planted with Portulaca grandiflora (PG) and unvegetated green roof (UV) as a control. Runoff samples were analysed to determine the value of water quality parameters used, especially temperature, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, DO nitrite, ammonia. Water quality status is determine by applying the STORET (Storage and Retrieval) Method. Based on the quality standards of "Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No 22 Tahun 2021", the STORET value in rainwater is categorized as moderately contaminated with a value of -20. While the STORET value in green roof runoff water planted with Portulaca grandiflora and unvegetated green roof, both are categorized as lightly contaminated with a value of -8 and -10 respectively. While based on the quality standards of "Peraturan Menteri kesehatan No 22 tahun 2023", the STORET value in rainwater is categorized as lightly contaminated with a value of -8. While the STORET value in green roof runoff water planted with Portulaca grandiflora and green roofs that are not planted, both are categorized as meet the quality standards.

The Sigus River in Algeria underwent and continues to undergo significant de gradation due to both anarchistic discharge of industrial waste and the constantly increasing points of discharge of domestic worn water. The use of river water in irrigation poses a major problem of public health. The bad smells during dry periods, added to the irrevocable damage caused to the beauty of the site, are an attack on the environment and blatant disrespect of nature. À sampling design was established and river water was sampled to measure all its physicochemical indicators of pollution: nitrates, nitrogenized ammoniacals, sulphates, chlorides, T°, pH, electrical conductivity and salinity. This pollution is a consequence of the solid and liquid wild discharges that have a direct and significant impact on the quality of water throughout the river. A multivariate statistical study through PCA (principal component analysis) revealed that the levels of these parameters remain however low upstream the course of water (S1 and S2) compared to the downstream (S3.S4). Human anthropogenic actions (wastewater discharges, agricultural and industrial activities) without treatment in advance are the main cause of this generated pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since the ancient times, water has been a sacred element, an indispensable element of life, a symbol of femininity, motherhood and fecundity. It was the primordial substance from which all life forms were born. We notice that its value is also given by the fact that the existence of water sources was and it is still nowadays, a determining condition in the establishment and development of human settlements, which led to a contradictory situation: on the one hand, man needs water in order to survive, and on the other hand, he forgets about its importance and, out of a desire for modernity, he pollutes and makes it dirty. That is why, in time, people have realizedthat in order to have a healthy life you need a legal protection of the water, especially after the industrialization and the growth of population have led to an accelerated rhythm of its pollution. In this respect, especially since the last decade of the twentieth century and up to now, several conventions and laws have emerged against water pollution, both the industrial and the domestic pollution. In this paper we will try to show what is the material and spiritual value of the water to the Romanian people and what legal steps have been done and we believesome more should be done, in order to protect the purity and quality of the water.

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria that can colonize different habitats, including extreme ones. They are of great interest to the scientific community, especially because of their ability to produce cyanotoxins: toxic secondary metabolites potentially harmful to organisms especially when released to surface waters.

Agricultural production relies on numerous interrelated key factors namely irrigation technique, drainage, soil quality … and irrigation water quality that has gained less concern in the agricultural management process. However, the evaluation of the used quality for irrigation especially for long-term use is of crucial importance. Unfortunately, no comprehensive classification based on the assessment of the complex causality links of chemical water composition of the different environmental components that is suitable for the accurate evaluation of the used quality at a local particular scale was found. Thus, to gain an overall impression of the different methods and approaches a review of the previously published diagrams in the light of the effectiveness and representativeness of the obtained results about the various factors related to farming practices and land characteristics is required. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to represent new diagrams used in future studies as classification approaches. New classification techniques are introduced and described based on the previously used approaches coupled with the consideration of variables soil physic-chemical properties and climate conditions. The resulting schema is used to classify a variety of different approaches operating at multiple levels of characteristics and interaction levels (structure, texture, permeability ...).

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Ground water demand in India has significantly increased as a result of the country's fast population development, industrialization, and urbanization. Using a water quality index, or WQI helpful numerical instrument for deriving complex information from any water body and for reporting and analyzing it. WQI is essentially a mathematical method for calculating a single value from a set of test results. Any WQI model can explain the degree of water contamination with a single number, depending on several of water quality indicators at a particular place and time. In this work, an effort has been made to understand whether ground water is fit for human consumption. The study area included various residential and industrial areas that do get their water from groundwater resources. This study evaluates When compared to WHO drinking and residential water quality criteria (WQI), the physical, chemical, and biological properties of various groundwater samples taken from various sites are examined. The spatial evaluation of several groundwater quality parameters in this investigation has been done using the GIS approach. The study's goal is to determine the WQI of ground water determine if it is fit for human consumption in the study area using the GIS technique.

Risk management is key to improving water quality and ensuring the safety of the drinking water supply. Identifying sources of risk introduces the first phase of risk management is to identify potential sources of water contamination. That can include industrial pollution, accidental spills, agricultural discharges, failing treatment infrastructure, contaminant seepage into water sources, etc. A thorough analysis of the different sources of risk provides a better understanding of the threats to water quality. Once the sources of risk have been identified, it is essential to carry out a risk assessment. That involves analyzing the probability of occurrence of adverse events and the impact they could have on water quality. Tools such as Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) can be used to assess risk in a systematic way. Based on the risk assessment, preventive measures should be put in place to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of adverse events. That may include implementing good agricultural practices, regulating industrial discharges, regularly inspecting water treatment facilities, continuously monitoring water sources, etc. The objective is to prevent potential sources of contamination and minimize the associated risks. Regular monitoring of water quality is a key component of risk management. That involves collecting water samples at different stages of the water supply process, as well as testing for the presence of contaminants. Having effective monitoring systems in place allows potential problems to be identified quickly and appropriate corrective action to be taken. Despite the preventive measures, it is important to be prepared for possible emergency situations. Emergency response planning should include clear protocols and actions to be taken in the event of water contamination, to minimize public health impacts. That may include alert plans, communication procedures, alternative means of treatment, and coordination with competent authorities. The objective of This article is to conduct a risk analysis related to the drinking water distribution process. Using the HACCP method applied within the Laboratory attached to the water distribution company in northern Morocco, we will focus on the main causes of the risks tainting This process, based on the results the processing of samples in order to guarantee the safety and quality of drinking water in the Larache region and contribute to the efforts to protect water against the deterioration of the quality and quantity due to pollution and waste.

The Central Marshes are one of southern Iraq's most important wetlands and ecosystems. A study on evaluating soil quality and water quality in terms of chemical properties at certain sites in the southern Iraqi Central Marshes has been conducted to investigate their types and suitability for enhancing the agricultural reality of most field crops. Soil and water samples were collected from 15 sites and transferred to the laboratory. In the lab, the following parameters were determined: electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), organic materials (OM), pH, gypsum, and total sulfate content (SO3). The tests conducted on the samples indicated that it could be said that the soil of the Central Marshes is dark blackish-gray silty clay or clayey silt soil and revealed that most of the southern marshlands are suitable for planting different crops. Analysis of the results may have a role in designing and planning upcoming projects such as construction and agriculture, which would have to enlighten the decision maker.

This investigation pertains to the evaluation of water quality in SAWA Lake, located in the Al-Muthanna province of Southern Iraq, from 1977 to 2020. Understanding the water quality and assessments of this Lake is of great importance. The Lake is home to small, transparent, blind fish measuring approximately 10 cm and is often referred to as the "wonderful" or "strange" Lake due to its many unique features. The study focuses on several elements to represent water quality, including total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and temperature (T), which were measured directly in the field. Additionally, scientific concepts such as K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3, and KSO4 were used in each sample. Scientists have analyzed the density and salinity of the lake water and found that its water density exceeds that of seawater, and its salinity exceeds that of the Gulf of Arabia by about 1.5 times. The water is salty, surrounded by natural lime, and is automatically renewed by nature when it is broken. Its hardness also characterizes it, and its water volume fluctuates depending on the wet and dry seasons. The Lake is roughly 4.74 km in length, and all the elements under study showed an increase in concentration during the periods of 1977, 1983, and 2003 with NaSO4, which later changed to MgCl between 2007 and 2011. The study found that Sawa Lake water was unsuitable for drinking or irrigation purposes between 2016 and 2020 due to the increased concentration of certain elements. This increase in concentration is attributed to the Lake's location, nutrition, and the lack of rain, which means it relies solely on groundwater.

The article discusses bird censuses and Waterbirds wintering in Switzerland. Topics include increase in Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula and Red-eyed Netta rufina due to improved water quality in lakes; the processes of returning to more oligotrophic waters and restoring ecosystems while the immigration of neozoa and neophytes continues to modify aquatic ecosystems; and a table of classification of species according to their main food.

A great deal of work has been undertaken to ensure that certain swimming events (open water and triathlon) at the Olympic and Paralympic Games can be held in the Seine under sanitary conditions that respect the health of the athletes. They will be the first to take the plunge in this river, but the aim is to speed up the process of making it possible for the people of Ile-de-France to swim in it too, as well as in the Marne., (Copyright © 2024. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS.)

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The aim of this study is to decide the strategy of mitigating the quality of river water of the Surabaya River as raw source for drinking water. The study was carried out during both the rainy (January – February 2021) and dry seasons (September – October 2021). Research sampling uses random sampling in term of observation at four Locations with different activities. The sample obtained was tested for its quality of water indicators, such as temperature, brightness, pH, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, nitrates,and phosphates). The results showed that indicator of pH, temperature, and nitrates, met class II water qualitystandards. However, indicators of dissolved oxygen, organic matter, and phosphates had not met class II as stated in the Regulation of Government 82/2001. Lightly pollution identified the water quality status of the Surabaya River in the rainy and dry seasons. As a result, efforts to mitigate water quality were required,including regulating water infiltration, monitoring water quality at water sources, conducting afforeLocation programs, reorganizing settlements and industries on watershed banks, and incorporating biological treatment using biofilter technology into the Surabaya River's initial water treatment process.

In aquatic habitats, metal contamination from natural and anthropogenic sources continues to pose a concern for human and environmental health. Thus, it is important to complete monitoring studies to assess patterns and the extent of metal contamination in these ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of 31 chemical elements and water quality parameters of the Todos os Santos River located in the Mucuri Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine any seasonal and spatial patterns from the data. Results demonstrated that metals including Al, Fe, and Ni exceeded Brazilian and international guidelines Nutrients as P also exceed water quality standards. Principal components analysis indicated distinct geographical and seasonal patterns for multiple elements with hierarchical cluster analysis confirming the observed spatial patterns of contamination in the Todos os Santos River.

Lake Saint Germain was created near Saint-Germain-de-Confolens (Charente, France) for drinking water production in 1972. Since then, various short-term studies have shown water quality to degrade, and sedimentation to gradually fill the lake. The lake appears to have lost 42 % of its initial water capacity due to present mean sedimentation rates nearing 8000 m3.year-1. A sedimentary balance shows that this phenomenon can be attributed to watershed allochtonous particulate inflow for 87 %. Sediment fluxes and their lacustrine accumulation act in turn as in-lake nutrient sources accelerating the eutrophication process. As a conclusion for this study, some solutions are proposed to improve drinking water production sustainability.

Knowledge coproduction is process fostering to engage academic and extra-academic actors in the production of knowledge. In this context, this study aims to discuss the potential of a participatory approach called boundary work to mediate a process of knowledge coproduction between researchers and municipal public managers. In order to engage discussions about this process, the water quality of an Amazon region was used as the study object. The data was obtained through interviews and secondary data from public databases. The results indicate there are opportunities for knowledge coproduction for both researchers and managers. This new knowledge would have the potential to improve water management in Santarém, and thus, minimize the risks of waterborne diseases to which the population is subjected, and to support researchers in their research. In this case, the process shows itself as a win-win relationship, there are some limitations to its effective realization, such as the geographic distance of the actors involved, lack of laboratories infrastructure, data communication channel and the academic and management institutional intrinsic characteristics.

Anthropogenic activities pose a major threat to the quality of water bodies. This study assessed the water quality and bacteriological levels in the liver, gills and tissues of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) in Aiba reservoir. The reservoir was purposively partitioned based on anthropogenic activities; fish landing site and accessibility into three sampling zones tagged Zone 1(inlet), Zone 2 (middle) and Zone 3 (outlet) with each zone having a fish landing site namely Gaa Fulani, landing site and Oju odo respectively. Fish samples with average weight of 200g and water samples were randomly collected fortnightly in triplicates for six months. Mean values of water analysis measured were within the tolerable range for fish although there were slight variations within the zones which were not significant (P

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The management of soil organic matter, an important issue in reducing nitrate leaching to groundwater. Description of the subject. The nitrate concentration in half of the groundwater bodies of the Walloon Region (Belgium) has justified their classification as vulnerable zones under the Nitrates Directive (ND). This vulnerable area has a relatively high diversity of agro-soil environments. Thus, the nitrogen content of agricultural soils can vary locally by a factor 4. Objectives. This study aimed to establish whether the carbon content of a soil is a significant risk factor in nitrate leaching to groundwater. Method. The article is based on measurements of nitrate nitrogen residue (APL) and soil total organic carbon (TOC) at the beginning of the leaching period. The measurements were made in 2012 in 1,500 plots, during inspections organized by the Wallonia Public Service. This was as part of the application of the Program for the Sustainable Management of Nitrogen in Agriculture, the scheme for implementing the ND within the Walloon region. Results. Examination of the results showed both that the APL was positively correlated to the TOC and that plots with "noncompliant" APL results had a significantly higher average TOC than the other plots. Conclusions. Since APL is an environmental indicator of the risk of nitrate leaching, it appears that the TOC may constitute a risk of groundwater contamination by nitrate. It is therefore advisable to improve the inclusion of this parameter in advice regarding nitrogen fertilization and secondly, in the case of summer harvest, to better manage the sowing of catch crops.

The concerns about water contaminants affect most developing countries bypassing rivers over them. The issue is challenging to introduce water quality within the allowed limits for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes. In the present study, physical-chemical parameters measurements of water samples taken from eleven stations were collected during six months in 2020 through flow path along the whole length of Tigris River inside AL Kut city (center of Wassit government) were investigated for six parameters are total hardness TH, hydrogen ion pH, biological oxygen demand BOD5, total dissolved solids TDS, nitrate NO3, and sulfate SO4. The water quality analysis results were compared with the maximum allowable limit concentration recommended by World Health Organization WHO and Iraqi limitation spastically; TH, BOD5, TDS, and SO4 had an average value of 421, 62, 813, and 376 mg/l, respectively. The spatial distribution of six water quality parameters within the studied area was carried out by implementing the Quantum Geography Information System QGIS technique established on the Inverse Distance Weighted IDW method to produce the interpolation predicted maps of stations along the river in Al Kut city. The results showed water quality degraded and an increase in the concentrations observed for all parameters along the river path, especially at the last two stations due to attributed to human activities, land use and industrialization, and outfall of sewerage flow to the river directly without treatment. Spatial distribution is essential to give a thorough understanding of the river's contamination reality. This makes it easier to understand, analyze and find the appropriate treatments and solutions to the problem of water quality.