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First, second, third, and fourth-generation biofuels are continuously evolving as a promising substitute to petrodiesel catalyzed by energy depletion, economic and environmental considerations. Bio-diesel can be synthesized from various biomass sources, which are commonly divided into FAME and renewable biodiesel. FAME biodiesel is generally produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils and fats while renewable diesel is produced by hydro-deoxygenation of vegetable and waste oils and fats. The different generation, processing technologies and standards for FAME and renewable biodiesel are reviewed. Finally, the life cycle analysis and production cost of conventional and renewable biodiesel are described.

The textile industry is a very resource-intensive sector, considerably contributing to environmental deterioration via substantial use of water, electricity, and chemicals. With the global transition towards sustainable practices, the notion of a circular economy has become more significant, focusing on prolonging product lifespans, reducing waste, and facilitating material recovery. An effective method for achieving circularity in the textile sector is Design for Disassembly (DfD), which facilitates the straightforward deconstruction of items for recycling or reuse. This study examines the use of Design for Disassembly (DfD) in textile production, emphasizing methods that enable the straightforward separation of fibers, trimmings, and fasteners, hence improving garment recyclability. Data was gathered via a comprehensive examination of textile product designs, production methodologies, and recycling methods throughout the sector. Findings demonstrate that the use of DfD may substantially decrease waste and enhance material recovery rates. Nonetheless, obstacles like redesign expenses, customer awareness, and compatibility with existing production techniques persist. This study presents a detailed technique for incorporating Design for Disassembly (DfD) into textile manufacturing and examines its possible effects on the circular economy. The results substantiate the assertion that the implementation of DfD may be a crucial advancement toward attaining sustainability in the textile sector.

The escalating global demand for energy coupled with escalating environmental concerns has underscored the imperative of efficacious energy conversion from renewable reservoirs. Among these, wind energy has ascended as a pragmatic and ecologically conscientious solution. Its ascent, outpacing conventional fuels such as coal, underscores the necessity to comprehend its performance intricately. This study zeroes in on an airfoil model, subjecting it to a dual scrutiny encompassing empirical investigation and computational simulation. Employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses executed in ANSYS software, the study prognosticates pressure and velocity patterns for the 2D iteration of the Model 1 airfoil by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). This exhaustive scrutiny spans across velocities of 10 m/s and diverse angles of attack (-5°, 2°, and 8°). Remarkably, a robust 90% correlation manifests between the outcomes of empirical experimentation and computational simulation. Within the aerodynamic schema of the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), the 8° angle of attack emerges as the vanguard, distinctly illustrating the pinnacle of optimal pressure distribution and velocity gradient. Noteworthy is the consistent augment in airfoil performance as the blade angle escalates, substantiated by elevated apex velocities and pressures in juxtaposition to the -5° and 2° angles. The findings of this inquiry engender a significant stride in airfoil refinement for the optimization of wind turbine blades, thereby conferring invaluable insights in the realms of blade design, aerodynamic contemplations, and the augmentation of wind turbine performance.

Contributing to charity is universally regarded as the moral thing to do. Moreover, billions of dollars are contributed every year as a result. Since the methods used by charitable organisations to collect donations are not always transparent to the public, they frequently struggle to gain the trust and attention of donors. This emphasises how crucial it is to address these problems to improve the transparency of the fundraising process and spending for contributors. A system built on the blockchain might be the solution to this issue. The shortcomings of the current distribution system served as the inspiration for this idea. We present a blockchain-based crowdfunding platform that we believe will be effective, open, and safe. This approach enables recognised charities to post their identities for investor verification in order to aid donors in avoiding funding to fake organisations. This is because blockchain limits other parties' capacity to tamper with, or even view, data, which is crucial for any organisation looking to increase the trust of its donor base. Nobody other than the trusted entity can edit or remove data once it has been stored in a blockchain. Investors, fundraisers, and fundraising platforms are all involved. Through the site, fundraising and charitable efforts are facilitated.

Indoor stadiums are built to minimise the effects of the environment and weather on sporting events. The shuttlecock in badminton is extremely vulnerable to a slight wind gust caused by ventilation in the indoor stadium. It is critical in elite tournaments to design the driftless court area stadium without compromising player and spectator ventilation comfort. CFD simulation is used to study two roof structures widely used in indoor stadium construction: barrel and gable roofs with two ventilation openings in opposite directions for lateral and longitudinal airflow. The simulation is carried out in 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) using the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k- ⍵ model. Grid independency is carried out to compare the results with wind tunnel measurement data from the literature. The non-dimensional velocity and coefficient of pressure contour are obtained in the vertical centre plane and horizontal plane (H=0.06m and 0.02m) from the ground. Finally, the gable roof configuration with longitudinal wind direction volume flow rate increased to 26% and the average velocity in the horizontal (H=0.02m) is 0.19 leading to low wind drift near the ground. There is no huge impact on the roof configuration (barrel and gable) compared to the wind direction (longitudinal and lateral) of the opening in the model.

The main objective of this paper is to develop a sustainable Wireless power transmission (WPT) model. WPT is the technique of transferring electric energy from a power source to a load without any contact between them. This process can be done through different methods using different topologies, which include Series Series (SS), Series Parallel (SP), Parallel Series (PS), and Parallel Parallel (PP). One of the most widely used methods in WPT is inductive power transfer. The main advantages of WPT – it allows charging for multiple devices, has high charging speeds, low cost, less maintenance, and higher efficiency than wired charging. Despite significant advancements in charging solutions, the system still has various issues, such as coil position, the number of receiving coils, the distance between transmitter and receiver coils, high initial cost, and impacts on its sustainability. This paper discusses the simulation model of the WPT model using SS topology in the JMAG software and analyzes the effect of the position of coils and distance between transmitter and receiver coils on the output. This simulation model can further be used to build a prototype for charging EV batteries.

The modern period has seen advancements in compiler design, optimization technique, and software system efficiency. The influence of the most recent developments in compiler design and optimization techniques on program execution speed, memory utilization, and overall software quality is highlighted in this study. The design of the compiler is advanced by the efficient code that is now structured in research with high-speed performance without manual intervention. The influence of the most recent developments in compiler design and optimization techniques on program execution speed, memory utilization, and overall software quality is highlighted in this paper's thorough analysis.

The devised approximation multiplier can adapt the precision and processing power needed formul triplication sat run-time based on the needs of the user. To decrease error distance, we also suggest a straight forward error compensation circuit. There are two types of approximate multi pliers. Dynamic voltages caling can be used for the first kind, which controls the timing route of the multiplier. If the voltage is lower, the critical path will take longer to complete. As a result, when the time path is violated, errors occurs and approximated results are produced. These cond types involves redesigning precise multiplier circuits like the Wallace Tree Multiplier and Dadda Tree Multiplier in order to change the functional behaviors of multipliers. Most of the earlier research on rebuilding multipliers suggested erroneous m-n compressors, which have m inputs and producen outputs. It dynamically reduces the area covered under the multiplier LSB which enables the MSB in accurate manner and LSB in approximate manner. This convolution al system approach is regarded to sequential cover up more than 32 bit multiplier. Since the accompanied circuit reduce then tire area by10times lesser than original multiplier, this conventional unit is regarded as abled circuit in the segment. Since the process of compressing partial products absorbed the majority of the multiplier energy and resulted in a consider able route delay, these incorrect compressors were utilized to compress the partial products within multiplication. These functionality are over come through our experimental setup.

Water plays a vital role in the creation of human being and other natural phenomena. More than 80% of the resources is surrounded by water but in that only 20% is good for consumption others are fully polluted and contaminated. Now a days water is more polluted, and even supplied in a very lesser level so to check and monitor the quality of the water we mainly using a number of sensors are used to monitor the water’s quality and distribute it to the less fortunate. The quality of the water is affected by several parameters. Water is provided from difference resources like lake, pond, well, ground water, oceans etc.so these waters are not good for consumption Therefore, our goal is to assess the water’s quality while keeping an eye on the flow and level of the water. It is intended to use a variety of cutting-edge devices to check various water quality system parameters.

This project presents the experimental study on self-compacting concrete (SCC) with replacement of cement by various percentage of Silica Fume and Fly Ash. The main objective is to determine the Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength of Self compacting concrete by partial replacement of cement by Silica Fume and Fly Ash. The use of fly ash in concrete today is an important subject and is of growing importance day by day. Using fly ash in concrete many provide both economic advantages and enhanced properties in the production of concrete. The addition of super plasticizer increases the workability of concrete. The work involves making seven types of SCCs mixes. For each mix preparation, twenty-one cube specimens, twenty-one-cylinder specimens and twenty-one beam specimens are cast and cured. The specimens are cured in water for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days. The results show that SCC with 5% SF and 10% gives higher values of Compressive strength, Split Tensile strength and Flexural Strength compared to other percentages of Silica Fume and Fly Ash. According to the SCC result, various percentages of AR Glass Fiber (0.1% to 0.4%) added with the optimum SCC (5% of SF+ 10% of FA) and super plasticizer is mixed with optimum SCC. After each mix proportion, specimens are cast and cured for 28 days in water and hardened properties are determined. The results show that the higher the percentage of glass fiber, the higher the values of concrete Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength.

In current times, noise pollution is especially apparent in urban areas due to rapid development in transportation, industrialization, and urbanization. The worsening noise pollution is detrimental to human health and behaviour as it can contribute to disorders and psychological disturbance. Thus, noise regulation is crucial and must be addressed with immediate effect. Micro-perforated panels (MPP) can be a potential solution to mitigate noise on a commercial scale. Researchers have addressed the mechanics behind the enhancement of acoustic absorption through micro-perforation and some suggestions have been made, such as the effect of structural variation on sound absorption performance. Hence, this research aims at optimizing the sound absorption performance of an MPP by determining the connection between thickness and perforation size with sound absorption coefficient. Three cases were considered: (i) varying perforation size, (ii) varying thickness, and (iii) varying perforation size and thickness simultaneously. Based on the Maa prediction model, the sound absorption performance for all three cases have been simulated through the MATLAB software. Results show that the increase in both thickness and perforation size together increases the peak value of sound absorption coefficient (SAC). It also shifts the peak towards the higher frequency region and narrows the bandwidth. The findings of this study indicate the potential of thick MPPs as commercial sound absorbers by adjusting the size of perforations. Thicker and sturdier MPPs with optimal acoustic resistance and reactance can act as reliable sound absorbers for sound insulation purposes.

This paper presents the dynamic modelling and simulation of a now redundant robot, Mitsubishi RM-501, and proposes a general algorithm for experimental simulation in kinematics, dynamics and control analysis to any such robot. Through reverse engineering, a model as accurate as the real robot was developed in SolidWorks.The simulations of the same were performed in ADAMS (dynamicmodeling software offered by MSC Software Corp)along with MATLAB for motion studies and control dynamics. Finally, with a user-input path the accuracy and precision of the simulator was verified.

Aluminum Boron Carbide Metal Matrix Composites (Al-MMC) have revolutionized aeronautical and automobile industries, in the recent times due to their exceptional mechanical and physical properties. However it is seen that the machinability of these composites is greatly reduced by the hardness of constituent reinforcement particles. Moreover these constituent reinforcement particles serve as disadvantage by increasing tool wear accompanying undesirable depression in life of tool. This paper presents the experimental investigations on turning of Al6061 matrix metal reinforced with 10 % by weight of boron carbide (B4Cp) particles - which was fabricated using Stir casting method. Fabricated samples are turned on medium duty lathe of 2kW spindle power with Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) inserts of 1500 grade at various cutting conditions by varying parameters. Hence, parameters such as power consumed by main spindle, machined surface roughness and tool wear are studied and recorded. Furthermore, study results are supported using concurring images obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It is observed that surface finish and power consumed for 1500 grade insert are comparatively better at higher cutting speeds. Additionally it is observed that tool wear is strongly dependent on abrasive hard reinforcement particles.