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This paper considers the issues of the efficiency of agricultural production in the context of the globalization of the markets for agricultural raw materials and food and the increased competition in this regard. Modern realities and the adopted new Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2020, require an immediate solution to the problems of ensuring the country's food security by increasing the production of high-quality, environmentally friendly, and, most importantly, economically competitive agricultural products, which is not possible without intensifying production processes. However, the pursuit of high yields and high efficiency of agricultural commodity production often leads to the degradation of the prickly factor of production, namely, land. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the level of land degradation in the Republic of Tatarstan and identifies priority areas for combating erosion in agriculture. Measures to combat soil erosion are experimentally substantiated. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that they can not only contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex and other sectors of the economy, improve soil fertility, the dynamic growth of agricultural products, reduce the disposal of agricultural land and create new jobs but also ensure the preservation and restoration of the Volga River. The results show that the ecological efficiency of one anti-erosion structure in combination with soil protection measures protects an average of 120 hectares of land from further development of erosion processes and is economically paid off by the results of two years of economic activity on protected lands.