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Les stations d’épuration sont des systèmes dynamiques, soumis à d’importantes variations temporelles. La modélisation de leur fonctionnement, qui consiste à représenter mathématiquement l’évolution dans le temps de variables d’intérêt représentant les phénomènes biologiques, physiques et chimiques qui se déroulent dans les ouvrages, est utilisée pour mieux comprendre les processus mis en jeu et optimiser le traitement des eaux résiduaires.. Focus sur les activités du groupe de travail Good Modelling Practice de l’IWA, auquel participe activement les équipes d’Irstea, notamment dans l’élaboration d’un protocole pour l’utilisation des modèles de boues activées en pratique.

Because of high density, low heat input LBW is an efficient welding Technique in industries and it offers low distortion. Numerical simulation provides the temperature field and weld pool size, which minimize the cost and trial experiments. A CFD model is developed to perform numerical simulation of pulsed laser beam on Ti-6Al-4V alloy of thickness 2mm.Taguchi adopted L9 OA to minimize number of numerical simulations. The ANOVA gives the effect and contribution of each process parameters such as pulse frequency(A), pulse width(B), absorber power(C) and welding speed(D) on performance indicators bead width(α), depth of penetration(β), Heat affected zone(γ)and maximum temperature(δ) are studied. Numerical simulations are validated through comparison of existing test by pulsed mode. A simple reliable modified Taguchi approach is followed to get a set of optimal LBW parameters for maximum DP and minimum BW.

This paper deals with pulsed mode laser beam welding (LBW) on 2 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets. ANSYS Fluent 16.0 version is utilized to develop a generic model with Vc++ code. The model is validated with test results. The optimal LBW parameters are obtained by maximizing the depth of penetration (DP) and minimizing the weld bead width (BW). To minimise the number of numerical simulations, Taguchi approach is adopted. The LBW parameters considered are pulse frequency, pulse width and welding speed, the absorbed power is kept as constant. The performance indicators are width of fusion zone, depth of penetration, heat affected zone and maximum temperature. The optimal LBW parameters are found to be dependent on the process indicators. A simple reliable modified Taguchi approach is followed to get a set of optimal LBW parameters for maximum DP and minimum BW.

Calcareous sands of biogenic origin are widely spread throughout the world’s seabed. They are the foundation soils for many offshore geotechnical structures, and, in addition, onshore uses of this material are becoming more significant with the growing demand of backfill material for transport infrastructure. These sands comprise the remains of marine organisms such as shells and tests, and the grains can vary from platy to hollow thin-walled forms with highly angular features. Geotechnical design on calcareous sands is challenging owing to the many uncertainties related to their microscale properties. This study uses non-invasive X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and advanced three-dimensional (3D) image analysis techniques to quantify the morphology of bioclastic calcareous sands from São Tomé & Príncipe. The statistics of particle shape parameters of the São Tomé sand are compared to that of the previously studied Ledge Point sand. In spite of an order of magnitude difference in particle size, São Tomé and Ledge Point sands are markedly similar and, as seen in other calcareous sand, São Tomé shows a strong correlation in 3D sphericity and convexity. The results presented here help to better understand the mechanisms of grain interlocking, and the role of intra-granular void ratio on the mechanical behaviour of calcareous sands from different parts of the world.

With the improvement in the diversity of college students’ teams, the environment they face is becoming increasingly complex and dynamic. It is particularly important for team members to cooperate for mutual progress and growth. From the perspective of college student teams, this study explored the influence of shared leadership on team performance and analysed the mediating role of team trust. A questionnaire was administered to 185 college students. The results show that shared leadership positively impacts team performance; shared leadership has a positive impact on team trust; team trust mediates between shared leadership and team performance. Finally, based on the research results, this study proposes corresponding management suggestions and provides a feasible direction for improving the efficiency of teams of college students.

The following publication includes the translation of the paper “The Nyāya on True Cognition (pramā)” by late Mahāmahopādhya pandit Visvabandhu Tarkatīrtha (1916-2006), translated from Sanskrit and Bengali, supplemented with an introduction (including the short biographical note) and additional explanatory notes by J.L. Shaw. The text aims to discuss the Nyāya conception of truth ( pramātva ), which is a property of cognition. According to Gaṅgeśa, the founder of Navya-Nyāya, the truth cannot be considered as a class-essence ( jāti ) because there will be a defect called ‘ sāṅkarya ’ between truth ( pramātv a) and the class-essence perceptual apprehendedness ( sākṣātva ). Visvabandhu Tarkatīrtha has clarified the concepts of truth and true cognition in Navya-Nyāya, explaining the complex character of the partitiveness of truth and introducing the definitions of such characteristics of the object as non-pervasive ( avyāpya-vṛtti ) and pervasive ( vyāpya-vṛtti ). Moreover, he has also claimed that the property of being the qualificand ( viśeṣyakatva ) and the property of being the qualifier ( prakārakatva ) are related by the relation of mutual determiner-determined ( paraspara-nirūpya-nirūpaka ).

Pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) possuem atrasos no desenvolvimento que requerem intervenções de especialistas, inclusão escolar e apoio da família. Considerando a importância da família, investigou-se a contribuição de familiares para o desenvolvimento de três crianças autistas de Senhor do Bonfim, município do semiárido baiano. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com as mães, as professoras e terapeutas das três crianças. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que as famílias contribuíram no desenvolvimento dessas crianças, tendo suas mães como protagonistas. Foi observado pouco envolvimento da maioria dos pais das crianças autistas.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021 6(1), 189-198 | European Forum Insight of 7 June 2021 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Diversity in Member States' approach to COVID-19 related travel restrictions. - III. The EU institutions' response to the implications of Member States imposing differing COVID-19 travel restrictions. - IV. Council Recommendation on a coordinated approach to measures restricting free movement in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. - V. Striking a balance between respect for Member States competence in protecting public health at national level and combating the risks to European unity and freedoms from Member States imposing differing restrictive measures. - VI. The Council Recommendation's timely and useful guidance and recommendations. - VII. The Recommendation's lack of consideration of other international public health bodies. - VIII. Final remarks. | (Abstract) The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted many EU Member States to introduce unilateral and diverse travel restriction measures and border controls. European Treaties do allow the Member States to derogate from free movements on the grounds of public health, however, the imposition of inconsistent and diverse restrictions threaten the integrity of the Union. The European Commission and Council have an important role to play promoting cooperation and solidarity amongst the EU Member States and safeguarding the Union. A recent Council Recommendation for a coordinated approach to measures restricting free movement is an example of the EU's response, but does it go far enough? For it is important to acknowledge that a Recommendation is not a legally binding instrument. This Insight analyses the Council Recommendation and its role in promoting a coordinated response to the COVID-19 pandemic by the EU Member States.

The Darwin wasp Xorides ater is a solitary idiobiont ectoparasitoid of wood-boring beetle larvae. It occurs across the Palaearctic, and in Switzerland seems to be restricted to areas above 980 m altitude. Very little is known about its biology and behaviour. We here report three separate instances of a female X. ater mating simultaneously with two males, observed on the same occasion on a Picea abies woodpile near Lenk, Switzerland. Only two copulae that involved one male and one female were observed at the same time, which might indicate that this mating mode is rather common in X. ater. We illustrate our observations with photo and video material and compare it to mating behaviour known from other species of Darwin wasps.

Regional planning can help functionally-connected communities share expertise and the costs of climate action and amplify collective concerns and needs to upper-level governments. Understanding communities’ climate impacts, policies and barriers to action is foundational to the development of regional-scale climate planning. In support of a nascent climate strategy in the Vancouver Island and Coastal Communities region of British Columbia, our study employs a web-based survey of local government officials (n=106) to identify the existing climate impacts, policy priorities, barriers, and opportunities that guide climate policy-making in the region, including the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that nearly all communities have experienced climate-related impacts and have implemented a variety of climate policies. However, local governments face substantial barriers—including a lack of financial resources, authority and staffing capacity—to pursue climate action and planning.

Introduction: Les projections relatives au cancer fournissent une information essentielle pouvant aider à établir l’ordre de priorité des stratégies de lutte contre le cancer, à répartir les ressources et à évaluer les interventions et les traitements actuels. Canproj est un outil de projection pour le cancer utilisant le progiciel R qui est inspiré de Nordpred et qui ajoute une sélection de modèles de projection. L’objectif de ce projet consistait à valider Canproj, programmé avec R, pour les projections à court terme relatives aux taux de cancer. Méthodologie: Nous avons utilisé les données nationales sur l’incidence du cancer tirées du Système national de déclaration des cas de cancer et du Registre canadien du cancer pour 1986 à 2014. Nous avons utilisé la validation croisée pour estimer l’exactitude des projections générées par Canproj, avec le biais relatif (BR) comme mesure de validation. Nous avons également évalué l’arbre décisionnel de Canproj pour la sélection automatique du modèle. Résultats: Cinq des six modèles ont présenté un BR moyen se situant entre 5% et 10 % et un BR médian d’environ 5 %. Dans le cas de certains sièges de cancer pour lesquels il était plus difficile d’établir des projections, l’utilisation d’une période plus courte a permis d’améliorer la fiabilité. Le modèle Nordpred a été sélectionné dans 79 % des cas par la fonction de sélection automatique de modèle de Canproj, même s’il offrait le BR le plus faible seulement 24 % du temps. Conclusion: Le progiciel Canproj a été en mesure de fournir des projections très semblables aux données réelles pour la plupart des sièges de cancer.

The sampling distribution and the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) are the basis for many statistical procedures and inferences. Despite their ubiquitous nature in statistics, these concepts are some of the most abstract and difficult for students to understand. To foster a deeper understanding of these concepts, a web-based application was created that uses dynamic graphics to illustrate the concepts and engage students with active learning. We provide an outline of three in-class activities using the web application to promote the learning of population distributions, simple random sampling, sampling variability, the idea of a statistic, the sampling distribution, the Law of Large Numbers, and the CLT. These in-class activities tie the concepts together and place emphasis on their role as building blocks of statistical inference. By linking abstract theoretical concepts together before introducing statistical inference, the web application facilitates statistical thinking that students can utilize both inside and outside the classroom.

Examining incidence trends of all cancers combined in order to understand cancer trends can be misleading, as patterns can vary across individual cancer types. This paper highlights findings on trends over time from Canadian Cancer Statistics 2019, as measured by the annual percent change (APC) of age-standardized incidence rates. Among the results were a recent increase in thyroid cancer in males (APC: 6.4%, 1997–2015), as well as decreases in prostate cancer (APC: −9.1%, 2011–2015) and cervical cancer (APC: −3.3%, 2010–2015).

Dentre as diversas TIC empregadas atualmente, o uso de games tem sido uma possibilidade interessante, pois pode dar novos sentidos ao uso do computador e gerar aprendizagem. Este artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa qualitativa e envolve a investigação das potencialidades da utilização de três games no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do conteúdo sistemas do corpo humano, nas percepções de uma professora e estudantes de sétima série do Ensino Fundamental. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação, questionários, entrevistas individuais e entrevistas em grupo focal. Para os estudantes, o uso de games no ensino de ciências auxilia na motivação, facilita a compreensão dos conteúdos, além de ser algo divertido, dinâmico e que reduz a indisciplina em classe. Considera-se as contribuições positivas desses games à aprendizagem de ciências, mas aponta-se efeitos negativos, tais como ansiedade e nervosismo nos jogadores.

L’étude des tendances portant sur l’incidence de tous les types de cancers confondus effectuée afin de comprendre les tendances en matière de cancer peut donner lieu à des conclusions erronées, car ces tendances sont variables selon le type de cancer. Cet article présente les résultats concernant les tendances tirées des Statistiques canadiennes sur le cancer 2019 en utilisant la variation annuelle en pourcentage (VAP) des taux d’incidence normalisés selon l’âge. Parmi les résultats, notons une hausse récente du taux d’incidence du cancer de la glande thyroïde chez les hommes (VAP : 6,4 %, 1997-2015) ainsi qu’une diminution des taux d’incidence du cancer de la prostate (VAP : −9,1 %, 2011-2015) et du cancer du col de l’utérus (VAP : −3,3 %, 2010-2015).

ABSTRACT: This bibliography takes its title from a passage in Gerpla, which occurs when the protagonist, Skald Þormóður, arrives in Norway after nearly freezing to death in Greenland. Bereft of wealth, health, and companions, Þormóður still proudly praises the literary traditions of Iceland, in defiance of the skeptical locals. Considering Gerpla’s editions, translations, reviews, and scholarship allows for an overview of the sizable impact of Halldór’s “little book.”

The Jewish community’s involvement in the Canadian war effort during the Second World War has been a topic of scholarly interest for decades. However, this scholarship has largely focused on the activities of men, whether as soldiers or members of volunteer organizations, most notably the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC). When women’s contributions are noted, it has generally been a mention of undefined volunteer work or their activities as soldiers’ wives and mothers, thus ignoring the monumental efforts of Jewish women. In particular, the Women’s War Efforts Committee (WWEC) of the CJC contributed thousands of hours of unpaid labour, fundraising, running a Next-of-Kin League for the wives, mothers, and children of enlisted men, and working with other women’s organizations for the war effort. However, it was their work on massive projects such as the furnishing of recreation spaces on armed forces bases and the opening of Servicemen’s Centres across Canada that would be most impactful. This paper will explore how the activities of the WWEC increased the visibility of the Jewish community in Canada and contributed to changing the public perception of Jews from that of an unwanted immigrant community to that of an accepted minority group. It will also examine the tensions between the men and women of the CJC and the shifting public roles of women within the Jewish community.

The agenti imperiali, the officals, ambassadors and military commanders representing the Emperor Charles V in Italy, made use of his status as Holy Roman Emperor and of the claims this gave him and them to intervene in Italian states over which he did not rule directly, to aid in establishing Spanish hegemony over Italy. The example of Lucca, a small state that asked for Charles’s protection as an Imperial city, while resolutely maintaining its independence and trying to fend off demands from the emperor and the agenti imperiali for heavy financial contributions to the maintainence of the Imperial army in Italy, casts light on how this was done.

We examined the problems of and solutions to food waste through the main three frames of social science research on food waste: political economy; the cultural turn (the cultures, ideologies and politics of food and consumption); and political ecology. In the course of our collective research on food waste, we analyzed dozens of government and company documents, interviewed over 35 employees of food chain firms and organizations, including 9 middle to senior managers in food retail, and 2 farmers. One co-author, as part of this and affiliated work (McCallum, Campbell & MacRae, 2014), toured distribution facilities and stores of a major Canadian food retailer, had access to the Company’s head office staff, held group and one-on-one interviews with staff in a variety of capacities, and was granted access to confidential corporate reports. Another co-author volunteered with a food recovery organization and spoke with their operational staff. Our method to identify solutions is described in more detail below, but essentially we follow a normative approach as broadly outlined by MacRae and Winfield (2016). Our focus in this paper is on changes to policies, programmes and legislation/regulation at the level of the state. Such interventions are clearly only a piece of a wide ranging set of initiatives to be undertaken by numerous actors – from food chain firms to individual eaters – but our reading is that more attention has recently been paid to private firm than regulatory changes. We hope to redress this to some degree in this article.

Canada has the lowest rate of attachment to primary care providers among OECD countries, which makes access and continuity of care problematic. To address this important issue, seven Canadian provinces have implemented centralized waiting lists (CWLs) for unattached patients in primary care. Introduced at different times, no two provinces' CWLs are exactly alike. The main goal of these CWLs is to reduce the number of unattached patients. In some provinces, CWLs also serve to monitor primary care activity or prioritize vulnerable patients. Societal pressure and broader primary care reform influenced the implementation of the CWLs in each province. Monitoring, in terms of data collected and purpose, differs between provinces. The interprovincial comparison enables identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats during implementation and at each step of the CWLs: registration, patient assessment and attachment. Common issues with CWLs across provinces include the importance of monitoring to facilitate implementation, the need for specific measures to ensure access for vulnerable and complex patients, and the shortage of primary care providers. Le taux d'inscription à un professionnel de la santé en première ligne au Canada est le plus bas parmi les pays de l'OCDE, ce qui soulève un important problème d'accessibilité et de continuité aux soins de première ligne. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation, sept provinces canadiennes ont mis en place des listes d'attente centralisées (LAC) pour les patients non-affiliés à un professionnel de la santé en première ligne. Les LAC ont été implantées à différents moments, et diffèrent beaucoup d'une province à l'autre. Le principal objectif des LAC est de diminuer le nombre de patients non-affiliés, mais dans certaines provinces elles peuvent également servir à surveiller les activités de la première ligne ou à prioriser les patients vulnérables. La pression sociale et d'importantes réformes des soins de première ligne ont influencé l'implantation des LAC. Le monitorage, en termes de données collectées et d'utilisation, diffère d'une province à l'autre. La comparaison interprovinciale permet l'identification des forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces à l'implantation et à chaque étape de la LAC : l'enregistrement, l'évaluation du patient et l'affiliation. L'importance de la surveillance afin de faciliter l'implantation, le besoin d'interventions spécifiques pour garantir l'accès pour les patients vulnérables et complexes et le manque de prestataire de soins de première ligne sont quelques exemples des problématiques des LAC communes à toutes les provinces.

A principios del siglo XVII, Japón envió dos embajadas a España para entablar una negociación sobre asuntos políticos, económicos y misionales. La que debe ser llamada “primera embajada de la era Keichô” ofreció a los barcos españoles una escala segura en los puertos japoneses a cambio de abrir alguno de esos puertos al comercio con la plaza novohispana de Acapulco, pero el denodado esfuerzo del franciscano Alonso Muñoz ante el Consejo de Indias no consiguió la adhesión de las autoridades hispanas. Por su parte, la que debe ser llamada “segunda embajada de la era Keichô”, que llevaba a su frente a Tsunenaga Hasekura, llegó a Sevilla cuando ya podía considerarse definitivo el fracaso de las negociaciones, pese a lo cual obtuvo en su momento una mayor visualización y hasta ahora una mayor resonancia historiográfica.

For a tropical manifold of dimension n we show that the tropical homology classes of degree (n-1, n-1) which arise as fundamental classes of tropical cycles are precisely those in the kernel of the eigenwave map. To prove this we establish a tropical version of the Lefschetz (1, 1)-theorem for rational polyhedral spaces that relates tropical line bundles to the kernel of the wave homomorphism on cohomology. Our result for tropical manifolds then follows by combining this with Poincar\'e duality for integral tropical homology.

Résumé Cet article traite du rapport entre l’identité numérique d’un auteur et la création de son œuvre. L’auteur et moi (2012) d’Éric Chevillard sert d’étude de cas pour examiner le processus créatif à partir duquel la présence numérique de cet auteur renforce et avance son projet d’écrivain. Il s’agit de remettre en question l’authenticité du réel en analysant les façons dont Chevillard se confond avec ses personnages, qui sont souvent eux-mêmes des écrivains. Cette confluence d’identités devient d’autant plus complexe lorsque le numérique brouille les frontières entre le réel et le virtuel, permettant à Chevillard de se servir de son site-web, de son blog et de ses interviews pour effacer davantage toute distinction entre lui-même et son persona. La présence auctoriale, devenue protéiforme et omniprésente, est disposée à interroger les partis-pris du lecteur et à explorer les enjeux de la littérature contemporaine dans une culture numérique. Abstract This article reflects on the relationship between an author’s digital identity and the creation of literary works. The Author and Me (2012, transl. 2014) by Eric Chevillard, serves as a case study to examine the creative undertaking by which the digital presence of this author reinforces and advances his literary project. The goal is to challenge the authenticity of the real by analyzing the ways in which Chevillard confuses himself with his characters, who are often writers themselves. This confluence of identities becomes more complex as the digital blurs the boundaries between the real and the virtual, allowing Chevillard to use his website, blog and interviews to further undermine the distinction between himself and his persona. Having become protean and ubiquitous, authorial presence is well-positioned to call into question a reader’s biases and explore the stakes of contemporary literature in digitally-mediated culture.

The Sienese exiles driven from their city as the losers in bitter struggles between rival political factions in the 1520s, and claiming to be the nobility of Siena persecuted by a popular regime, succeeded in obtaining the support of Charles V, who ordered the commander of his army in Italy to help them return home. The arguments advanced by the exiles and by the Sienese regime that resisted their return, and by the agents of Charles V in their efforts to negotiate the reinstatement of the exiles or to justify the use of force when negotiations failed, raised questions of justice and equality in government, of property rights (determination not to restore the exiles’ confiscated property was one of the strongest motives behind the regime’s refusal to accept them back), and of the rights and powers of the emperor in intervening in and imposing reform on the government of the Sienese republic. For the Imperial agents, the restoration of the exiles became an excuse to take and hold a strategically useful city by force, but they failed to convince the emperor that this was justifiable or expedient.

Due to the poroelasticity of coal, both porosity and permeability change over the life of the field as pore pressure decreases and effective stress increases. The relative permeability also changes as the effective stress regime shifts from one state to another. This paper examines coal relative permeability trends for changes in effective stress. The unsteady-state technique was used to determine experimental relativepermeability curves, which were then corrected for capillary-end effect through history matching. A modified Brooks-Corey correlation was sufficient for generating relative permeability curves and was successfully used to history match the laboratory data. Analysis of the corrected curves indicate that as effective stress increases, gas relative permeability increases, irreducible water saturation increases and the relative permeability cross-point shifts to the right.