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The wheel industry, employing low-pressure casting techniques for producing lightweight alloy wheels, operates within a highly competitive manufacturing environment with significant production volumes. To fabricate essential mold core components for the aluminum wheel casting process, hot work tool steel alloys are selected for their exceptional durability and resistance to wear, fatigue, distortion, and high-temperature plastic deformation. Efficient machining operations for these steel molds require identifying optimal parameter combinations to minimize tool wear, surface roughness, and energy consumption while maximizing material removal rates. This study focuses on determining such parameters, utilizing DIN 1.2367 steel, to enhance manufacturing efficiency and meet industry requirements. The effects of machining parameters such as cutting speed, depth of cut, and number of inserts were investigated using the design of experiments. Depth of cut was determined as the most influential factor on tool wear, revealing the optimum parameter as 0.4 mm, followed by cutting speed. Notably, the number of inserts exhibits minimal direct impact but interacts significantly with the depth of cut, influencing wear patterns. This research contributes to sustainable machining practices by enhancing mold core manufacturing efficiency, prolonging tool life, and reducing tool wear. Such advancements are vital for the long-term competitiveness and environmental stewardship of the wheel industry.

INTRODUCTION: Femur neck fracture comprises a significant part of intracapsular femur fracture in the intracapsular area of proximal femur and it is mostly seen in elder people. However, these kinds of fractures may be seen in young adults. The present study aims to search factors that affect femoral neck fractures in young adults after surgery carried out by internal determination method. METHODS: Files of patients who were applied internal determination through closed reduction and cannulated screw because of intracapsular femur neck fractures between 2010 and 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Fractures were evaluated by means of Garden classification, which is based on radiological appearance. The cases were examined in terms of timing of surgery in two groups. Cases operated in the first 24 hours after trauma consisted of group 1 and after 24 hours group 2. Radiological staging in femoral head avascular necrosis was evaluated by Ficat-Arlet classification system whereas acetabular fractures and hip functionality was evaluated by Letournel and Judet system, which is based on direct graph of fracture line. RESULTS: Mean age at the time of surgery for 31 cases included in the study was 40.0,49.63 year. The average duration from injury to surgery was 6.6 (1-20) days. Thirty nine percent of fractures was nondisplaced whereas 61% was displaced. The average follow-up period was 4.9 ' 1.35 years. The rate of nonunion was found 16% and femoral head avascular necrosis 6.4%. According to Judet System, 67.7% of cases showed excellent / good and 32.3% moderate/bad functional results. Six cases had a secondary surgery. Cases who had displaced fractures statistically showed worse functional results and underwent more secondary surgery than patients with nondisplaced fractures (=0.05). As a result of logistic regression analysis, presence of displacement was a factor negatively affecting the judet score but did not affect the rate of complication. There were no significant differences between the two groups according to the surgical timing in terms of functional outcomes and complications. CONCLUSION: Because of surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures in the first 24 hours does not affect functional outcomes and complication rate, surgery is recommended in optimal conditions. In the case of displacement, care must be taken in terms of poor functional results.

Lipomas are the most frequent benign tumors of mesenchymal origin. Lipomas may become giant masses, due to usually asymptomatic, painless, slow growing soft tissue tumours. They are more common 5-10 times in males and appearing to avarage age fifth decade of life. Although differantion between lipoma and liposarcoma of low grade malignancy conflict, total surgical excision is adequate treatment. ?n this case report, we present 70 years old male with giant back of left shoulder mass as lipoma after surgical excision and histopathological examination.

In this study, countries were analyzed between 1990 and 2011 in order to determine whether a causal relationship exists among current account deficit, GDP, foreign direct investment, and total credits of G7. Analysis took into account the cross-sectional dependence and was applied to test the causality among the variables form the panel. Firstly, panel unit root tests were used for determining stationary of variables. As a result of the panel unit root tests, it was found that GDP and foreign direct investment have a stationary structure and that total credits and current account deficit contain unit root. In order to see whether there is a long-term relationship among the variables or not, the panel co-integration test was used. As a result of the test, it was concluded that there is a co-integration relationship among the series. The possibility of a causal relationship was analyzed among the variables using the causality test developed by Elena Ivona Dumitrescu and Christophe Hurlin (2012). Results of the analysis showed a unidirectional causal relationship from current account deficit and foreign direct investment to GDP. Bidirectional causality was found between current account deficit and total credits. Finally, a unidirectional relationship was found from foreign direct investment to current account deficit and total credits.

INTRODUCTION: curettage of the cyst and bone grafting are the most common methods used in the treatment of unicameral bone cysts (UBC) and aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC). Recurrence of these cysts is often associated with insufficient curettage of the cyst during surgery. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of insufficient curettage on recurrence in patients with UBC and ABC. METHODS: the retrospective study included 18 patients with UBC and 14 patients with ABC that were surgically treated by curettage and bone grafting in our clinic between 2006-2013. Mean age was 19.80 (range, 4-50) years in the patients with UBC and 21.76 (range, 4-56) in the patients with ABC. The diagnosis of the cysts was established both clinically and radiologically. Mean follow-up period was 36 (range, 6-60) months both in the patients with UBC and ABC. The patients with recurrence underwent a second curettage and grafting procedure. Healing and recurrence were evaluated according to modified Neer's scale. RESULTS: recurrence occurred in 8 patients. Of these, 5 patients underwent a second curettage and grafting procedure and 3 patients were lost to follow-up. Complete healing occurred in all the patients that underwent a second curettage and grafting procedure. CONCLUSION: the achievement of complete healing in the patients that underwent a second curettage and grafting procedure indicates that the recurrence of UBC and ABC is associated with insufficient curettage.

INTRODUCTION: the aim of the study is retrospectively investigated durations for returning to work following anatomic ACL reconstruction by hamstring autograft in miners and the reasons in patients who were delayed to return to work. METHODS: miners with symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament rupture underwent arthroscopic reconstruction. Patients were evaluated in terms of range of motion (ROM) values; Lysholm, Cincinati and Tegner activity scales; laxity testing and complications. By modifying the method used by Fitzgerald et al. we decided for the criteria returning to work. RESULTS: thirty three patients were evaluated with mean followup of 22.7 , 8.3 months (range 13-46 months). Mean age at the surgery was 27.8 (18-38) years. Lysholm, Cincinati and Tegner activity scales were signifi cantly higher from preoperative scores (Lysholm scores: preoperative: 60.7 , 12.5, postoperative: 90.3 4.8 (P = 0.001); Tegner activity scores: Preoperative 3.5 , 1.4, postoperative: 6.2 , 1.5 (P = 0.001); Cincinati scores: Preoperative: 14.8 , 5.3, postoperative: 26.9 , 1.6 (P = 0.001). The average time for returning to work was determined as 15,3 , 4 weeks. There was no significant difference for knee scores and time for returning to work between patients with meniscal injuries and don't have meniscus lesions. Conclusion: the reasons for delays in returning to work was work accident. Hematoma or effusion, pain inside the knee were the most significant reason which affected returning to work.

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare benign condition arising from the synovial membrane of the joints, synovial sheaths or bursae around the joints. Primary synovial chondromatosis typically affects the large joints in the third to fifth decade of life. The purpose of this case report is to document this rare synovial pathology, which required open synovectomy and debridement to eradicate it. In our case, the biggest sized SOC was 20x19x6 cm, although there were many joint mice. Our case had the biggest SOC ever extracted, which to the best of my knowledge has not been reported earlier.

Closed reduction and intramedullary pinning (CIMP) in pediatric radial neck fractureswas first reported by Metaizeau in 1980 andsatisfactory results have been published several times. The current literature did not encounter any publication related to the implementation of Metaizeau method to adult patients. We applied Metaizeau technique to an adult radial neck fracture and we have achieved satisfactory results. As this case report is single case of this method applied to an adult, we decided to present this case.

Dislocation of revision total knee arthroplasty is a very rare, serious and difficult complication. Incidence of significant instability and dislocation following primary TKA ranged from 1% to 2% in the past ten years. This incidence has been lowered to 0.15% to 0.5% with the development of modern surgical techniques and posterior stabilized implants. It is very few reports have been published but it is not usually described in textbooks. A 72-year-old man underwent primary total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis on the left side at a private hospital 5 years ago. He had aseptic loosening and the revision was performed. He was referred with a painful locked left knee without any history of trauma (5 months post revision surgery). On clinical examination the left knee was deformity and painful and locked in 40 degree flexion (A). His radiographs taken. Radiographs showed the left knee in flexion and a posterior dislocation of the knee (B). A lower extremity CT angiography showed intact vascular structures. The patient was taken to the operation theatre for exploration and if necessary, revision. We attempted closed reduction of the dislocated knee but this was unsuccessful. Paramedian arthrotomy was performed via the previous longitudinal incision, and the knee was exposed. The mobile components were removed and replaced with a large-size tibial insert (C). The patient was doing well on his 3-month and 1-year followup, ambulating with no assistive devices with good range of motion and no further instability and complications (D).

Sprain of the ankle is undoubtedly a common injury during athletic activity, and the sprain can be also associated with fracture of the ankle. Isolated posterior malleolus fracture is a very rare condition, which is usually missed. Here, we are presenting a 37 years old female patient, who suffered injury secondary pressing on brake pedal during collision in a traffic accident. Clinical evaluation is based on Ottawa Ankle Rules and a fracture is diagnosed; patient is started on daily activities at postoperative Week 8. This study aims to emphasize that Ottawa Ankle Rules are usually efficient for evaluating fractures of ankle, but clinicians should always make a detailed physical examination.