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Longtemps marginale, la recherche participative est devenue une approche de plus en plus répandue dans les sciences sociales, biophysiques et les études interdisciplinaires. L’augmentation générale du nombre de publications tirées d’une recherche participative a soulevé la question de la reconnaissance des contributions de collaborateurs et collaboratrices non universitaires. Au moyen de méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, nous avons analysé les tendances et modèles des pratiques d’autorat et de reconnaissance à partir d’un échantillon de 262 articles de revue restituant les résultats de recherches participatives sur les moyens d’existence en milieu rural, publiés entre 1975 et 2013. Seuls 6 % des chercheuses et chercheurs reconnaissent les contributions intellectuelles de leurs collaborateurs·trices non universitaires en leur attribuant un statut de coauteur·trice, tandis que 51 % se contentent de remerciements. En nous appuyant sur les entretiens menés avec les auteurs·trices principaux des articles coécrits, nous avons examiné les facteurs expliquant les cas où la qualité d’auteur était partagée avec les collaborateurs·trices non universitaires. Malgré un certain nombre d’obstacles, les chercheuses et chercheurs ayant opté pour le coautorat justifient ce choix par un souci d’éthique scientifique, la volonté de reconnaître toutes les contributions intellectuelles et un effort de décolonisation épistémique. Notre propos est non seulement de montrer que la cosignature peut être un vecteur important de justice épistémique dans la recherche participative, mais aussi d’encourager ses praticien·ne·s à faire des discussions sur les enjeux d’autorat avec leurs collaborateurs·trices une partie intégrante de la recherche-action participative [engaged scholarship]. Nous soulignons également que les contributions non universitaires au savoir scientifique doivent être prises en considération dans la compréhension des pratiques de recherche. Originally marginal, participatory research has become an increasingly important methodology in the social, biophysical, and interdisciplinary sciences. The overall increase in publications based on participatory research has raised questions about crediting the contributions of nonacademic collaborators. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyzed trends and patterns in authorship and acknowledgment practices in a sample of 262 journal articles reporting on participatory research on rural livelihoods published from 1975 to 2013. Six percent of the researchers recognized the intellectual contributions of their nonacademic collaborators with coauthorship and 51 percent with acknowledgment. Through interviews with lead authors of coauthored articles, we analyzed factors that shaped whether authorship was shared with nonacademic collaborators. Despite facing numerous barriers, researchers were motivated to coauthor in order to recognize intellectual contributions, practice research ethics, and work toward epistemic decolonization. We argue that coauthorship can be an important component of epistemic justice in participatory research and encourage participatory researchers to discuss authorship with their nonacademic collaborators as a routine component of engaged scholarship. We also note that nonacademics’ contributions to scientific knowledge need to be taken into account in understandings of the practice of science. La investigación participativa, inicialmente al margen de otras investigaciones, ha progresado hasta llegar a ser una metodología destacada en las ciencias sociales, biofísicas e interdisciplinarias. En general, el aumento de las publicaciones de investigación participativa plantea interrogantes acerca de las contribuciones hechas por colaboradores no académicos y la acreditación de tales. Se analizaron pautas y patrones sobre autoría y prácticas de reconocimiento, empleándose métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos, se revisaron 262 publicaciones bajo el rubro de investigación participativa enfocada en los medios de subsistencia rural, divulgadas entre de 1975 y 2013. El seis por ciento de los investigadores agradecen las contribuciones intelectuales de sus colaboradores no académicos por medio de coautoría y un 51 por ciento por medio de reconocimiento. A través de entrevistas con autores de artículos coescritos, se analizaron los factores influyentes para que la autoría resultara compartida –o no –con los cooperantes no académicos. A pesar de los múltiples obstáculos, los investigadores compartieron el crédito de autoría con alacridad para reconocer las contribuciones intelectuales de sus colaboradores, para ejercer éticas investigativas y, para encauzar una descolonización epistémica. Se propone que la coautoría constituiría un notable factor en la justicia epistémica dentro de la investigación participativa e igualmente alentaría a los investigadores a dialogar con sus colaboradores no académicos sobre autoría empujando a la adaptación este dialogo como un factor rutinario en la erudición comprometida. Asimismo, se señala la necesidad de considerar las contribuciones no académicas al conocimiento científico y al entendimiento de su practicidad.

The impact of the american revolution on american jews. The American Revolution had an enormous impact on Jewish life in America. Wartime migrations changed the distribution of Jews in the colonies and created new social patterns. War also fostered economic mobility and ritual laxity. Many Jews considered the war an initiation rite, and having passed they demanded complete liberty and equality. While Protestant Dissenters supported some of these claims, they basically fought for no more than Protestant pluralism. Jews won most of their rights through the efforts of Enlightenment rationalists. In the wake of the Constitution, Jews sought to prove that they could be loyal and devoted citizens, even organizing their synagogues on democratic principles modelled on the Constitution. But though they displayed their patriotism conspicuously, and slavishly copied prevailing Protestant standards of behavior, they failed to win total acceptance., Sarna Jonathan D. L'influence de la Révolution américaine sur les juifs d'Amérique. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°13, 1981. Juifs et judaïsme. pp. 91-104.

Using intraparietal and intraluminal electrodes, duodenal and colonic electrical activities were simultaneously recorded in dogs under pentobarbital anaesthesia to study the temporal relationship between the slow-wave frequency of the colon and that of the proximal duodenum. The colonic electromyogram showed two distinct slow-wave frequencies, one in the range of 7-9 cycles/min, and the other in the range of 18-19 cycles/min. The latter was synchronized to that observed on the duodenum, and disappeared after removal of the entire duodenum and the proximal jejunum over 90 cm, from 8 to 98 cm from the pylorus. After transversally cutting the muscular layers of the duodenum at 8 cm from the pylorus, the high slow-wave frequency of the colon decreased to 16-16.5 cycles/min, similarly to that observed on the duodenum aborally to the section. When another section was performed 5 cm aborally to the first cutting level, the colonic slow-wave frequency was again synchronized to that of the duodenum observed aborally to the second section. Intraduodenal infusion of cold water decreased the amplitude of both the duodenal and the colonic slow-waves by 50 p. 100 and the frequency by 30 p. 100. Since all these experimental procedures did not affect the colonic slow-wave frequency at 7-9 cycles/min, and no temporal relationship was found between duodenal and colonic spiking activities, it was concluded that (i) the colonic slow-wave frequency at 18-19 cycles/min, recorded from both the intraparietal and the intraluminal electrodes in dog, was an "artefact" of duodenal activity acting as an electric dipole and (ii) that the only slow-wave frequency of 7-9 cycles/min was generated by the colon.