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(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(2), 801-817 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. – II. Trust and distrust: Delineations and reflections on the protagonists of the EU accession saga. – III. Opinion 2/13 and its aftermath: The politics of distrust. – IV. The mirage of trust: The ECtHR and the draft accession instruments. – V. The road ahead: (Re-)building trust post-accession. – VI. Conclusion. | (Abstract) The EU accession to the ECHR has been a complex and at times politically charged topic. Questions of trust and distrust between the two protagonists, namely the supranational courts that will be called upon to cooperate for the enhancement of human rights protection in Europe (but also more generally between the Union and its Member States), were extremely important for the successful conclusion of this second round of negotiations. Nevertheless, the obsession of control that underpins the CJEU’s Opinion 2/13 and many of the EU proposals in the renewed negotiation do not bode well for the establishment and furtherance of trust between the two institutions. Additionally, the ECtHR is called upon to show blind trust to the EU and its Court under the revised Draft Accession Agreement. Ultimately, trust will be (re)built only if the CJEU and the ECtHR adopt a constructive attitude by, respectively, following due process/rule of law guarantees or showcasing jurisprudential consistency and accommodating mutual trust.

The process of digitalization of the Supply chain 'SC' is considered today to be a real concern for the managers of industrial companies in the world of textiles and clothing. This is a challenge for decision-makers who wish to further improve the efficiency of this process. The article proposes to study the impact of factors favoring the digitalization of the supply chain of a sample of textile industry companies in Tunisia. A survey was conducted during which we administered a structured questionnaire to 50 companies. The data collected was analyzed using the linear regression method and SPSS software. The main conclusions revealed that the factors of industrial organization, 'Process optimization', employee satisfaction, digital innovation, and information and communication technologies have a positive impact on the digitalization of the supply chain 'DSC'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluation in contexts of fragility and violence has recently received attention because of the increased complexity of conducting such evaluations. The use of digital tools has been advocated for conducting these evaluations, but with limited results. Objectives: This article presents an in-depth analysis of combining digital tools with in-person activities to build trust and develop the type of human interaction required to improve the quality of evaluation design and implementation in the context of insecurity, fragility and violence. Method: Data collection was conducted both offline and online. Enumerators collected data through face-to-face individual interviews, and statistical analysis was performed using STATA software version 17. Results: The objectives of data collection were achieved at 99%, notwithstanding the challenging security environment. Several factors contributed to this achievement, notably our methodological framework based on trust building, digitisation and iterative programming. Despite this commendable performance, the overall efficiency was found to be 63%, indicating a potential for a 37% reduction in data collection time. Conclusion: The proposed trust-based approach has been successfully tested to enhance the quality of baseline studies and establish conditions for the success of other phases of evaluations. Contribution: This case study serves as an evidence to what we call a trust-based approach to the use of digital tools in evaluation processes. We contend that the effectiveness of digital tools in enhancing the quality of evaluation design, especially in the context of fragility and violence, hinges on their integration with face-to-face activities, trust-based human interaction and careful timing.

Credere (‘aver fede’, ‘aver fiducia’ in latino) definisce l’essenza sia del danaro che della religione. Se avere fiducia in qualcuno comporta dargli/le credito personale/economico, credere in Dio coinvolge la fede nella salvezza ultraterrena. Entrambe queste relazioni riflettono la fiducia che ciò che è stato prestato verrà restituito; quello che è stato rettamente investito sarà moltiplicato. Inoltre, così come ogni vicenda di credito è una storia di rischio ed incertezza (i debitori possono non riuscire a restituire il danaro e le istituzioni di credito, alla fin dei conti, sono sempre gestori di rischio), ogni vicenda di fede è una storia di speranza nella redenzione e nella grazia, che va chiaramente oltre il controllo umano – cosicché l’incertezza qui riappare di nuovo. L’originalità di questo saggio sta nella comprensione della moneta in connessione alla fede religiosa. A tale scopo, lo scritto adotta un approccio comparativo sulla nozione di fiducia (credere) nella finanza occidentale ed islamica, e come essa modelli diversamente l’interazione tra moneta (credito) e religione (fede) nelle loro economie morali. Partendo dalla relazioni tra credere (‘aver fiducia’) e credito che interconnette finanza, economia, moralità, e religione come se fossero gli angoli di un ‘aquilone del danaro’ (sezione 1), il saggio si addentra sugli sfondi teologici della finanza occidentale ed islamica, così da interpretarne i modelli alternativi di gestione del credito e del rischio (capitalismo su base di interesse pecuniario vs condivisione del rischio, mutualità, e cooperazione) come manifestazioni specifiche dei loro rispettivi credi religiosi, anche in relazione alla natura degli investimenti di impatto sociale (sezioni 2, 3 e 4). Per concludere la discussione, considerazioni finali sono proposte sulla relazione tra fiducia, danaro e religione secondo le linee interpretative di Weber sul capitalismo e nella concettualizzazione della finanza islamica, e come esse testimonino la persistenza di una cultura di differenziazione della modernità (sezione 5). / 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒 (‘𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒’, ‘𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡’ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑔𝑒) 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙/𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡, 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑; 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑. 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 (𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠, 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠), 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 – ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑓. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 (𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒) 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 (𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑡ℎ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠. 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒 (‘𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡’) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠, 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ‘𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒’ (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1), 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡-𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚 𝑣𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘-𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 2, 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4). 𝑇𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡, 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟’𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5).

This article reports on a particular type of educational and therapeutic relationship: that which maintains with their doctors patients suffering from lipoedema, a chronic and progressive disease not recognized in France, as it is expressed on a Facebook patients for women with lipedema. This research contributes to the analysis of epistemic injustices in health studies and it is enriched by the method of life stories. The main purpose is to identify these moments when the doctor-patient relationship becomes dysfunctional. The analysis of the results shows the difficulty of women to establish a mirror relationship with their doctors and to establish a trust relationship with theirs owns body experiences. Finally, relevance of implementing prescriptions relating to a therapeutic education by skills rather than a psychologicist and intrapersonal approach based in a transactional epistemology in therapeutic education is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to demonstrate the existence of processes of constructing discursive authority in the social (or participative) web. To accomplish this, we will first provide a theoretical overview of the concept of authority, which will enable us to distinguish between its defining elements and its situational manifestations. Then, we will examine three non-exhaustive but prototypical examples of communication on collaborative web platforms to show how certain linguistic-discursive and technological characteristics of these environments facilitate the creation of a discourse marked by trust and, as a result, authoritative for different user communities. Our analyses will start from an examination of internet memes, where both certain dissemination logics and technoenunciative characteristics reveal the persistence of discourse authorization mechanisms that lie somewhere between technological parameters and enunciative postures. Then, we will illustrate the strategies used by users, who can be regarded as scientific "influencers" on Twitter, to establish their legitimacy and online credibility. Finally, we will look at a collaborative creative writing project on Twitter ("Bowary") to explore the relationships between the notion of authority and this new form of shared authorship online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of transparency regularly comes up in discussions about the secondary uses of health data. Few studies, however, examine the impact of the presence or absence of transparency on members of the public. This literature review responds to this gap in the scientific literature. It is the result of a secondary analysis of 124 texts from an exploratory review on transparency, following the PRISMAS-ScR guidelines. The results help to identify negative or positive impacts and associate these with certain communication components relating to secondary uses of health data. They also make it possible to identify the components associated with communication deemed transparent or opaque by stakeholders. Transparency, and more specifically continuity of communication, is strongly associated with increased trust and social acceptability, whereas members of the public generally perceive a lack of transparency negatively. This literature review also deepens our understanding of the potential negative impacts of transparent communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we better protect the people in our family? The mandate contract and, more precisely, the guardianship mandate is an instrument that comes to replace another function that the trust would have had in our country. Representation is the integrated legal operation of this type of contract. Through it, the establishment of a legal transplant that seems to take the place of the institution of equity law is aimed at. In other words, the protection mandate becomes an application of equity in legal terms, a measure adapted to the circumstances in which the subject of law could be found at a given time.

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the importance and relevance of fundamental values, beliefs to Ukrainian citizens in the context of full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The research assessed the worldviews and beliefs of respondents that have changed in Ukraine regarding the European Union’s values commitment. An online survey of Ukrainians’ worldviews of European values perceptions was conducted for Ukrainian citizens in all regions in 2022. The assessment of Ukrainian citizens' values shows the growing tendency of Ukrainian citizens to adhere to the European Union values. The study demonstrates dissatisfaction of citizens with the pace of Ukrainian integration into the European Union. Economic values estimations show the dissatisfaction with fiscal freedom and tax burden in Ukraine. The study's findings prove how important it is to implement political and legal changes to build a civil society, democratic institutions, and a state that protects property rights and the rule of law.

This article seeks to grasp the legal category of international child abduction through the conceptual lens of trust, from the standpoint of judges. In a more ambitious way, we delve into the relationship between law and trust in the context of the transnationalisation of family law. Going beyond the legal principle of mutual trust, we propose a solid conceptualisation of the notion of trust drawn from sociological theory and we analyse the issues that arises for judges both at the institutional and interactional levels. At the institutional level, we show how trust operates as a procedural mechanism that allows cooperation in the absence of explicit moral consensus, whilst at the interactional level, we demonstrate that trust is imbued with ethical value and pushes judges to be more open to foreign laws and culture. Este artículo trata de comprender la categoría jurídica de la sustracción internacional de menores a través de la lente conceptual de la confianza, desde el punto de vista de los jueces. De forma más ambiciosa, profundizamos en la relación entre derecho y confianza en el contexto de la transnacionalización del derecho de familia. Más allá del principio jurídico de confianza mutua, proponemos un concepto de confianza extraído de la teoría sociológica y analizamos las cuestiones que se plantean a los jueces tanto a nivel institucional como interaccional. En el plano institucional, mostramos cómo la confianza funciona como un mecanismo procesal que permite la cooperación en ausencia de un consenso moral explícito, mientras que, en el plano interaccional, demostramos que la confianza está imbuida de valor ético y empuja a los jueces a estar más abiertos a las leyes y la cultura extranjeras.

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Clinical ethicists must be attuned to nonverbal cues and the deeper issues they raise, and be willing and agile to change course, if needed, from discussing goals of care to establishing trust. We present a case study where a family and care team disagree about whether a lack of a do-not-resuscitate and do-not-intubate (DNR/DNI) order for a patient with a terminal prognosis is leading to medically justifiable and ethically defensible decisions. An ethicist called a family meeting to discuss the order but determined, after reading the family’s nonverbal cures, that establishing trust was first needed in order to have that discussion, and that such trust could be built by not discussing the order.

Corpora-based analysis has become one of the major methodologies used in linguistics. However, it has not been widely applied in legalese studies. The paper makes an attempt to discuss the usefulness of the specialized combined parallel-comparable corpus while dealing with the legal language. The effectiveness is presented on the example of the Treuhand and the Treuhänderschaft. The research is based on the comparative analysis as well as the corpus-based analysis of the terms related to the Treuhand and the Treuhänderschaft presented in two varieties of German: Standard German spoken in Germany and Liechtenstein’s German. The corpus-based analysis reveals the juridical-semantic differences and the problematics of the verbal realization of the concepts. These hinder a proper interpretation and complicate the process of translation. The major solution is found through the specification of meaning by renaming. This solution may acquire the greatest importance in today’s world, because the process of globalization widens the area of utilization of the Treuhand and the Treuhänderschaft and any obscurity or incomprehensibility can cause problems during cross-national linguistic and juridical activities.

This article uses data from the Eurobarometer series to comparatively present Romania's evolution of optimism/pessimism and trust in institutions, compared to the EU from 2017 to 2023. The premise of the discussion is that the overlap of multiple crises – the health crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the geopolitical crisis stemming from the war in Ukraine, and the economic crisis resulting from both – leads to changes regarding individuals' outlook on both their own future (optimism/pessimism) and the social environment around them (trust in institutions). The data presented here suggest that Romania stands out from the EU due to a high degree of instability in perceptions, as well as the observation that politics and daily life seem to be two disconnected domains in Romania.

The aim of this paper is to contextualize briefly the emergence and development of Bitcoin as well as to offer an anthropological analysis of one such "algorithmic utopia" known as Bitcoin. Bitcoin was officially "born" in 2009. Its foundation was laid by the so-called white paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (2008), authored by Satoshi Nakamoto, a pseudonym for an individual or a group of individuals. In essence, the intention of its creator (or creators) was to solve the technical problem of so-called double-spending of money, aiming to avoid reliance on a third party or institution (such as a bank) and the consequent loss of privacy for its users, with the help of an algorithm called blockchain. Although Bitcoin can be viewed in continuity with movements such as crypto-anarchism and cypherpunk, whose roots trace back to the 1980s of the twentieth century, and although it is not the first cryptocurrency nor the first alternative to fiat money, Bitcoin is indeed the first cryptocurrency to have attracted broader attention in both public and academic discourse. This paper will shed light on the context in which Bitcoin was born and popularized, and will endeavor to defend the assumption that the popular imagination behind the Bitcoin currency is technoutopian. Finally, this paper will seek to demonstrate that the algorithm at the very core of Bitcoin is perceived not only as the fulfillment of an Enlightenment dream of a method itself as a non-cultural and supra-historical guarantor of objectivity (as the one) removed from politics, economy and ideology but also as a democratization method applicable to them all. Apart from the mentioned above, the paper concludes that Bitcoin is seen as the fulfillment of a modernist dream of efficient, formal, predictable, depersonalized bureaucracies in the context of the diminished legitimacy of centralized, hierarchically structured, sluggish, fallible, and abuse-prone economic and state institutions. The focus of trust shifts to technology: to an algorithm seen as self-regulating, efficient, free from ideology, subjective interests, and potential abuse, almost divinely infallible, decentralized, and democratic system that provides a group of individuals not only with the necessary tools to achieve their freedom and privacy, deprived from control and regulations, but also as a tool for reforming the political and economic system.

PhD students, post-docs, and bioethics researchers are conducting nuanced research to develop advancements in the field, and this research offers valuable insights that can support the practice of bioethics. However, this research often does not address how much work is still needed to incorporate basic ethical principles into practice, from research oversight to applications within a clinic. Applying an ethical lens is often viewed as “time consuming” or “nice-to-have” in the professional field, rather than something that must be intrinsically built into every patient encounter. Much of the existing healthcare system fails to incorporate basic ethical deliberation into practice, causing avoidable conflict, tension, and mistrust. This paper cautions that there is a plethora of groundwork still needed before paving the way forward to advance the field of bioethics. The ground needs to be flat and the asphalt warm, otherwise the road we build will be cracked and unstable. To do this, new ethicists must passionately foster and promote elementary ethical deliberations across all domains of healthcare. We must strive to create spaces where all persons are comfortable sharing their concerns, values, and unique perspectives to best inform decision making. This paper synthesizes practical wisdom, emotional intelligence, and integrates surprising pragmatic lessons from the lived experience of an early career clinical ethicist.

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The notion of trust has been the subject of increasing interest in the social sciences since the 1990s. This literature rapidly reached an oceanic volume. It is structured in different research fields that are not easy to characterize through a traditional literature review. This article uses quantitative and computational tools in order to provide a clear and synthetic picture of the research fields on trust. The analysis carried out allows us to conclude that the fields of research on trust do not fall into a disciplinary partitioning. Therefore, there no such thing as the “economics of trust”. Articles in economics that focus on trust interact with other disciplines depending on the methods used or objects studied.

The article describes the problem of trust in interethnic relations. The phenomenon of trust is one of the most important aspects of interethnic interaction in the modern multicultural environment. The trust of ethnophors to ethnocontact groups usually depend on the attitude of trust / distrust towards the world, other people, and oneself, as well as on the type of ethnic identity and personal characteristics. The study involved 280 young people from the North-Caucasian regions of Russia: 80 Ossetians, 80 Chechens, 40 Kabardians, 40 Russians, and 40 Georgians. The data collection relied on the Saks-Levy method of Incomplete Sentences, which was modified by the authors, the Assessment of Trust / Distrust to the World, Others, and Oneself developed by A. B. Kupreychenko, and R. B. Kettell’s 16-Factor Personality Questionnaire. The authors designed their own scale to measure the level of trust in ethno-contact groups. Other research tools included the method developed by N. M. Lebedeva and A. N. Tatarko that assesses the valence and definiteness of ethnic identity, the degree of civic identity, and interethnic attitudes. The respondents, regardless of nationality, believed that trusting interethnic relations are based on accepting foreign national values, customs, and culture, as well as on the certainty that a representative of a different ethnicity will provide help and support in a difficult situation. Those with a low level of interethnic trust demonstrated a much lower all-Russian identity and a much greater anxiety connected with interethnic interaction, compared with the respondents who had a high level of interethnic trust. The latter also had a positive attitude towards other ethnic groups and were ready to interact with other nationalities in various social situations. The respondents with low trust levels were less emotionally stable, more restrained, suspicious, anxious, conservative, and tense.

Too often associated with suspicion rather than trust, Ricœur's hermeneutics is understood by many primarily as a critical endeavor. In this way, the fragile balance that he is trying to maintain between the two approaches is ignored. The objective of the following study is, by means of Ricoeur's "dialectical game of suspicion and trust", to elucidate the complexity of his hermeneutics and to demonstrate that trust is as pivotal as suspicion. At the difference of some authors who maintain that trust and suspicion are opposed, even mutually exclusive approaches of two kinds of hermeneutics, it will be shown that Ricoeur has developed a single hermeneutics which encompasses both approaches and explores them on different levels (epistemological, anthropological, ethical, sociopolitical). In the limited number of contributions dedicated to Ricoeur's concept of trust, these different levels are frequently conflated, whereby the relationship between religious belief and trust/mistrust is completely ignored. Consequently, the divergent perspectives of his early and late philosophical work, as well as certain discontinuities, are overlooked. Therefore, this study places a central emphasis on the neglected religious level of suspicion and trust.

While the health crises of the last twenty years have highlighted China's wet markets as potential transmission sites for zoonotic pathogens such as influenza viruses or SARS coronaviruses, Chinese consumers have maintained a demand for freshness and proximity that drives them to these markets rather than to supermarkets. Based on a literature review and a survey in the city of Chengdu, this article shows the differentiation of forms of wet market (retail or wholesale) and slaughtering practices according to the rural areas in which they are located. It highlights the fact that the control of zoonotic risks in these markets takes place more generally in a context of privatisation and transformation of relations between town and country, which delegates the responsibility of control to merchants and increases the uncertainty of sellers about the possibility of selling their animals on a regular basis.

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The context of CORONAVIRUS 2019 epidemic and the policy of social distancing encouraged by the World Health Organization (WHO) have pushed consumers to turn to online shopping. Indeed, to avoid contracting the virus by using cash or by going to crowded places, consumers are starting to favor e-commerce. This craze for e-commerce has led to an acceleration electronic payments usage. In order to understand the reasons for the high use of this type of payment during the pandemic, this study tries to determine the factors that drove the adoption of electronic payments (E-payments) during this period. The study is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which examines the intention to adopt e-payments by focusing on the role of important factors in the acceptance of new technologies and particularly online payments. Thus, this paper contributes to the literature by examining the influence of social distancing, perceived risk, perceived security, and trust on behavioral intention to adopt electronic payment in the context of COVID 19 epidemic in Morocco. The data was collected using an online survey administered to 265 individuals. The results revealed that perceived risk, social distancing, perceived security, and trust predicted perceived usefulness, while perceived usefulness in turn had positive effects on behavioral intention to use online payment. This research examined for the first time the influence of a new variable "social distancing", which is considered an important factor in the epidemic context, and showed its positive influence on perceived usefulness of mobile payment. It also revealed that, in this particular context, perceived risk positively influences perceived usefulness, contrary to the results of several previous studies, as the risk studied is related to the risk of contracting a dangerous virus. This paper also provides interesting empirical results that allow e-services providers improve their marketing plans by highlighting the main factors that promote the adoption of electronic payments, namely, trust, perceived security, avoidance of physical contact and handling of cash, which are the main sources of contamination by CORONAVIRUS. Nevertheless, it has some limitations, such as studying intention to use instead of actual behavior. This limitation may constitute a new perspective for future research.

Nanny agencies connect parents with caregivers, offering employment to the latter. While these agencies emphasize the quality and rigour of their recruitment, they must nevertheless deal with the demands of client-parents, their profitability objective and the state of the labour market. Working and employment conditions offered by the agencies attract an unstable and unskilled workforce, which rarely meets the demands of parents, whether they be educational, social, ethical, or professional. We will see that this problematic matching process is less of a tailor-made service than something thrown together ad hoc, and that not all client-parents have the same resources to deal with it.

Purpose: The article explores how the tension between embracing and scrutinising democracy can be productively overcome through social science teaching about democracy that focuses on trust as a subject content. Design/methodology/approach: Empirical materials were collected through focus group interviews before and after an inquiry-based teaching segment on trust, and the materials were analysed qualitatively through three grounded themes. Findings: It is argued that working with the displacement of subject content in inquiry-based teaching about democracy enhances the possibilities for students to deepen their knowledge about democracy, while enabling them to scrutinise the democratic system critically. Research limitations/implications: The article reports from a small-scale study of four classes in two upper secondary schools in Sweden, and the study provides tentative observations and conclusions that should be investigated further in future research. Practical implications: The article shows how trust as a subject content can contribute to problematising students’ understandings of democracy, and how the displacement of content can be important in formulating compelling questions and in designing inquiries on democracy.

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In previous studies, multiagency collaboration was identified as a key strategy for early intervention in violent extremism. However, there has been little focus on professionals’ shared communication to support collaboration. The aim of this study was to describe trust in multiagency collaboration teams in the Nordic countries tasked with preventing violent extremism. The data have been collected through simulated case discussions for groups (N=13) and individual interviews (N=78) with multiagency professionals in Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Based on our results, trust emerged on 1) structural, 2) professional and 3) perceived personal levels. In addition, we identified facilitators and barriers for building trust at these levels. To fully understand the potential of trust, we argue that there is a need to take into account all these three levels of trust. Finally, we find that particularized trust can function as a foundation for building generalized trust. In future, more knowledge is needed about how to enable and manage trust with multiagency collaboration at organizational, but also national and international, level.

This paper approaches the notion of truth( fulness) within the written media discourse, namely the three B&H daily newspapers. Aimed at researching computeraccessible online articles published in the chosen three time frames, the paper focuses on narratives containing the keyphrase “Alan Šeranić” and the representation of the notions of values of trust and confidence found in extracts which contain both the chosen keyphrase and examples of news values. The results show that the attitude towards the researched keyphrase changes both in accordance with the time frames of its use and in accordance with the geographical area of the publication source.

Objective: Kyrgyzstan, located in Central Asia, is a country which has a strong will to achieve national development. The aim of this study is to measure the levels of trust of local residents, a highly important factor in national development, and to derive suggestions for improving it. To this end, the primary means employed is to target the residents of Kyrgyzstan and measure the levels of trust they have towards each other. Methods: The study uses data relating to aid projects for rural development that Korea’s Good Neighbors International organization (GNI) is jointly carrying out in Kyrgyzstan along with the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), a Korean aid provider. In order to carry out the aid project to Kyrgyzstan, these organizations conducted a baseline survey at the initial stage, and the results of this study were used for analysis. As regards the analytical method used in this study, neural network analysis was employed for the questionnaire survey data of 583 people in Kyrgyzstan that was used for the baseline survey. Results: Neural network analysis, a component of the big data analysis method, has recently been in the academic limelight. The analysis revealed that ethnicity had the greatest influence on the trust levels of Kyrgyzstan residents, followed by gender and education level, in that order. Conclusions: From this, it can be seen that multifaceted efforts are needed to increase the levels of trust of peoples other than ethnic Kyrgyzstanis, as they occupy a central position in Kyrgyzstan.

the mission of personal and/or professional development or support professionals is to accompany people in a process of change, in their personal and/or professional repositioning. These roles fall within the field of pedagogical relationships of assistance to others, and require solid socio-affective and particularly pedagogical skills to establish relationships of trust and to identify and promote the potential of those being assisted. In particular, it is the dimension of communication in the relationship with others that is addressed in this article from the perspective of an enabling pedagogy that highlights the relationship with others as a constructive educational relationship that participates in a process of recognition akin to a rebirth: a "re-co-naissance." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the training of teachers in conducting a Philosophical Discussion with children introduces them to a new paradigm of educational authority that modifies and improves their posture, both on the ethical and epistemic levels. This practice contributes to the joy of teaching and learning for three main reasons: it restores meaning to learning by cultivating a heuristic and collaborative relationship with knowledge; it forges a relational ethic that weaves more trusting relationships between teachers and students; it introduces teachers to professional gestures that can be transferred to other pedagogical or educational situations that contribute to improving the school climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurable enthusiasm for remote tracking applications demonstrates that parental monitoring has been deeply affected by the rise of digital tools and platforms. Among the new monitoring methods made available to parents over the past decade, tracking children’s geographical location arguably remains one of the most controversial. Based on a qualitative methodology, this research paper provides an empirical contribution showing the social consequences of geolocating young people within the family circle. It illustrates how technical devices are challenging the relationship of trust between safety-conscious parents and teenagers whose voice is obscured by spatial tracking considered as revealing the truth.

Technological advances have revolutionized financial sector leading to financial inclusion. However, there was a little focus on financial technology services in India. The present research intents to study the influences on financial technology services and the influence of fintech services on financial inclusion. Data were obtained from 258 respondents who use various fintech services. SEM was employed to analyze data. The study finds that ease of use, usefulness, trust, social influence, personal innovativeness and convenience shown a positive effect on usage beahaviour of fintech services. Further, adoption of financial technology services exerted a positive effect on financial inclusion. Present study offers implications for research and academia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how education can help students develop democratic resilience as a bulwark against terror-induced fear, securitization, and possibly even extremism itself. Approach: This article presents findings from a qualitative study exploring security governance in Norwegian secondary schools. The empirical corpus draws on 16 semi-structured interviews with educators to explore their perspectives on security governance in schools. Findings: The securitization of education risks normalizing fear culture in schools. Trust can likely be used to prevent or reduce the emergence of such fear. This study explores educational narratives by analyzing how a combination of cognitive trust and emotional trust may help students to build democratic resilience against terror-induced fear. In this context, helping students develop more sophisticated understandings of the social world and ensuring trustful relationships is a promising peacebuilding and potentially de-securitizing approach to explore in education.

Although the relationship between the Conservative Party and the trade unions has often been characterised by mutual distrust and hostility, there was a unique period, from 1945 until the early 1960s, when senior Conservatives pursued a conciliatory and constructive approach to the trade unions, and insisted that harmonious industrial relations could not be secured by punitive legislation or political diktats. Instead, the paternalistic One Nation Conservatives who dominated the Party during this time, such as Rab Butler, Joseph Godber, Ian Macleod, Harold Macmillan, and Walter Monckton, emphasised that peace in industry could only be secured by developing trust via closer co-operation, dialogue and industrial partnership. This reflected the One Nation view that industrial conflict was often a consequence of workers feeling alienated, insecure and under-valued in large-scale, and impersonal, industries, where a growing gulf between workers and managers developed, and minor grievances smouldered. It was envisaged that this consensual and conciliatory strategy would result in reduced trade union militancy, and thus fewer strikes in pursuit of inflationary wage increases. This, in turn, would reduce the pressure from right-wing Conservatives for repressive legislation against the trade unions. From the 1970s onwards, though, this cohort of conciliatory One Nation Conservatives was superseded by a new generation of Conservative MPs and Ministers who heralded an ideological transformation in the Party. Often emanating from lower middle class or petit bourgeois backgrounds, many of these newer, younger, Conservatives were self-made men and women, and saw themselves as representatives or symbols of small businesses, individual entrepreneurs, and the self-employed especially. They were openly hostile towards trade unions, believing that they and their industrial militancy were responsible for many of Britain’s economic problems, such as excessive wage increases, high inflation, low productivity, and management’s inability to take tough commercial decisions, including the introduction of new working practices and technologies, due to the likelihood that these would prompt strikes by trade unions concerned with defending jobs. The decline of the One Nation Conservatives was therefore accompanied by a much more combative and confrontational approach by the Conservative Party towards workers and trade unions since the 1970s.

The latest emergencies – economic, refugee, and the pandemic of Covid-19 – has impacted in European collective identity construction, especially in Southern Europe. This article investigates if the pandemic crisis has activated in young Italian and Spanish university students nationalistic or/and European responses. The analysis, based on an online survey, uses the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) statistical method to perform an exploratory analysis of the explanatory theoretical model of European sentiment. The results show that young people attribute several meanings to Europe during the pandemic, which are based mainly on making informed decisions and recognizing a common space of interaction as an opportunity of peace, security and democracy. The findings highlight the role of EU communicative actions in increasing trust in national and European institutions.

The essay presents the perceptions about risk and trust collected in Italy during the first year of Covid-19 using secondary analysis data. The aim is to show how the fallout of the pandemic goes beyond the sphere of health and extends to those of individual action and social relations. The hypothesis is that the prolonged interruption of the normality of everyday life has temporarily halted the individualisation process. Risk, mistrust, uncertainty of social cohesion and deterioration of public debate, as observed in the survey, have contributed to reducing the space for the achievement of personal autonomy by producing heteronomy.

In the field of education, the research-practice partnership is the establishment of frequent and long-term collaboration between practitioners and researchers around jointly defined objectives. The purpose of this article is to present a state of knowledge on how such a partnership emerges and is conceived, based on a review of articles published on this issue between 2010 and 2020. This review was articulated according to three levels of analysis: a) individual; b) collective; and c) administrative, governance and external community. One of the main findings highlighted concerns the influence of elements of the individual level, such as trust, on certain elements of the collective level, including the composition and organization of teams of researchers and practitioners. This study shows that the quality of the relationship of trust between practitioners and researchers can influence or modulate the roles that both will play within the team, as well as their commitment. Research avenues are also presente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the overcomplex relationship between law and Japanese society. First, it outlines the path to reform proposed in 2001 by the Judicial System Reform Council. It then examines what has been hailed as the most fundamental reform of all, the introduction in 2009 of the saiban.in system - the Japanese People's Jury. While this reform represents a marked break within the traditional led of criminal justice in Japan, it remains to be seen if it will produce a change in legal consciousness and if this will then lead to changes in other legal ends beyond criminal law. At rest glance, the data covering the rest ten years of these lay judge tribunals show encouraging signs. However, a closer examination of the reforms in practice reveals that Significant change is difficult to achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, voles' outbreaks have been responsible for important damages to meadows in the Massif Central (France), threatening the economic viability of cattle breeding systems. We investigate whether trust allows enhancing collective pest management, considered as the provision of a weaker-link collective good. The main contribution of our paper is a theoretical framework we propose to consider the threshold effects related to the complexity of the studied agroecological mechanisms. We have tested this theoretical framework thanks to stylized facts we inferred from qualitative inquiries conducted with both cattle breeders and diverse institutional bodies involved in vole outbreaks management. We highlight some of the determinants of the building of trust. Breeders do not seem to trust their ability to master pullulation much. If breeders hardly trust the control methods, they do not trust either scientific and technical bodies or their neighboring breeders any better. This could explain even better the failures observed in the collective action against outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]