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Switzerland has a high rate of legal measures of constraint by international standard. Beside the incorporation of legal, medical and economic elements, the physician may be asked on what it means to be a care giver and to be free, because his decision could private his patient of a fundamental human right. The deprivation of freedom for purposes of assistance is helpful in some clinical situations but remains a controversial issue. We have to do our due diligence when assessing the patient, notably his capacity of discernment, and discuss with him and his relatives other treatments without legal constraint. The advance directives and the joint plan of crisis should be tools to increase patients' autonomy and to decrease the coercive measures., Competing Interests: L’auteur n’a déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical seal obtained using root canal filling techniques based on low and high temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha, comparing them with the lateral condensation technique. The roots of thirty permanent upper canines and incisors were used, they were instrumented and obturated using each of the above techniques. The apical leakage was measured using a radioactive isotope and an external detection technique. No significant difference was found in the apical seal obtained by the three techniques.

The aim of the work was to evaluate the bone density of chronic periapical lesions in the area of maxillary incisors and canines. Twenty-six radiographies were made in a systematic way in patients with periapical lesions and were valued using densitometry (0-256), the grey levels by computer and the analysis program image (IBAS 2000 Kontron, Germany), taking four values in each periapical lesion from the center to the periphery within the same radiography, by using the pseudocolor to identify the four areas, always in the same coloration. Correlation was proved with significative statistically results between lower densitometric values and osteolysis and radiolucency areas.

The time taken to achieve the sterilization of K files impregnated in a Bacillus subtilis culture was evaluated, placing the files in a glass bead sterilizer. The minimum time needed was 20 seconds at 240 degrees C and the previous cleaning of the file with a sterile wipe impregnated by alcohol reduced this time to 15 seconds.