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The article analyzes the 1903 investigation on agricultural and rural conditions in Southern Spain. It examines the context in which rural investigations were requested and the causes of the agrarian question at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It discusses the Spanish government sponsored surveys conducted by the social reform institution Instituto de Reformas Sociales (IRS) concerning the life conditions of rural workers in Andalusia and Extremadura and the agrarian question in Southern Spain in 1902 and 1903. Topics mentioned include the Spanish government's lack of information on agricultural production during the 19th century, the state of agriculture in Southern Spain, and the negative effects of land tenure (latifundium).