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Il panorama della comunicazione accademica è in rapida transizione verso l’adozione su larga scala dell’accesso aperto come pratica ordinaria per la diffusione dei risultati della ricerca. Il contributo parte dal ruolo della scienza aperta come approccio fondamentale in grado di influenzare le istituzioni di ricerca e le pratiche scientifiche, sottolineando alcune iniziative promosse dall’Unione europea. Si concentra, poi, sull’evoluzione della comunicazione accademica, evidenziando l’importanza del modello Diamond Open Access nel rappresentare le peculiarità delle comunità scientifiche. Attraverso l’analisi di studi, iniziative e progetti europei nel settore, emerge chiaramente come il modello Diamond OA si caratterizzi per la sua flessibilità e capacità di adattarsi a diversi contesti editoriali, facilitando una diffusione ampia e accessibile dei risultati della ricerca scientifica e garantendo così una comunicazione accademica inclusiva e globale.

We explore the tensions that exist between geographical accessibility and urban liveability in Brussels, by examining the case of the Bois de la Cambre, as a place of leisure as well as transiting. First, we study the park’s 150 years of history. Second, we present an explorative survey into citizens’ preferences for the park’s set-up in relation to the presence of motorized traffic. The research reveals a strong relation between the preferred set-up and the personal way of life. Through history, the set-up of the park has reflected broader societal changes in the way people organized their life, more than it reflected an explicit urban project. Today, the priority different social groups express for the setup of the park, reflects their residential location, mode of transport, and use of and access to green spaces. In this context, the study stresses the need to work as much on the construction of concrete mobility alternatives than on the construction of new urban and mobility imaginaries.

We explore the tensions that exist between geographical accessibility and urban liveability in Brussels, by examining the case of the Bois de la Cambre, as a place of leisure as well as transiting. First, we study the park’s 150 years of history. Second, we present an explorative survey into citizens’ preferences for the park’s set-up in relation to the presence of motorized traffic. The research reveals a strong relation between the preferred set-up and the personal way of life. Through history, the set-up of the park has reflected broader societal changes in the way people organized their life, more than it reflected an explicit urban project. Today, the priority different social groups express for the setup of the park, reflects their residential location, mode of transport, and use of and access to green spaces. In this context, the study stresses the need to work as much on the construction of concrete mobility alternatives than on the construction of new urban and mobility imaginaries.

We explore the tensions that exist between geographical accessibility and urban liveability in Brussels, by examining the case of the Bois de la Cambre, as a place of leisure as well as transiting. First, we study the park’s 150 years of history. Second, we present an explorative survey into citizens’ preferences for the park’s set-up in relation to the presence of motorized traffic. The research reveals a strong relation between the preferred set-up and the personal way of life. Through history, the set-up of the park has reflected broader societal changes in the way people organized their life, more than it reflected an explicit urban project. Today, the priority different social groups express for the setup of the park, reflects their residential location, mode of transport, and use of and access to green spaces. In this context, the study stresses the need to work as much on the construction of concrete mobility alternatives than on the construction of new urban and mobility imaginaries.

The article discusses recent developments that are impacting the understandings of citizenship in late modern societies. During the past decades, citizenship has been discussed in terms of its contributions to tackling effects of political, social and economic crises. Most prominent are those challenges deriving from processes of Europeanization and globalization, but also, digital technologies are said to impinge new requirements on individuals, thus calling for European, global or digital citizenship. Well beyond simply changing the traditional orientation towards a nation-state, new conceptualizations of citizenship gravitate heavily towards individual dispositions and subjective competencies, while legal-juridical features remain untouched and largely unrelated. This explains the strong emphasis on the role of education in cultivating – global, European, digital – citizenship among individuals. The contribution asks whether and if so, how changed understandings of citizenship may lead to ‘performative citizenship’, where individuals are burdened with the requirement of constantly enacting ‘good’ and ‘worthy’ citizenship. The paper is organized along three sections: First, we revisit the mainstream literature on citizenship and discuss the main elements in historical-systematic manner. Second, based on a thorough literature review we discuss recent developments that call for updated meanings and representations of citizenship, before, third, the paper deliberates on the performative nature on newer conceptions of citizenship by examining recent examples of so-called global universities. The article closes with a discussion of research avenues for the topic, including crucial questions as to the status, role and function of citizenship in times of crises.

L’articolo si propone di offrire uno spunto di riflessione sull’attuale assetto normativo sulla lotta alle fake news, con il duplice scopo di individuare gli aspetti di forza e di fragilità che i dati normativi vigenti offrono e di individuare la strada migliore da percorrere per una migliore tutela dei soggetti coinvolti. Nel corso della trattazione, si dà merito al legislatore europeo per aver predisposto la duplice proposta di regolamento del DSA e del DMA ed aver avuto il coraggio di affermare la sua sovranità in materia di rapporti digitali, con la speranza che l’iter di approvazione conduca anche alla valorizzazione di un approccio di governance multi-stakeholder per l’autoregolamentazione e all’istituzione di un’apposita autorità garante per combattere anche il fenomeno della censura privata.

Intense efforts have been devoted to developing green and blue centralised Haber-Bosch processes (gHB and bHB, respectively), but the feasibility of a decentralised and sustainable scheme has yet to be assessed. Here we reveal the conditions under which small-scale systems based on the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen (eN2R) powered by photovoltaic energy (NH3-leaf) could become a competitive technology in terms of environmental criteria. To this end, we calculated energy efficiency targets based on solar irradiation atlases to guide research in the incipient eN2R field. Even under this germinal state, the NH3-leaf technology would compete favourably in sunny locations relative to the business-as-usual production scenario. The disclosed sustainability potential of NH3-leaf makes it a strong ally of gHB toward a non-fossil ammonia production.

This essay deals with the natural-artificial reality of the lagoon of Venice, as a paradigmatic case that can contribute to an understanding of the broad cultural dimension of the Anthropocene. Indeed, we here deal with the low amplitude background signal of anthropogenic geomorphological and geoenvironmental agency. This should not be confused with the stratigraphic meaning of Anthropocene, since geologists are working towards the validation of the Anthropocene hypothesis by detecting specific markers which, from our perspective, correspond to high-intensity signal peaks at a geochemical level. Our geo-anthropological case, the geomorphology of Venice, has particular historical and symbolic relevance. Its environment has been transformed by humans and the elements over millennia to such an extent that it is impossible to neatly separate human agency from natural causes. We here discuss the entanglement of environmental factors, socio-economic drivers, and cultural-political elements of Venice as a paradigm of geo-anthropological processes in general. Keywords: Historical Geoanthropology, Anthropocene, Venice, Water Science

The article is motivated by the lack of studies which address silence as a context- dependent phenomenon; that is, as a phenomenon whose meaning arises within specific contexts, situations and physical spaces. Accordingly, I address the ways in which the phenomenon of silence plays an essential role in particular professional and vocational domains. The analysis leads through some thoughts and considerations of people who work or are active in specialized fields that have a significant connection with the practice and the experience of silence. I especially examine areas such as meditation, teaching, health professions, and other professional and even – to some extent – artistic practices.

Introduzione alla sezione monografica "Ricerca, educazione e accesso al patrimonio culturale. Un confronto fra diritti fondamentali ed eccezioni al diritto d’autore"

The rise of initiatives involving small towns at risk of depopulation offers the opportunity to empirically grasp different paths “to imagine a different future”. In particular, we focus on cultural strategies: interventions drawing on symbols to fight marginalizing trends and trigger processes of local development. Such strategies are tackled by comparing two case studies: the experimentation of the Sprar model of widespread reception for refugees and asylum seekers in a small village of Calabrian Appennino (Sant’Alessio d’Aspromonte) and the variety of social and cultural initiatives that welcome fragile social groups promoted by the association Nocetum in a former agricultural village situated between the rural area Parco Agricolo Sud Milano and Milan. The heterogeneity of the selected cases will make evident two recurring mechanisms: first, the fact that associative styles and organizational cultures are in both cases the result of multiple levels of negotiation, in which local leaders are engaged in many ways to implement the reputation of their interventions; second, it will be shown the ambiguous role played by the traditional collective representations concerning the analysed local communities, thus illustrating how such representations are unavoidable conditions for anyone promoting cultural strategies in those communities. Due strategie culturali tra marginalità e accoglienza Il moltiplicarsi di iniziative civiche e sociali che coinvolgono i piccoli centri a rischio di spopolamento offre l’occasione per verificare empiricamente la tenuta e il funzionamento di diverse ipotesi “per immaginare un futuro diverso”. Particolare rilievo assumono oggi le cosiddette strategie culturali: interventi che agiscono su rappresentazioni e simboli per contrastare tendenze marginalizzanti. Il contributo presenta e discute due studi di caso: la sperimentazione del modello Sprar di accoglienza diffusa per rifugiati e richiedenti asilo in un paese dell’Aspromonte reggino (Sant’Alessio) e l’azione di contrasto al degrado promossa dall’associazione Nocetum ai confini fra Milano e un’area rurale circostante. Il dialogo fra casi tanto diversi consente di evidenziare elementi ricorrenti nell’attivazione di strategie culturali di valorizzazione locale, relative alla forma di questi interventi, non al loro contenuto. In primo luogo, il fatto che culture organizzative e stili associativi dei soggetti che promuovono le azioni studiate sono il frutto di più livelli di negoziazione, legati alla capacità di imbastire percorsi di implementazione della propria reputazione. In secondo luogo, l’analisi evidenzia l’ambiguo ruolo giocato dalle rappresentazioni di cui i territori analizzati sono tradizionalmente stati oggetto e il loro porsi come condizioni locali ineludibili per chiunque voglia promuovere processi di valorizzazione attraverso strategie culturali.

The following article focuses on Japan’s pavilion at the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893, exploring the interplay between political dynamics and architecture’s material culture. This building is a crossroad of multiple histories and embodies one of the most significant points of convergence between the architectural cultures of Japan, Europe and the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. The fulcrum of this historical convergence is the mobilization of architecture as a tool to establish national identity – a fundamental instrument in the process of nation-building. The transformations of Japan in the aftermath of the 1868 Meiji Restoration shine a light on the complexities and contradictions that accompany such politicization of architecture, negotiating both exogenous and endogenous forces. In this study, particular attention is devoted to the role that building materials played in this realignment, pointing to the tension between Japan’s millenary tradition of timber construction, the European myth of stone as a demonstration of power, and the ephemerality of the world’s fairs of the turn of the century, as evidenced by Chicago’s plaster exposition, also known as the White City.

Dissoi Logoi 4.6 presents a beautiful self-refutation argument, which I analyse here, offering a different assessment of its relation to self-contradiction and the Liar paradox from the only one available in the literature.

In Plat. Prot. 349d2-351b2, first Socrates leads Protagoras to acknowledge that wisdom and courage are the same thing, then Protagoras accuses him of having put in his mouth words that he never said. Starting from a new reconstruction of the logic of Socrates’ demonstration, I will show how this is more complex, sophistic, and corresponding to Protagoras’ accusation than what is usually believed.

“Where can we possible deduce the coherent systematic dialectical nature, of the historical time from? what aspects can we infer the dialectical status of the historical time, without which it could be normalized and assumed as a nature law from?” In his comment to Giuseppe Carlo Marino’s essay about the globalization and crisis of “historical thought”, Sebastiano Taccola asks these questions by giving us important starting points of the changes and developments of the relationships between men thought and sense of history.

Este trabajo constituye una contribución decisiva a la cronología absoluta del foso-trinchera de Contrada Stretto, en Partanna (Trapani, Sicilia), una de las más espectaculares construcciones realizadas por sociedades neolíticas del Mediterráneo Central. Esta estructura, excavada en el banco natural calcáreo hasta alcanzar una profundidad de 13 m, a juicio de algunos autores, formó parte de un complejo sistema hidráulico en el cual pudieron desempeñar un papel importante ciertos aspectos simbólicos o cultuales. Las cinco dataciones radiocarbónicas presentadas en este trabajo corresponden a los últimos 2 m de estratificación. Éstas apuntan a un inicio del proceso de colmatación a comienzos del V milenio cal AC, entre el 4950 y el 4800 cal AC. Defendemos como probable su construcción en un momento inmediatamente anterior, considerando el periodo de uso previo a su condena definitiva.

L’età di Giustiniano (527-565) ci consegna numerose testimonianze di un dibattito sulle cause dei terremoti particolarmente ampio e a tratti vivace, in cui trovano posto, accanto alla sismologia aristotelica, numerose interpretazioni religiose delle cause dei terremoti di origine sia pagana che cristiana, spesso strumentalmente utilizzate dai gruppi del dissenso per colpire Giustiniano o dallo stesso imperatore per reprimere il dissenso.

A large debate around Plato’s Protagoras concerns the so-called ‘unity of virtue’, namely Socrates’ ultimate position on the relation between ἀρετή and the five concepts (justice, piety, prudence, wisdom, and courage) connected with it. In this article, I will draw on the language and ideas of the dialogue to question the semantic presupposition which all the scholars involved in the debate, whatever their views, have been sharing, namely that the five concepts can be considered as ἀρεταί, and not just as ‘good qualities’ (τὰ καλά), or ‘parts’ (μόρια), or ‘names’ (ὀνόματα) of ἀρετή, as Plato terms them.

The injection of hydrogen into the natural gas network can contribute to the large-scale integration of renewables, as hydrogen can be easily produced through electrolysis from wind or solar energy. However, the addition of hydrogen to natural gas influences fuel properties, asking for the assessment of the safe and efficient operation of existing end-user equipment, such as domestic burners and boilers. In this work, 3-dimensional resolved numerical simulations based on Computational Fluid Dynamics are carried out to shed light on the effect of H2 addition on the combustion process occurring in condensing boilers equipped with perforated cylindrical burners. To this purpose, multi-hole geometries emulating a portion of a perforated burner are analyzed. Since the burner holes are positioned very close to each other, the interaction of the adjacent laminar premixed flames is observed to occur with influence on the flow and thermo-chemical fields which differ from those of a single premixed flame. The addition of hydrogen was found to lead to an anticipation of the reaction zone, although the general features observed with the G222 gas (23% H2, 77% CH4 ) were alike those of the G20 gas (100% CH4).

Raramente oggetto d’attenzione esplicita, la categoria di provincia organizza implicitamente svariati discorsi e connota gli oggetti più vari da un punto di vista geografico, sociale e talvolta esistenziale. Recentemente, ad esempio, la provincia è stata una delle dimensioni centrali nei commenti sul voto in Gran Bretagna per la ‘Brexit’ e nelle analisi sull’ascesa di Donald Trump negli Stati Uniti. In entrambi i casi, infatti, è invocata una più adeguata comprensione dei territori di provincia di cui tali fenomeni sarebbero espressione.

In line with the Conscientious Objection, the Voluntary Civilian Service (Italian Law 64/2001) comes as a means of Civil disobedience and nonviolent defence. It aims to promote solidarity, cooperation and education to peace through the mediation of the conflicts. Lately it’s becoming to be rather perceived as a means of countering the youth unemployment and "staff shortages" of different institutions. After a brief historical overview, the paper focuses the analysis on people recently holding their Service abroad. Special attention is devoted to a sort of anthropological dimension that seems positively characterize this experience in recent years.

Olive activated biochar (OAB) was prepared from waste de-oiled olive pomace (sansa esausta, SE) through carbonization followed by combined KOH and thermal activation. The activation process was optimized using central composite design (CCD) with pyrolysis temperature, activation time and KOH to pyrolized SE mass ratio (KOH/PSE) as independent variables, and yield, methylene blue number (MBN) and iodine number (ID) as responses. Optimized OAB was subjected to fixed bed adsorption of 100 mg L−1 methylene blue dye. Numerical optimization resulted in optimum process setting of 362°C pyrolysis temperature, 61-min activation time and 0.81 KOH/PSE under which the optimized activated biochar produced 31% OAB, MBN of 679 and ID of 899. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models best fit the fixed bed adsorption data implying that methylene blue adsorption conforms to Langmuir isotherm and obeys pseudo-second order reversible reaction kinetics with no axial dispersion. The theoretical adsorption capacity of OAB is 131 mg g−1 with theoretical time required for 50% sorbate breakthrough of 54.69 h. These results show the potential application of OAB in dye adsorption.

Emission modelling is still a timely topic in the engine research community. Soot emission reduction has gained its spotlight among the pollutants-related issues mainly due to the renewed interest in Gasoline Direct Injection. The conjunction of experimental measurements and numerical investigations provides an effective tool to cope with the constant evolution of the emission regulations. Thus, numerical models must be validated over a wide range of engine operating points and fuels. To this aim, the Sectional Method was applied to investigate Particulate Matter and Particle Number produced during combustion in a premixed spark ignition engine using 3D-CFD. Soot-related quantities were investigated for different values of equivalence ratio (from 1.0 up to 1.5) as well as for different fuels. Three different fuel types were examined: a commercial nonoxygenated American gasoline (TIER-2), a commercial Chinese gasoline (CHINA-6) with ethanol 10 %vol and pure Ethanol (E100). A detailed chemistry-based tabulated approach was exploited to compute a dedicated soot library, for each of the analyzed fuels, by means of 0D chemical kinetic simulations using a constant pressure reactor approach. Numerical results were compared to a database of experimental measurements collected from literature. The sooting tendency threshold dependency on equivalence ratio was also investigated and the results showed that the ethanol is the less sooting among the examined fuels, while the non-oxygenated gasoline exhibited the highest soot mass and Particle Number. This paper provides a CFD-based benchmark for soot mass and Particle Number for three fuel types with largely different chemical nature.

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The urban interventions aimed at promoting the “right to the city” increasingly take events as their main repertoire of action, thus feeding a process of “eventification” of space which is particularly controversial with respect to neoliberal urbanism. The growing field of event studies, indeed, illustrates how the variety of minor events crowding contemporary cities may engender social inclusion, yet at the price of producing new forms of social exclusion or, similarly, can challenge neoliberal urbanism as far as they becomes complicit in its reproduction. Are such ambiguous outcomes inevitable? Where do they come from? How do they unfold? In order to address similar questions, the paper focuses on the bottom-up participation and meaning-effects of events included within a complex urban intervention, aimed at promoting the “right to the city” in a Milan, rapidly changing, wide urban area. An ethnographic outlook at two events taken as case-studies allows us to specify the “territorializaton” processes through which they unfold, thus showing how the temporality of urban interventions matter as a condition allowing individuals to practice the right to the contemporary city.

Reviews and Notices of Omodeo, Copernicus in the Cultural Debates of the Renaissance: Reception, Legacy, Transformation, Brill 2014; Gentilcore, Food and Health in Early Modern Europe: Diet, Medicine and Society, 1450-1800, Bloomsbury 2015; Whatmore, What is Intellectual History?, Polity 2016; Apel, Feverish Bodies, Enlightened Minds: Science and the Yellow Fever Controversy in the Early American Republic, Stanford UP 2016; Hill Collins and Bilge, Intersectionality, Polity 2016; Weeks, What is Sexual History?, Polity 2016.

In diverse città europee – e più sporadicamente anche in Italia – nel mezzo di un qualsiasi percorso urbano può capitare di incrociare gruppi di traceur, persone che praticano il parkour. O meglio, sono i traceur a tagliare i sentieri ufficiali del cittadino attraversando il panorama urbano con un movimento che incarna logiche antagoniste rispetto alle routine di mobilità. A questo proposito Sennett (1976) ci ricordava come lo spettatore disembodied e il cittadino disempowered fossero strettamente legati attraverso l’oggettivazione delle loro relazioni nello spazio della città – nelle sue strutture fisiche come in quelle intellettuali di potere. Questa relazione perde la sua prevedibilità quando il parkour le attraversa la strada.

Reviews of Coyer and Shuttleton (eds.), Scottish Medicine and Literary Culture, 1726-1832, Rodopi 2014; Poggi, L’anima e il cristallo. Alle radici dell’arte astratta, 2014.

Results previously known in the literature, on the hyperbolicity of Einstein’s equations, are here quoted and improved. This aim is reached by applying recent techniques on constrained hyperbolic systems. The symmetric hyperbolic form is obtained, also in the four-dimensional formalism using harmonic coordinates. The case of sources due to the presence of matter is also considered, in particular from the view point of Extended Thermodynamics.

A hyperbolic system with a convex extension is usually transformed in the symmetric form by taking the components of the main field as independent variables. However, the symmetric form can be obtained also in the original independent variables, which may have more physical meaning, by multiplying the system on the left by a suitable matrix P. Here the two methods are compared, showing also how to find the matrix P . The experience gained in this way, allows us to find also a new method to treat the systems with algebraic and differential constraints, without losing manifest covariance. The particular case of Lagrangian systems is also considered.

Whereas the French sociolinguistic situation is often described as the result of the imposition of French on the population thanks to a voluntary linguistic policy directed against the "patois", this article proposes to examine the case of Italy in that light. If Italy constitutes a sociolinguistic exception, it is mainly insofar as the linguistic question was not considered at the time of the country's political unification: the ideological climate of the time was in fact based on the postulate that Italian was actually in use among the population, leaving the dialects, as negligible, although they were dominant in reality. In line with the conclusions of Le Dû and Le Berre, Italian was not 'imposed' on the Italians, but the consequence was the absence of any pedagogical reflection on this question. The population was in a way summoned to acquire the scholarly norm by itself, even though it might seem sometimes as distant as a foreign language (especially in Sicily).

Many physical problems are described by means of systems S of partial differential equations, whose field variables u are restricted by relations of the type Φ_I (u) = 0. Some examples, to this regard, are the ultrarelativistic gases studied in the framework of Extended Thermodynamics, the relativistic magnetofluiddynamics and the Maxwell Equations in the relativistic form. Here a general method is proposed to deal with problems of this kind; in particular, a new system S' is proposed in the independent variables u, ψ R which are not restricted. Moreover, the solutions of S' with �Φ_I (u) = 0, ψ_R =0, are the same of the original system S. The new system S' is expressed inthe covariant form and is hyperbolic, under the assumption that the original system S satisfies these properties; Φ_I (u) = 0, ψ_R = 0 are satisfied as consequences of S' and of the intial conditions. The new variables ψ_R are only auxiliary quantities.

Nutritional research has emerged in the last century from the study of nutrients as a means of nourishment to the general population to the quest for wellness improvement through specific food components. Advances in nutrigenomics technologies have allowed nutrition scientists to be for the first time at the forefront of nutritional research. Such advances have given them the ability to discern new vital scientific discoveries specifically for the development of new tailored dietary patterns. In this, nutritional metabonomics has rapidly evolved into a very powerful bioanalytical tool able to assess multi-parametric metabolic responses of living organisms to specific dietary interventions. Nutritional metabonomics therefore provides a systematic approach through the comprehensive analysis of metabolites aiming today at the quest for homeostatic balance which is dependent not only on the host but also on the crucial metabolic interactions with microbial symbionts.

Definimos como protonuraghi con cámara «naviforme» aquellos nuraghi caracterizados por un corredor o espacio principal que, por ampliación de las paredes laterales, se transforma en cámara Esta presenta la parte posterior en forma de ábside semicircular y la cubierta en ojiva. El tipo, ya examinado por nosotros en el ámbito de un análisis general, aunque preliminar, sobre los protonuraghi, parece, por el momento, preludiar. en una propuesta de evolución arquitectónica, al nuraghe en tholos. Nuestro análisis no intenta fijar los puntos cronológicos en el interior del paso evolutivo aunque parece presumible que la creación y la difusión de este tipo de monumento pueda encuadrarse entre el Bronce antiguo y el Bronce medio teniendo en cuenta también los datos materiales adquiridos hasta ahora. Aunque sin infravalorar un posible aporte externo en la definición del tholos, parece igualmente evidente que la aceptación de tal modelo arquitectónico no pudo ser tan contrastante con la experiencia ya adquirida. [it] Definiamo protonuraghi con camera «naviforme» quei nuraghi il cui elemento caratterizzante è il corridoio o spazio principale che per l'ampliamento delle pareti laterali si muta in camera. Essa presenta la parte posteriore in forma di abside semicircolare e la copertura ad ogiva . II tipo, da noi giii preso in esame nell'ambito di un'analisi generale, seppure preliminare, sui protonuraghi, sembrerebbe, al momento, preludere, in una proposta di evoluzione architettonica, al nuraghe a tholos. La nostra analisi esula dall'intento di fissare dei punti cronologici all'interno del passaggio evolutivo anche se appare presumibile che la creazione e la diffusione di questo tipo di monumento possa inquadrarsi tra il Bronzo antieo e il Bronzo medio tenendo conto anche dei dati materiali fin' ora acquisiti. Anche non sottovalutando un possibile apporto estemo nel definirsi della tholos, appare altrettanto evidente che l'accettazione di tale modulo architettonico non puó essere casi contrastante con le esperienze gia acquisite.

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We adopt here the idea of describing a radiation field by means of the radiation energy density E and the radiative flux vector F which must satisfy a set of evolution equations; in these equations an unknown tensorial function P(E,F) appears that is determined by the methods of extended thermodynamics.