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"L'établissement français du sang" faces chronic shortages of blood to meet the growing needs of the health system. This article aims at clarifying the pro social nature of blood donation. An analysis of the literature allows us to characterize the act as being altruist. The prospective of this focus is to test the labeling paradigm, which is to return to the experiment that makes a preparatory behaviour, information enabling someone to perceive themselves as generous versus stingy or helpful versus not helpful. Being true to nature as reasons and motivations that conduct to the act of giving blood, seems to be essential for fundamental and experimental approach., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier SAS.)

Introduction: We report the case of a patient with an unusual association of Wernicke encephalopathy and chronic disulfiram intoxication., Case Report: A 41-year-old man presented with progressive frontal decline and akineto-rigid parkinsonism under chronic disulfiram therapy. He also developed acute confusion with ataxia, blepharospasm, and supranuclear ophthalmoplegia following a severe malnutrition due to refusal of food intake. Brain MRI revealed symmetrical and reversible hyperintense lesions on T2 and FLAIR in the posterior putaminal regions, dorso-medial thalamic and subthalamic nuclei, the periaqueducal gray matter, the cerebellar peduncles, and the pontine tegmentum. A slow partial clinical recovery with persistent frontal syndrome was observed after discontinuation of disulfiram and parenteral administration of thiamine., Discussion: The symmetry and reversibility of the MRI lesions in the basal ganglia and brain stem were suggestive of a deficiency, a toxic or a metabolic neurological disease. The dorso-medial thalamo-subthalamic and brainstem localizations, as well as their occurrence in a state of malnutrition, were consistent with Wernicke encephalopathy. Moreover, chronic disulfiram intoxication might explain the frontal syndrome and the akineto-rigid parkinsonism, associated with MRI putaminal lesions. Similar MRI lesions have been described in the so-called "energy deprivation syndromes", which are toxic, genetic or nutritional disorders that disrupt enzymes involved in energy generating metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation.