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This study proposes to examine, through the analysis of comic strips illustrating Antiquity, the stakes and the integration of different regimes of historicity, such as the Resistance or the struggle against the colonizer, which are carried by the comic imagery of magazines of communist obedience from Vaillant at the end of the 1940s to Pif Gadget at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. How do the related artistic influences inherent to the stories and fictions deployed around Spartacus permeate the hero and how, conversely, does the ideological marking of the newspaper cross over to colour these ancient representations? In the end, this work shows that if the communist magazine is committed, at the turn of the 1960s-1970s, it does not seem to deliberately insert Marxist markings or opinions into the heart of the historical comics dealing with Antiquity, following the example of Spartacus or Taranis.

Fishing is a risky activity that has been mainly studied in ergonomics in order to optimize safety on board. The current ecological situation has led us to take an interest in a new way of fishing in order, among other things, to design more environmentally friendly fishing gear. Until now, no study has focused on how fishermen use fishing gear. Based on in situ observations on board two fishing boats and on explicitating self-confrontation interviews with four sailors, this study describes the use of fishing nets at different levels of the fishing activity: macro, meso and micro. It highlights the mechanical stress suffered by fishing nets and the patterns of use mobilized by the deckhands during the unmeshing of the catch. The results help to enrich the specifications for the design of biodegradable fishing gear, to enlighten the design teams on real fishing activity, and to build an environment facilitating the transition from current fishing practices to more sustainable ones.

Chez les renouées asiatiques (complexe Reynoutria), l’eau des rivières est un des principaux vecteurs naturels de dispersion des propagules sexuées (akènes ailés) et végétatives (fragments de tiges et de rhizomes). Les auteurs de cet article ont étudié la flottaison et la viabilité de ces trois types de propagules en conditions expérimentales pour différentes taches de renouées. De leurs études, il en ressort une grande variabilité entre les taches pour un grand nombre de traits impliqués dans la dispersion par le cours d’eau et la colonisation des berges.

Introduites en France à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, les renouées asiatiques sont classées au niveau mondial parmi les espèces exotiques envahissantes les plus menaçantes pour la biodiversité. Dans cet article, écologues, géographes, historiens et gestionnaires font le point des éléments de connaissances sur ces espèces, objets de nombreux travaux de recherches et d’essais de gestion en France, en Europe et dans le monde.

Chez les renouées asiatiques (complexe Reynoutria), l'eau des rivières est un des principaux vecteurs naturels de dispersion des propagules sexuées (akènes ailés) et végétatives (fragments de tiges et de rhizomes). Les auteurs de cet article ont étudié la flottaison et la viabilité de ces trois types de propagules en conditions expérimentales pour différentes taches de renouées. De leurs études, il en ressort une grande variabilité entre les taches pour un grand nombre de traits impliqués dans la dispersion par le cours d'eau et la colonisation des berges.

Introduites en France à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, les renouées asiatiques sont classées au niveau mondial parmi les espèces exotiques envahissantes les plus menaçantes pour la biodiversité. Dans cet article, écologues, géographes, historiens et gestionnaires font le point des éléments de connaissances sur ces espèces, objets de nombreux travaux de recherches et d'essais de gestion en France, en Europe et dans le monde.

Baru’s work puts the focus on the working class, especially the steel workers, a world to which he belonged to during his youth and teenage years. Sport isn’t his main topic, but he often refers to it to illustrate some manifestations of social violence. Some of his comics, that he both writes and draws, are autobiographical. Baru wants to support the poor, the oppressed, to whom sport is sometimes a way to escape social reality or even to reverse social determinism. The first aim of this paper is to show how Baru links social violence and sports violence, in both historical and geographical specific environments. He lets the reader see three ages of human life : youth, during which violence doesn’t find place in sports, unless incidentally; teenage years, where sports competition causes damages that can predict what can be expectated at much higher level; young adulthood, where different uses of violence are common. By the way, Baru condemns different kinds of social violence during the “Trente Glorieuses”, the Algerian war or because of the globalization. The second aim of this paper is to consider the stories drawn by Baru as historical testimonies, as well as sources which build visual and cultural writings of representations contemporary history.

francesa. Con el fin de revelar las representaciones de juegos en este tipo de literatura infantil, este estudio analizará los "Juegos Olímpicos", serie de cuatro álbumes (Bibi Fricotin, Les Pieds Nickelés, Astérix y los Pitufos), que tuvieron mucho éxito en las generaciones del boom económico de la posguerra. Por un lado, este trabajo muestra que estos cómics, parodiando al héroe deportivo y criticando la puesta en escena Olímpica, trataron de atraer a los jóvenes que eran críticos de las prácticas de rendimiento. Por otra parte, se destaca el cambio gradual, desde los años de la posguerra a principios de 1980, a partir de una visión grotesca y humorística de los Juegos realizada por Bibi Fricotin y Pieds Nickelés a la aparición de una perspectiva más educativa y moralizante en Astérix y Los Pitufos. Abstract: The theme of the Olympics has a recurring role in French-language comic strips. In order to reveal the representations of games in this type of children's literature, the study will analyze the "Olympics" series of four albums (Bibi Fricotin, Les Pieds Nickelés, Astérix and The Smurfs), which were very successful with postwar economic boom generations. On the one hand, this work shows that these comics, parodying the sports hero and criticizing the Olympic staging, sought to attract young readers who were critical of performance practices. On the other hand, it emphasizes the gradual shift, from the postwar years to the early 1980s, from a grotesque and humorous vision of the Games delivered by Bibi Fricotin and Pieds Nickelés to the emergence of a more educational and moralizing perspective in Astérix and The Smurfs.

Los cómics son parte integral de la vida cultural de los jóvenes. Con millones de ejemplares, la serie de publicaciones Los Pitufos es mundialmente conocida. Pero, ¿qué mensajes envían estas publicaciones a la juventud? Es necesario preguntarse sobre la representación del deporte dentro de esta serie. Más aún, es importante analizar la imagen del dopaje que estas publicaciones transmiten. Este trabajo expone los resultados del estudio del famoso volumen Los Pitufos Olímpicos que, con impresionantes resultados comerciales, ve la luz en 1983, algunos meses antes del comienzo de los Juegos Olímpicos de Los Ángeles. Por un lado, interpretando los efectos cómicos explotados por este cómic, el presente artículo pone de manifiesto la existencia de una crítica generalizada del fenómeno deportivo y del Olimpismo que podría revelarse concordante con la manera en la que las jóvenes generaciones de los años 80 aprehenden las prácticas competitivas. Por otro lado, el estudio revela que este volumen logra satisfacer tanto los intentos fogosos y críticos de la impertinente juventud como las demandas institucionales simbolizadas por la censura ministerial y parental preocupada por la paz social. Dicho de otro modo, este cómic tendría el ingenioso mérito de lograr la hazaña de aniquilar esta oposición generacional enviando un discurso crítico respecto al deporte adornado de un mensaje educativo y optimista. Abstract Graphic novels are an integral part of the cultural life of the young. With millions of copies, the publication series The Smurfs is known worldwide. But what messages send these publications to the youth? It is necessary to ask on behalf of the sport representation in this series. Moreover, it is important to analyse the image of these publications regarding doping. This paper presents the results of the study of the famous volume The Smurfs Olympics, that obtained impressive business results, and published in 1983, some months before the start of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. On the one hand, by interpreting the humorous effects exploited by this comic, this article reveals the existence of a widespread criticism of the sports and Olympism phenomenon, which could reveal its consistence with the way in which the younger generation of the 80s apprehend the competitive practices. Furthermore, the study reveals that this volume attains to satisfy both ardent critics of attempts of the impertinent youth and the institutional demands symbolized by the ministerial and parental censorship concerned about social peace. In other words, this comic would have the merit of achieving the destruction of this generational opposition by sending a critical discourse regarding sport embellished by an educational and optimistic message.

In the refining industry, morphological measurements of particles have become an essential part in the characterization catalyst supports. Through these parameters, one can infer the specific physicochemical properties of the studied materials. One of the main acquisition techniques is electron tomography (or nanotomography). 3D volumes are reconstructed from sets of projections from different angles made by a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). This technique provides a real three-dimensional information at the nanometric scale. A major issue in this method is the misalignment of the projections that contributes to the reconstruction. The current alignment techniques usually employ fiducial markers such as gold particles for a correct alignment of the images. When the use of markers is not possible, the correlation between adjacent projections is used to align them. However, this method sometimes fails. In this paper, we propose a new method based on the inverse problem approach where a certain criterion is minimized using a variant of the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm. The proposed approach is composed of two steps. The first step consists of an initial alignment process, which relies on the minimization of a cost function based on robust statistics measuring the similarity of a projection to its previous projections in the series. It reduces strong shifts resulting from the acquisition between successive projections. In the second step, the pre-registered projections are used to initialize an iterative alignment-refinement process which alternates between (i) volume reconstructions and (ii) registrations of measured projections onto simulated projections computed from the volume reconstructed in (i). At the end of this process, we have a correct reconstruction of the volume, the projections being correctly aligned. Our method is tested on simulated data and shown to estimate accurately the translation, rotation and scale of arbitrary transforms. We have successfully tested our method with real projections of different catalyst supports.

The Gavarnie project allows documentation of the sedimentary dynamics and taphonomic processes of rockshelter and cave entrances in a modern periglacial environment in the central Pyrenees. Thermal records in a small cave show that the regime is significantly milder in the cavity than outside, mainly because of soil insulation by a snowdrift in winter. Such conditions are unfavourable for permafrost development, but induce intense washing of the deposits during snowmelt. Measurements indicate also that the rock fragments undergo slow creep at the surface of the talus due to rock and ice falls. At lower altitude in the alpine belt, biological activity plays an important role on the dynamics of cave entrances. Development of humus horizons associated to solifluction under the grass cover is a good modern analogue for understanding of the genesis of organic-rich layers typically observed in Upper Palaeolithic sequences in southwest France.

This note outlines the issues of the "Use wear and Men" project : this interdisciplinary research project deals with the acquisition and processing of plant and animal resources during Middle Palaeolithic in western Europe. It summarizes the various experiments carried out between 2007 and 2009 and the preliminary results obtained in each of the developed topics.

Considérés tantôt comme des nuisances, tantôt comme des atouts, les macrophytes restent au cœur de nombreux débats. Quelle en est l'histoire récente ? Comment envisager l'avenir avec ces acteurs importants des milieux aquatiques ?

In post-revolutionary Iran, society has been increasingly fragmented, the economy has remained rentier, and the privatized State has primarily catered to the interests of monopolistic structures that came to life at the creation of revolutionary foundations and as a result of the nationalization of the economy and its re-orientation towards the redistribution sector. The foundations led by conservatives, enjoy an autonomous status, and control an important part of the country’s GDP. Moreover, they are very influential in the political sphere and have until now prevented substantial structural reforms that would entail significant loss to them, although the State-led economy of the 1980’s has evolved towards a market economy.Faced with economic crises and massive unemployment, the government, increasingly preoccupied with the deteriorating social cohesion, approaches the model of the social state by implementing a social policy funded by oil revenues rather than taxation and solidarity. This might impede people’s autonomization from the State, thereby lessening their influence on the State.However, members of the emerging civil society, especially middle classes, are increasingly engaged in social activities through both traditional and modern solidarity networks. They are confronted with a locked political system and are motivated by social participation that would bring changes from below. This social participation is likely to provide the necessary conditions for the development of spheres of social autonomy in the future.

The agrarian sector has been strongly affected during the last few decades due to the liberalization of markets and the decrease in State intervention. In the case of the cultivation of sugar cane and the sugar agro-industry that have been strongly affected by these changes, different strategies have been adopted, varying from one region to another. In this research, we will study the case of Los Reyes Valley in the State of Michoacán, in which the cultivation of sugar cane has been continuous since Colonial times. However, in the nineties, the export crops of blackberry have gained terrain progressively at the expense of sugar cane, and this has caused multiple economic and social changes as well as changes in the landscapes. We will study the impact of the cultivation of blackberries in the valley and the resiliency of sugar cane in view of this new production, profitable but surely ephemeral.

Les milieux aquatiques sont sujets à de fortes variations physico-chimiques (niveau d'eau, turbidité, température, lumière, salinité, nutriments). Les hydrophytes y répondent par une grande plasticité aussi bien morphologique que physiologique, leur permettant ainsi de s'adapter à l'hétérogénéité des milieux, qu'elle soit spatiale ou temporelle. Des assemblages de traits biologiques leur confèrent des stratégies propres à certains milieux, en fonction des contraintes ou des perturbations. Ainsi nous montrons que 1) la reproduction végétative est particulièrement répandue chez les macrophytes, facilitant ainsi la recolonisation après une perturbation ; 2) la plasticité des traits biologiques est quasiment une règle chez les macrophytes ; elle est démontrée chez de nombreuses espèces en fonction des contraintes hydrauliques et trophiques et de perturbations par les crues entre autres. Par exemple, aux variations du niveau trophique, les plantes répondent par une accumulation du phosphore qui varie avec l'espèce, la saison et les conditions de minéralisation du milieu. Des activités enzymatiques sont modifiées chez la plante avec l'augmentation du niveau trophique : c'est le cas de la nitrate-réductase inhibée par l'azote ammoniacal.

Les macrophytes sont mis en relation avec les autres compartiments des hydrosystèmes, tant abiotiques (masse d'eau, milieu physique) que biotiques (algues épiphytes, invertébrés, poissons). Les macrophytes modifient l'habitat physique, réduisant localement et diversifiant l'écoulement, piégeant les sédiments. Ils stockent momentanément les éléments nutritifs. Pour les éléments biotiques, les macrophytes sont un support pour les micro et macro-algues du périphyton, mais les relations exactes entre macrophytes et microphytes restent à élucider. Pour les invertébrés, les macrophytes sont un lieu de vie diversifié. Mais les macrophytes sont aussi une source d'alimentation pour certains invertébrés, contrairement à ce qui était allégué jusqu'à récemment. Les relations macrophytes-poissons ne sont pratiquement pas de nature trophique, mais s'expriment directement en termes de milieu de vie et source d'abri, ou bien indirectement par les modifications entraînées sur les éléments physiques ou physico-chimiques de l'habitat. Les comparaisons biotypologiques entre macrophytes et invertébrés, d'une part, macrophytes et poissons, d'autre part, mettent en évidence une nette concordance des déterminismes, mais aussi les particularités propres à chaque groupe d'organismes, ce qui renseigne sur leur pouvoir bio-indicateur respectif. Une réfl exion sur les réseaux trophiques conclut le propos.

Dans les milieux aquatiques, des perturbations peuvent être des crues qui induisent des vitesses d'écoulement suffisantes pour provoquer l'érosion du substrat et l'arrachage des communautés végétales fixées, ou qui favorisent des dépôts d'alluvions. Elles créent ainsi une hétérogénéité des habitats qui se traduit par une grande diversité de communautés végétales dont la composition est liée à la variabilité de l'intensité des échanges hydrologiques, à la qualité et à l'origine des eaux. Les espèces développent des stratégies adaptées à ces fluctuations des niveaux d'eau d'intensité et de fréquence variables. Dans les cours d'eau non soumis aux crues, les communautés végétales qui s'y développent s'organisent en séquence de végétation selon un gradient naturel du niveau trophique amont-aval. Des altérations physiques (modifications morphologiques du lit, discontinuité créée par les barrages) ou chimiques modifient voire détruisent cette séquence. On montre que les communautés végétales peuvent être des descripteurs du fonctionnement hydrologique du cours d'eau et/ou des bioindicateurs des altérations physico-chimiques.

Les principaux caractères biologiques, taxonomiques et écologiques des lichens, bryophytes, fougères et plantes à fleurs aquatiques sont succinctement synthétisés. Un aperçu des milieux colonisés par ces macrophytes évolués est présenté. Les types éco-morphologiques correspondant à ces végétaux sont résumés dans un tableau récapitulatif.

The industrial revolution of electrification was played out during the last two decades of the 19th century. Nancy, a medium-sized city, was affected by this revolution which spread across the whole of Europe and the United States, and which was characterised by the importance of the capital investment it required. Electricity used as motive power for production was a powerful incentive to industrial development and the arrival of electric motors in factories brought about new styles of production and a new division of labour. This is the context in which the Compagnie Générale Electrique was founded at Nancy in 1898, a firm primarily devoted to the construction of electric motors. The modern design of its factory was itself emblematic of the new industrial trends.

In 1732 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) ship Binnenwijzend undertook a slaving voyage to Madagascar in order to furnish the gold mines of Sumatra with manpower. By using unique and unpublished archival material we have been able to retrace the dynamics of this exceptional slaving expedition, from the armament to her return to Batavia. Thanks to this voyage, we can learn a lot on the political and economic situation of the Sakalava people of Madagascar as well as that of the VOC. Together with other data compiled from similar expeditions, this voyage allows us to better understand the commercial interactions between Dutch merchants and Malagasy sovereigns during a poorly known period when maritime trade with Europeans was developing rapidly. Finally this evidence gives us more unique details on the conditions of slaves during an uncommon middle passage.

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A study of the main Mexican avocado growing region, located in the state of Michoacán in western Mexico, is provided. Statistics related to the augmentation of exports of this crop towards the United States are provided. These increases are said to have been a result of trade liberalization between the U.S. and Mexico and changes to U.S. trade rules. Statistics showing the increase in exports to the United States, beginning in the early 1990s, are presented. The environmental aspects of increased production, such as deforestation, are discussed. The article also mentions rural land reform in Mexico during the early 20th century and its impact on the number of avocado producers.

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Le typage par multilocus sequence typing (MLST) permet une caractérisation génotypique précise et reproductible des souches, mais les performances du séquençage Sanger (Sseq) pour la détection de souches minoritaires sont limitées. Or, les infections à différentes souches (infections mixtes) sont fréquentes au cours des pneumonies à Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP). Le séquençage nouvelle génération (NGS) permet la mise en évidence à la fois des populations minoritaires et majoritaires. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié l’apport du NGS pour le typage MLST des souches issues de cas groupés (cluster) de PCP chez des patients transplantés d’organe solide (TOS). Trente-deux patients présentant une PCP au CHU Grenoble-Alpes entre 2012 et 2015 ont été inclus. Parmi eux, 12 TOS (rein, cœur, foie, poumons) appartenaient à un cluster observé entre mai 2014 et août 2015 et 20 patients, épidémiologiquement non reliés entre eux, représentaient le groupe contrôle. Une stratégie MSLT à trois loci ( mtLSU , CYTB , SOD ) a été adoptée, comprenant, pour des contraintes techniques liées au séquençage NGS, de nouvelles amorces permettant l’obtention d’amplicons d’environ 750 pb. Les souches de 12 des 32 patients ont également été analysées par Sseq en parallèle. Les génotypes obtenus ont été nommés arbitrairement car il n’existait pas d’études préalables utilisant des amplicons étendus de 750 pb. Parmi les 12 TOS, 5 partageaient un même génotype majoritaire (C2a), regroupant 3 patients transplantés rénaux, un patient transplanté cardiaque et un patient double transplanté rénal et cardiaque. Ce génotype C2a n’a pas été retrouvé dans le groupe contrôle. Toutes populations confondues, la proportion d’infections mixtes était plus élevée avec le NGS (65 %) qu’avec le Sseq (25 %). Si seule la population contrôle (hors cluster) était considérée, cette proportion d’infection mixtes augmentait à 85 %. Le NGS a révélé des infections avec plus de deux souches (53 %), et la présence de souches minoritaires, parmi lesquelles le génotype C2a. Une carte de transmission a confirmé la probable acquisition nosocomiale de PCP. Un sixième patient qui présentait la souche C2a sous forme minoritaire a été inclus dans la carte de transmission. Les séquences étendues de mtLSU ont révélé 4 nouveaux polymorphismes augmentant significativement le pouvoir discriminant de ce locus. En conclusion, et comme attendu dans ce contexte de PCP, le NGS surpasse les capacités du Sseq pour la détection d’infections mixtes et permet de préciser la carte de transmission. L’utilisation d’un amplicon étendu à 750 bp pour le locus mtLSU est intéressante pour augmenter le pouvoir discriminant du schéma MLST. Ce travail ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour les futures études épidémiologiques de ce champignon non cultivable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]