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This study provides a comprehensive examination of necessity entrepreneurship, a concept distinct from its counterpart, opportunity entrepreneurship. Necessity entrepreneurship emerges from the compelling need to address economic hardship or unemployment, contrasting with opportunity entrepreneurship, which is driven by the pursuit of new market opportunities. The backdrop of this study is anchored in the escalating unemployment crisis and its implications for sustainable economic growth and the attainment of sustainable development goals. Through an integrative review combining bibliometric–content analysis of 96 publications, following the PRISMA protocol, and a detailed case analysis of 10 globally recognized entrepreneurs who embarked on their ventures driven by necessity, this study unravels the critical factors fueling the rise of necessity entrepreneurship. The findings delineate the relationship between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship, highlighting how an entrepreneurial orientation can serve as a pivotal link. This orientation not only mitigates the adverse effects of unemployment but also propels the economy toward sustainable growth, thereby contributing significantly to the sustainable development goals. The insights derived from this study traverse multiple domains including entrepreneurial orientation, socio‐economic factors, as well as innovation and digitalization, offering a granular perspective on business policy, entrepreneurial ecosystems, the disparate impacts on developed versus developing nations, and the role of innovation in dynamic entrepreneurship. Through a conceptual framework, this study elucidates how entrepreneurial orientation can effectively bridge the gap between the unemployment crisis and sustainable economic growth. Therefore, this study not only enriches the academic discourse on necessity entrepreneurship but also provides pragmatic insights for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and scholars, emphasizing the crucial role of entrepreneurship in navigating economic and social challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jakob Fabian, the protagonist of Erich Kästner’s 2013 novel Der Gang vor die Hunde [Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten, 1931], is examined in this article as a pessimistic idler, a flâneur experiencing a crisis. Fabian’s position in the society of the late Weimar Republic is understood as a reaction to the completely rationalized, economized character of the depicted world—especially Berlin—and to the experiences of an entire generation. It becomes clear that a fulfilling existence as a ‘good-for-nothing’ is no longer possible in the contemporary context. Moreover, the examination of the impressions Fabian gained on his forays through Berlin and his hometown not only allows us to grasp his perception of the crisis-ridden nature of the times, but also contributes to outlining the literary type of the unemployed white-collar worker.

The first part of the article presents a short theoretical approach of unemployment, and the more consistent part is based on the statistical analysis of unemployment at the level of Bihor County. The analyzed period is represented by the years 2019-2021. For the current analysis, we have chosen the problem of unemployment during the pandemic, from a theoretical but also concretely applied perspective, since unemployment represents a complex psychosocial and economic phenomenon, and its dimensions and dynamics highlight the state of a society, but also the concerns for the implementation of active policies, which aim at increasing the employment rate, but also the quality of life. This paper analyzes the dynamics of unemployment in the period 2019-2021, but also the job protection measures implemented by the public employment system. Thus, the objectives of the research consist in the analysis of the unemployment indicators in Bihor County in the pre-pandemic period and in the pandemic period and of the special measures adopted in order to solve the problems generated by the health crisis. The used research method was the analysis of documents; we have analyzed the Activity Reports of Bihor County Agency for Employment (AJOFM Bihor) for the years 2020 and 2021 and the legal regulations adopted in order to protect employees and employers during this period. The analysis of statistical data revealed that the maximum number of unemployed people in the records of Bihor County Agency for Employment (AJOFM Bihor) was recorded in March 2021 (6,280 people), and the unemployment rate on this date was 2.36%. Two measures adopted by the government and implemented by the National Employment Agency through the County Employment Agencies had a major impact in maintaining jobs during the pandemic: technical unemployment and reduced working hours. Thus, in 2021 compared to 2020, the

Mental health and unemployment are experiences based on the interconnection of different social determinants. This study analyzed protective and risk indicators for the mental health of unemployed people who recently graduated considering the intersectionality of gender, race, and income. The study involved 148 recently graduated unemployed people organized into eight interconnected groups, and most participants belonged to the group of low-income white women. Taken together, the mental health indicators suggest good mental health conditions. Black/brown women and white men with low-incomes had the best indicators for resilience and self-esteem, respectively. With regard to risk factors, depression and stress scores were higher in the middle-income black/brown recent graduate groups, and anxiety symptoms were higher in the low-income white group. The results are discussed using intersectionality as an analytical perspective.

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Copyright of Les Cahiers du CREAD is the property of Centre de Rrecherche en Economie Appliquee pour Developpement and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies analysing the economic impact of periods of recession and economic crises in Great Britain through the lens of ethnicity have shown that ethnic minorities are particularly vulnerable to these shocks. The Covid-19 pandemic was another window into deeply rooted racial disparities, in terms of health: a significantly higher death rate has been observed. Economically, the Covid-19 crisis has magnified pre-existing economic inequalities; for instance, the unemployment rate was higher amongst Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) people compared to the white population. It was in this specific context, and amidst the Black Lives Matter movement, that the Sewell Report on race and ethnic disparities was published. This article first outlines the unequal impact of COVID-19 on ethnic minorities both in terms of health and economics before addressing the issues of racism and discrimination involved in the persistence of labour market inequalities. Drawing on official data and surveys, it argues that the idea that Britain is transitioning to a post-racial society, as endorsed by the Sewell Report, is a myth.

The French Civic service, a voluntary work status, has been widely promoted on Réunion Island since its inception. It is part of a particular employment situation: the unemployment rate is very high, especially among young people, who are encouraged to leave the island to receive training or find jobs. According to insertion counselors, civic service is exploited by young people, who use it to earn an income. A long-term survey, based on observations in associations and interviews with volunteers in 2015, 2016 and 2021, reveals strategies used by young people to establish themselves socially and professionally, who "juggle” with different public measures in order to find stable work.

The main rationale for wage subsidies is giving job opportunities to workers who would otherwise remain unemployed or take jobs that do not exploit their potential productivity. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the wage subsidy programme in North Macedonia for the period 2018-2019 in order to provide a sound basis for its redesign in the times of Covid-19 crisis. The Propensity score matching is used as a principal estimation method. Moreover, we further explore the impact of the wage subsidies on the outcome variables for particular disadvantaged segments by disaggregation of the average treatment effect on treated individuals. The evaluation reveals improvement of the wage subsidy program in 2019 relative to 2018. However, having in mind the impact of the Covid-19 pandemics, there is a room for redesign of this measure by improving its targeting and conditions for retaining the subsidised jobs in the long run.

This paper analyzes Okun’s Law for Spain using regional data. The results confirm a very high Okun coefficient for Spain, with a high degree of regional heterogeneity. Furthermore, we find that panel data techniques provide notably more stable estimates than time series techniques applied to the same regional data. Finally, the results reveal a remarkable degree of regional heterogeneity in cyclical asymmetry in Okun’s Law for the Spanish case.

One of the peculiarities of the Spanish labour market has been the existence of a high share of temporary employment, a result of the 1984 labour reform which made the use of temporary contracts more flexible. Since 1994, various reforms have sought to increase the use of open-ended contracts and discourage the use of fixed-term contracts. Although these reforms, in particular the 2012 and 2021 reforms, have led to a reduction in the share of temporary workers they have also created other unintended problems, such as a reduction in the duration of fixed-term contracts, the proliferation of part-time contracts and atypical open-ended contracts, and a high share of temporary employment in public sector.

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Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a comparative study of French and Greek administrative language, as it is used by public administration institutions in their internal communication as well as in their external communi-cation with the citizens. In the present study, we employ a corpus-based contrastive approach, by using bilingual comparable corpora in the subject field of “employment”. First, we present our method concern-ing the compilation of the comparable corpora and the digital tools used for their processing and analysis; then, we proceed with the analysis of the textual data from a contrastive perspective. We aim to highlight the morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects that characterize the terms studied across the two languages.

The paper explores the mismatch between the skills and qualifications required by the labour market and those acquired through education and on-the-job learning. The skill mismatch in transition economies tends to be even more pronounced as the labour markets in these countries are characterized by structural unemployment, affecting both older workers with obsolete skills and the young ones. Employers face poor incentives for investing in workforce skill development, due to the inadequate investment climate and volatile business environment. Transition countries face increasing outward mobility of an educated workforce, loss of human capital, and shortage of workforce in the fields such as ICT, medicine, science and research. The research is based on empirical data generated in a survey on ICT and manufacturing enterprises in the City of Niš, Serbia. The research methodology combines workers' self-assessment method for the skill gap measurement and the competence approach combined with the statistical methods. The findings indicate the presence of a qualification mismatch, in the form of the over-qualification as a dominant irregularity in the analysed labour market. The results of the study are expected to contribute to creating a network of policy instrumentaria that tend to be effective on a sub-national level in addressing the mismatch.

In today's economies, where insecurity and unemployment are the norm, it has become critical for the government to develop policies aimed at reducing unemployment and creating jobs for people who want to work but can't find work. According to those who advocate for the state to be the Employer of Last Resort (ELR) this will help reduce unemployment in mainstream approaches while also covering the social issues that arise because of unemployment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the government providing employment as the ELR in Turkey. Input-output and social accounting matrix was used to look at changes in demand and household incomes in this case, after a shock to low-income people and women at the minimum income level was caused by the state in the Public Administration sector. The study's findings indicate that the ELR program is applicable in Turkey. It also demonstrates that income multipliers for women operate on both the demand and supply sides.

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This study investigates the experiences of those learning tailoring and trading in urban Sierra Leone, examining why they engage in training, what is basically taught, and the training outcomes. It includes ethnographic fieldwork on vocational training schools and apprenticeships in workplaces, and also investigates less articulated on-the-job learning processes, which have been little studied in previous research. I find that learners undertake their training with the primary aim of achieving social mobility; however, neither of these forms of training generally leads to a sufficient and reliable enough income to realize this aim to the desired extent, due to the lack of remunerated employment opportunities and the fact that access to paid work is largely contingent on an individual’s pre-existing social and economic capital. Instead, I suggest, the different forms of training serve more fundamentally as a form of moral education. I argue that they help to develop certain personal moral traits and to alleviate society’s concerns about ‘immoral’ idle youth.

Today, unemployment is an important problem for almost all countries and is one of the major problems affecting countries economically. The purpose of this study is put forward the relationship between unemployment and inflation in D8 (Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, Egypt, Nigeria) countries within the framework of the Phillips Curve Theory. For this purpose, unemployment and inflation data of the study covers the period between 1996 and 2020. In this study, dynamic panel data regression analysis was used. As a result of the study, statistically significant and negative results were determined in the lagged values of the dependent variable and the lagged values of the unemployment rate. Thus, the existence of a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment has been revealed and Phillips curve hypothesis confirm the statistically significant results.

This article presents a comparative study of French and Greek administrative language, as it is used by public administration institutions in their internal communication as well as in their external communication with the citizens. In the present study, we employ a corpus-based contrastive approach, by using bilingual comparable corpora in the subject field of "employment". First, we present our method concerning the compilation of the comparable corpora and the digital tools used for their processing and analysis; then, we proceed with the analysis of the textual data from a contrastive perspective. We aim to highlight the morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects that characterize the terms studied across the two languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the issue of unemployment, which affects the quality of life in all countries, regardless of their level of development. In some countries, many people have to earn a living through long hours of hard and tiring physical work, perhaps even through dangerous and poorly paid work. Until recently, many people in other countries were sure that once they joined a large company or a state-owned enterprise, they would have a job until retirement. Today, however, it seems that there are too few companies or corporations that can provide a convenient and safe job for employees. The causes of the problem, its magnitude for different social categories, the magnitude and some ways of combating the phenomenon of unemployment are elucidated.

Inflation and unemployment indicators are among the most significant success criteria of a country’s economy. Thus, since the increase in inflation and unemployment rates decreases the welfare levels of countries, policymakers aim to keep both inflation and unemployment at low levels and establish their monetary and fiscal policies accordingly. According to the Phillips curve, which reveals the correlation between inflation and unemployment in the macroeconomic literature, an increase in inflation leads to a decrease in unemployment, and while inflation decreases, unemployment increases, which indicates an inverse correlation between inflation and unemployment. In this respect, it is not possible to find a solution for both inflation and unemployment simultaneously with the policies to be implemented if the Phillips curve is valid in the economy. This study aims to reveal whether the Phillips curve is valid or not by investigating the correlation between inflation and unemployment, which were among the most important economic problems within the 2006:01 – 2020:11 period in Turkey. In line with this purpose, the Fourier ADF and Fourier KPSS analyses were carried out first, and it was concluded that the relevant variables were not stationary at the level, and they were stationary in their first differences. With the Fourier cointegration analysis conducted later, no long-run correlations between the variables were determined. Finally, the Single Fourier-Frequency Toda & Yamamoto causality analysis was carried out, and it was attempted to reveal whether there was a short-run correlation between the variables. According to the results of the causality analysis, no causality correlations were observed both from inf to unemp and from unemp to inf, and it was revealed that changes in inflation did not influence unemployment, and changes in unemployment did not influence inflation in the short run. In this context, it was concluded that the Phillips curve, suggesting an inverse correlation between inflation and unemployment, was not valid for Turkey within the framework of the period considered and the analyses performed.

Over the years, European countries, including Romania, have tried to reduce unemployment and increase the number of university graduates. The quality and attractiveness of higher education play an important role because a solid university education can be the path to a successful career and a secure financial life. In the last decade, was intensified efforts to convince Romanian people to pursue a specialization at least to the bachelor's level. Except 2005, the number of university graduate women is higher than men, which shows their confidence in university education programs. The counties of Bucharest, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Timiș and Constanța between 1996-2018 have the highest number of university graduates, and these counties also host the best universities in Romania. The quality of higher education must be in line with the personal aspirations of students and national targets. The attractiveness of Romanian university programs is demonstrated by the growing number of foreign students, especially from Arab countries and Africa. But a university education is just one piece of the puzzle, it is also vital to integrate graduates into the work field. Unemployment is one of the vulnerabilities that significantly affects young people. In 24 years, the number of unemployed aged between 30-39 years with a university degree was 98.796, a proportion of 36% - 64% in favour of women (63.078). Women still face great difficulty in finding a job even though they have a university degree. The lowest percentage of unemployed with a university degree in the number of university graduates were registered in 1995 (1.15%) and the highest in 2010 (6.06%). The lowest number of unemployed with university degree among the regions was registered in the North-West (68.989).

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For decades the African continent has been exposed to a socio-political deterioration which is explained by inequalities and social fracture. It is due to that, the elite class is carrying out a policy of predation in the almost all this continent's wealth, consequently that cause obviously the social poverty. The assessment of social precarity, the unemployment, the lack of education, the policy of exclusion, social injustices, mass crimes, violations of the constitution, betrayal, terrorism, the increase of a military bureaucracy jeopardize the principles of the social contract. And yet, Africa has the wealths that wasted by the complicity of African actors. The societal awkwardness is deep that we must move more quickly towards the split of wealth between the population otherwise, Africa will risk being disfigured by the fear of arms and the seisme of popular protest. Therefore, it is necessary that "the African cultural genius base on the dogma of sharing". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic caused the loss of lives, global problems, and the collapse of economies. Especially, the high unemployment rates in developing countries at present makes the unemployment rate predictions important. The aim of this study is to estimate the unemployment rate for the future by ARIMA and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models for Turkey. The contribution of the study to the literature is to estimate the unemployment rate in Turkey in the aftermath of the Covid-19 by ARIMA and ANN models. In the study, the Box-Jenkins method was used to find the appropriate ARIMA process. Then, the estimated performance of the results obtained up to 2021M8 unemployment rates in Turkey have been compared in the framework of criteria for success. Our results show that ANN was more successful than the ARIMA model in estimating the unemployment variable. It seemed that the unemployment rate estimated by the model is very close to the actual unemployment rate. According to the model results, in the aftermath of Covid-19, the unemployment rate in Turkey will be occurred over 5% of the natural rate of unemployment.

İşsizliğin yarattığı maddi kayıplar sebebiyle bireylerin yaşamlarında olumsuzluklara neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Finansal kayıplar nedeniyle, işsizlerin maddi yoksunluğu bir işi olana kıyasla daha yüksek olabilir. Aynı standartlarda yaşayabilmek için işsiz bireyler, çalışanlara nazaran ilave maddi desteğe ihtiyaç duyabilmekte veya ekstra maliyetlere katlanmak zorunda kalabilmektedir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de işsizliğin maddi yoksunluk üzerine etkisini ve işsiz bireylerin maddi yoksunluğu telafi etmek veya çalışanlarla aynı yaşam standardına sahip olmak için ne kadar ekstra maliyete katlanması gerektiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. TÜİK Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Anketi (2013-2017) havuzlanmış yatay kesit mikro verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada Yaşam Standardı Yaklaşımı takip edilmiştir. Analizlerde Logit ve doğrusal regresyon modelleri tahmin edilmiştir. Bulgular, işsiz bireylerin çalışanlara kıyasla maddi yetersizlikler yüzünden daha az olasılıkla akraba ve aileleri ile sosyal aktiviteler için bir araya geldiği, daha az olasılıkla spor, sinema ve konser gibi aktivitelere para ayırabildiği ve daha az olasılıkla sadece kendileri için bir miktar parayı harcayabildiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular bize, çalışmada Türkiye’deki işsizlik yardım ve ödeneklerinin etkinliğini araştırmayı da düşündürmüştür. İlgili sonuçlar yapılan ödemelerin bireylerin maddi yoksunluğunu azaltmada ya da yaşam standardını iyileştirmede etkisinin önemsenmeyecek küçüklükte pozitif olduğunu göstermiştir.

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research paper aims to show the impact of monetary policy on indicators of economic stability, represented by economic growth, inflation, and unemployment in Algeria, and this during the period from 2000 to 2019, given that monetary policy is the main pillar on which the success of the countries' economies In addition to other policies, it has become necessary for Algeria to draw a tight monetary policy that is adopted by the monetary authority, represented by the Central Bank, as it strives to achieve the established goals by using tools that enable it to control and control the money supply to achieve economic stability, which is one of its most important goals. The descriptive approach was relied upon to describe the study variables and the analytical method for analyzing tables and statistics to clarify the impact. This study concluded that the Algerian monetary policy has a great role in influencing the indicators of economic stability.

تبرز مشكلة البحث في عدم الملائمة بين مخرجات التعليم العالي واحتياجات سوق العمل وبالتالي وجود فجوة كنتيجة لعدم وجود تنسيق بين المؤسسات التعليمة وأطراف السوق. لذا يهدف البحث إلى وصف وتحليل مشكلة عدم المواءمة وايضا التعرف على متطلبات سوق العمل من القوى العاملة. وقد استند البحث الى المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي لتحقيق هدف البحث، كما اعتمد البحث على ما هو متاح من بيانات من الجهات الرسمية اضافة الى استمارة استبيان. وقد توصل البحث الى نتيجة مفادها عدم وجود تنسيق حقيقي بين سوق العمل ومؤسسات التعليم العالي وبالتاليى وجود فجوة بين مخرجات النظام التعليمي واحتياجات سوق العمل The research problem arises in the compatibility between the outputs of higher education and the needs of the labor market, and consequently the existence of a gap as a result of the lack of coordination between educational institutions and the parties to the market. Therefore, the research aims to describe and analyze the problem of mismatch, as well as to identify the labor market requirements of manpower. The research was based on the descriptive and analytical approach to achieve the goal of the research, and the research relied on the available data from the official authorities in addition to a questionnaire form. The research came to the conclusion that there is no real coordination between the labor market and institutions of higher education, and therefore there is a gap between the outputs of the educational system and the needs of the labor market.

In the early 2000s, Germany’s Hartz reforms led to a radical overhaul in social welfare policies and in the administrative treatment of unemployed persons. Pioneering the concept of “jobseeker activation”, these laws created specific administrative pathways linked to different types of unemployment benefits. They also impoverished beneficiaries and increased case workers’ discretionary powers. In other words, they degraded the resources that unemployed persons had at their disposal when dealing with bureaucracies and employers. Beyond this observation, German sociology has debunked a series of myths that were vital to the Hartz reforms (and which were sometimes transferred subsequently to other countries or institutions). These include ideas like activation emancipates its beneficiaries, prevents exclusion, facilitates job searches, helps generate diagnoses that unemployed persons and their case workers are able to share and, lastly, adds a "social component" to problematic cases.