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Located on the plateau of Larzac, the site of Soulages testify, for the first time in this area of medium mountains, a rural settlement which developed from the 6th to the 9th century. The remains are organised in a space that groups together all the places where people lived, mixed with the burials of the inhabitants. Within this space, the buildings are divided by function: the service buildings are gathered in areas surrounded by a palisade, the main house is secluded in height. In addition to the situation of the buildings, the analysis of the construction techniques and materials also makes it possible to distinguish the main dwelling house from the functionnal buildings, with the use of stone for the former and the use of wooden load-bearing structures and earthen walls mainly for the latter. Among burials, young children are over-represented. This kind of settlement yields few material remains documenting the life of a community settled ex nihilo.

The Representation of Ulysses and Polyphemus in Roman Mosaics. Analyses and Comparisons In Homer’s Odyssey, whilst Ulysses is staying at the court of the Pheacians, he narrates his past adventures, in particular his encounter with the Cyclops, Polyphemus. The obvious physical imbalance between the two protagonists provides moral justification for recourse to guile, to metis, rather than engaging in a regular combat. In this paper, we have chosen to further exploit mosaics representing Ulysses inebriating Polyphemus for the sole purpose of revisiting the documentation by focusing on comparable works - sculptures, paintings and minor arts - in order to put forward a few hypotheses. We will take a look in turn at the role played by the sculptures of the Hellenistic period, the influence of Aristotle’s unity of action and unity of time, ending with the different depictions of Polyphemus’ organs of sight – at times « monocular » or « triocular » – in attempt to elicit their iconographical meaning.

Zusammenfassung: Die auf der Hochebene Causse du Larzac gelegene Siedlung von Soulages liefert ein bislang unbekanntes Beispiel für eine ländliche Ansiedlung in mittlerer Höhenlage, die sich zwischen dem 6. und 9. Jahrhundert n. Chr. entwickelte. Die Hinterlassenschaften umfassen den gesamten Siedlungsbereich, sowie Gräber der Bewohner. Innerhalb der Ansiedlung waren die Gebäude nach ihrer Funktion angeordnet: die Nebengebäude waren in mit Palisaden umgebenen Bereichen gruppiert, das Hauptwohngebäude lag abgetrennt in höherer Lage. Neben der Lage innerhalb der Ansiedlung ermöglicht es auch die Untersuchung der Bautechniken und der verwendeten Baumaterialien, das Hauptwohngebäude von den Nebengebäuden durch die Verwendung von Stein zu unterscheiden, wobei die Nebengebäude hauptsächlich mit Holzgerüsten und Lehmwänden errichtet wurden. Unter den Bestattungen sind früh verstorbene Kleinkinder überrepräsentiert. Diese Art von Siedlung hat sehr wenig Artefakte geliefert, die jedoch das Leben einer Gemeinschaft in einem neugegründeten Weiler dokumentieren.

El yacimiento de Soulages, situado en la meseta calcárea del Larzac, ilustra, por primera vez en este sector de media montaña, una ocupación rural que se desarrolla entre los siglos VI y IX. Los restos se organizan en un espacio que agrupa el conjunto de los lugares de vida, mezclados con las sepulturas de los habitantes. En el seno de este espacio, los edificios se reparten según su función: los anexos están agrupados en sectores rodeados por una palizada y la casa principal se halla aislada y a una mayor altura. Más allá de la localización de las construcciones, el análisis de las técnicas de construcción y de los materiales utilizados permite también diferenciar la casa principal de los edificios anexos mediante el uso de la piedra, en lo que concierne a la primera, y el empleo de estructuras portantes de madera y muros de tierra cruda principalmente, para los segundos. En lo que se refiere a las inhumaciones, los niños fallecidos en edad temprana están sobrerrepresentados. Este tipo de ocupación proporciona escasos objetos que documentan la vida de una comunidad instalada ex nihilo.

Located on the plateau of Larzac, the site of Soulages testifies, for the first time in a low mountain area, a rural settlement which expand from the 6th to the 9th century. The remains are organised in an area that groups together all living quarters, mixed with the burials of the inhabitants. Within this area, the buildings are divided by activity: the service buildings are gathered in areas surrounded by a palisade, the main house is secluded above them. In addition to the locations of the buildings, the study of the construction techniques and materials also makes it possible to distinguish the main dwelling house from the service buildings, with the use of stone for the former and the use of wooden load-bearing structures and earthen walls for the latter. Among the burials, young children are over-represented. This kind of settlement yields few material remains documenting the life of a community settled ex nihilo.

A large number of isolated panels of mosaics, discovered during the nineteenth century, have been preserved, sometimes forgotten in private collections and have not been studied. In many cases, we do not know their exact provenance. In the present article, we propose to study a panel of mosaic representing a deer, whose provenance is probably Vienne (Gallia Narbonensis) and is now kept in a private collection. This panel, according to comparisons with the other mosaics found at Vienne and in the two suburbs of SainteColombe and Saint-Romain-en-Gal, seems to belong to a multiple decor pavement mentioned by Adrien Blanchet in the Inventaire des mosaïques de la Gaule in 1909. The mosaic of the deer is certainly a panel disappeared after its discovery in 1867. We propose a new interpretation of the decor placing our panel with those from the same pavement still preserved in the archaeological museum, (church Saint-Pierre de Vienne): The four seasons, a lion, a dog, Theseus abandoning Ariadne and Ariadne asleep.

After a brief presentation of the various materials used in these pavements and the description of their decorative repertoires, we discuss the question of vocabulary. Indeed, for several years, many problems of terminology divide the scientific community. The study of ancient texts and the different interpretations of the De Architectura of Vitruvius, rather than clarifying the study of this type of pavement lead to make it more confusing. A detailed commentary of the new terminology defined by Italian researchers, shows that it is not easy to standardize the descriptions. Further difficulties arise when it comes to translate a word in another language, as interpretation often generates new ambiguities. I consider mortar pavements as the most suitable general term for this pavement type, because mortar is the basic component and at the same time the most neutral term. Finally, it seems appropriate to revisit the term of terrazzo-signinum used widely, (perhaps wrongly) in the French archaeological literature.

Le locus de la caséine alphas1 caprine se distingue par un fort polymorphisme et surtout par le fait qu’il existe, entre allèles ou groupes d’allèles, de nettes différences de niveau de synthèse protéique. Les premiers travaux ont établi que ce polymorphisme était déterminé par un minimum de 7 allèles, correspondant à 4 niveaux de synthèse différents : les allèles A, B et C s’accompagnent d’un taux "fort" de caséine alphas1 (environ 3,6 g/l), l’allèle E d’un taux "moyen" (1,6 g/l), les allèles D et F d’un taux "faible" (0,6 g/l), l’allèle O étant un allèle nul (pas de caséine alphas1 chez l’homozygote). En 1985, les allèles E et F prédominaient largement dans les races laitières françaises Alpine et Saanen, ce qui expliquait, en partie, la faiblesse du taux protéique des laits dans ces races, limitant leur rendement fromager, et posait la question de l’intérêt et des modalités d’une sélection en faveur des allèles "forts". Chacun des variants "faibles" se caractérise par la délétion d’une séquence d’acides aminés (résidus 59 à 95 dans F, 59 à 69 dans D, 14 à 26 dans G) qui résulte, tout au moins pour F et G, d’une anomalie d’épissage des ARN messagers. Dans le cas de l’allèle F, cette anomalie paraît due à la délétion d’un nucléotide, dans le cas de l’allèle G à une substitution nucléotidique. La diminution du niveau de synthèse constatée avec l’allèle E semble imputable à une insertion de 458 nucléotides dans le dernier exon du gène. La subdivision B1 de l’allèle "fort" B est le type originel de l’espèce. Les allèles à taux réduit sont donc des mutants défectifs. L’étude des performances en fermes de la descendance de 5 boucs hétérozygotes au locus alphas1-Cn a mis en évidence des différences de taux protéique conformes aux estimations ci-dessus (environ 2,5 g/kg entre les allèles A et F, 2 g/kg entre A et E). Ce polymorphisme n’a pas d’effet sur la quantité de lait produite ; mais on observe, par contre, des différences significatives inattendues, pour le taux butyreux, entre l’allèle A, et les allèles E et F. Globalement, l’allèle A a, par rapport à l’allèle F, un effet significatif sur la quantité totale de matière protéique par lactation, mais non sur la quantité de matière grasse. L’analyse des propriétés physico-chimiques des laits de chèvres homozygotes pour les 3 allèles principaux (A, E, F) confirme les effets du génotype sur le taux de caséine et sur le taux butyreux, et révèle en outre des effets significatifs sur le diamètre des micelles et leur degré de minéralisation calcique, inférieurs dans les laits A/A. Ces observations expliquent les différences constatées dans l’aptitude des laits à la coagulation par la présure, supérieure pour les laits A/A. Les écarts les plus importants concernent la fermeté maximale du gel (A/A>E/E>F/F) et sa vitesse de raffermissement (A/A>E/E et F/F), les laits de type A/A ayant, en moyenne, un temps de prise intermédiaire entre celui des laits E/E (plus long) et F/F (plus court). Des essais de fabrication traditionnelle de fromages du type Pélardon des Cévennes ont mis en évidence de nettes différences de rendement fromager corrigé : + 7,4 % entre les laits A/A et E/E, + 14,8 % entre les laits A/A et F/F, les variations saisonnières de rendement suivant celles de la matière fromagère utile (TP + TB). Des différences de fermeté des fromages (A/A>E/E>F/F) constatées par des mesures instrumentales, ont été confirmées par un jury de dégustation. Selon ce même jury, le goût de chèvre tend à être moins prononcé dans des fromages fabriqués à partir de laits A/A. Dans les races laitières européennes, on observe, selon les cas, une prépondérance des allèles "forts" A et B, de l’allèle moyen E ou de l’allèle faible F. Ce dernier prédomine dans les races Alpine et Saanen françaises et italiennes ainsi que dans la population Corse. Dans les races Alpine et Saanen, les allèles "forts" sont quasi absents chez les chèvres à index ou taux protéique faible, mais sont majoritaires en race Alpine (0,72) ou fréquents en race Saanen (0,42) chez les sujets à index ou taux protéique fort. En race Alpine, la fréquence de l’allèle A a nettement augmenté au cours des années précédentes chez les mâles de testage (environ 0,5 en 1992) et les boucs améliorateurs (0,6). En race Saanen, l’allèle E reste prédominant, mais la fréquence de l’allèle A s’accroît également. Les apports et les prolongements scientifiques de ce travail ainsi que les perspectives d’application à la sélection sont discutés.

Curatorial functions, born with the modern museum’s emergence during the eighteenth century and in particular with the nascent concepts of inventorying and cataloguing collections, are organically linked to the figure of the person in charge of drawing up such inventories and catalogues, known in France as a ‘conservateur’, a curator. But the profession of registrar―in the current sense of the term―emerged later, at the end of the twentieth century. It is rooted in the development, during the late 1980s, of new support and operational functions within the museum, a result of increasing specialisation in culture and heritage employment combined with increasing professionalism inspired by the Anglo-Saxon model of registration. We will describe the emergence of this registrar profession in the 1980s and its maturation at the turn of the century, marked by greater institutional recognition. This included included the definition of a registrars’ tasks and activities, the formalisation of their employment contexts, the structuration of desk or collection management services, the emergence of seminars and lectures and the creation of professional associations. Beyond the recognition of a profession which is now well defined in the institutional landscape, some recent developments also suggest deeper changes still to come, such as issues regarding specialisation claims, the emergence of diplomas and professional training programmes, competition and/or collaboration with other actors in museum teams. These changes are crucial to understand for young staff entering their profession in an era of profound change in the museum world where risk management, versatility, and adaptability skills have become essential for a concerted practice of conservation.

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Conformal radiotherapy requires the accurate and reproducible setup of the patient for each fraction delivery. Megavoltage imaging could enable this. This requires the development of image processing and data fusion algorithms. We describe an automated method based on the use of mutual information for registration. Such a method does not require any preliminary segmentation of the images. This method has been extensively tested on phantom as well as on some patient data. The obtained results demonstrated that this automated method for 2D/2D registration is rapid, accurate and robust even in the case of blurred images for small treatment fields.

The reality emerged of a non-negligible frequency of positive tests to "Alternaria". This was conducted by the inclusion of this mould in the standard allergy assessment, especially if a summer predominance of symptoms was known. A significant difference emerged between seasonal peaks which had to do with mono or polysensitisation. The highest frequency of positives was found near to humid surroundings or woods.

The authors describe the different steps of 3-D conformal external irradiation. They mention as well two procedures of isocentric repositioning which are mandatory for the matching of anatomical data: the first one is acquired before the simulation and the second one just before the radiotherapy session.