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Some individuals, dubbed here « EU » (exposed but uninfected), do not show any sign of infection in spite of repeated exposures to HIV1. For more than ten years a considerable research effort is made to uncover the mechanisms of resistance to HIV1 in EUs including host factors of protection. Two main not exclusive hypotheses are explored : 1) EUs are resistant to HIV1 infection ought to antiviral innate defences, either genetic or immune ; 2) EUs are protected from infection by immune specific responses that neutralise or eliminate the virus. Various mechanisms have been associated to the resistance to HIV1 infection in studies on different high-risk populations, although none of them can explain all the cases. The resistance to HIV1 infection seems to be linked to the contribution of multiple factors whose relative weight can differ according to EUs ethnic origin, environment and way of exposure.