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The granting to Syrian refugees in Turkey of the right to access formal work was a first step towards their economic integration but a number of challenges remain. With support from the international community, the Turkish government is taking action to overcome some of these.

This paper examines the impact of economic growth and foreign trade on the environmental pollution as measured by carbon dioxide emissions in Turkey. Here, we use the ARDL bounds testing approach recently developed by Pesaran et al. over the time period 1980-2010. The results suggest that there is a long-run relationship between variables with the estimated elasticities of 1.520 and 0.265, respectively. In other words, economic growth and trade openness increase environmental pollution in the long run. The main conclusion of this paper is that in order to fulfill National Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2023 to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, Turkey needs a revised environmental policy.

Este artículo presenta los principales debates y líneas de investigación existentes sobre la fundación de la actual Turquía y cuáles han sido los factores de su proceso de modernización, examinando el significado y los principios del movimiento político kemalista y su influencia en la conformación del estado turco contemporáneo. Se pasa revista a elementos tales como el islamismo político, el nacionalismo kurdo y los proyectos de integración con Europa. Como resultado de la combinación de estos factores, la historia política turca ha vivido en un estado de permanente tensión entre los sectores laicistas/seculares/renovadores y los religiosos/islamistas/conservadores. Para resolver tal dilema, la presencia de los militares y su intervención a través de diversos golpes de estado ha sido constante.____________________ABSTRACT:This article presents the main debates and existing lines of investigation about the foundation of the actual Turkey and which have been the factors of its process of modernization, examining the meaning and the principles of the kemalist political movement and its influence in the conformation of the contemporary Turkish State. Elements such as the political Islamism, the Kurd nationalism and the projects of integration with Europe are analyzed. As result of the combination of these factors, Turkish political history has lived in a state on permanent tension between the secular sectors and the religious/ Islamic /conservative one. In order to solve such dilemma, the presence of soldiers and their intervention to solve many coup d'etats have been constant.

Este artículo examina las razones, las consecuencias y las maneras de la penetración del movimiento nacionalista en las tierras que compusieron el imperio otomano. A pesar del hecho que muchos académicos han estudiado este sujeto y han ofrecido una visión convenida del efecto quebrantador que el nacionalismo tenía en el corazón del imperio otomano, una evaluación del impacto y las consecuencias que este proceso tenía en la población y la configuración política de los nuevos estados que aparecieron después del final de la dominación turca todavía no se ha hecho. Este proceso complicado, marcados por los conflictos étnicos en los Balcanes y el Anatolia de la última fase del imperio otomano, llevó a la eliminación de ciertos grupos étnicos del territorio central del estado Turco, Anatolia, y de su fundación como consecuencia principal. Este texto enfoca en la naturaleza del poder político en el imperio otomano con el propósito de exponer cómo la transformación del poder político proporciona una resolución radicalmente diversa al conflicto étnico y a su gestión y de explicar los impactos de las prácticas imperiales sobre la sociedad multicultural en el caso turco.____________ABSTRACT:This article examines the reasons, consequences and penetration ways of the nationalist movement in the lands that made up the Ottoman Empire. But if many academics have studied this issue and offered an agreed vision of the disruptive effect that nationalism had in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, an evaluation of the impact and consequences that this process had in the population and the political configuration of the new states that appeared after the end of the Turkish domination has not been made. This complicated process, distinguished by the ethnical conflicts in the Balkans and Anatolia in the late Ottoman Empire, led to the elimination of certain ethnical groups from the central territory of the Turkish State, Anatolia, and to its foundation as principal consequence. This paper will focuse on the nature of political power in the Ottoman empire with the purpose of, first, exposing how transformation of the political power generate radically different resolution to ethnic conflict and its management and, secondly, demonstrating the impacts of imperial practices in dealing with multi-cultural society on inheritor nation-state practices in the Turkish case.